Gates and Logic: From switches to Transistors, Logic Gates and Logic Circuits
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1 Gates and Logic: From switches to Transistors, Logic Gates and Logic Circuits Hakim Weatherspoon CS 3410, Spring 2013 Computer Science Cornell University See: P&H ppendix C.2 and C.3 (lso, see C.0 and C.1)
2 Goals for Today From Switches to Logic Gates to Logic Circuits Logic Gates From switches Truth Tables Logic Circuits Identity Laws From Truth Tables to Circuits (Sum of Products) Logic Circuit Minimization lgebraic Manipulations Truth Tables (Karnaugh Maps) Transistors (electronic switch)
3 switch cts as a conductor or insulator Can be used to build amazing things The ombe used to break the German Enigma machine during World War II
4 asic uilding locks: Switches to Logic Gates + - Either (OR) Truth Table Light OFF OFF OFF ON ON OFF ON ON oth (ND) + - Light OFF OFF OFF ON ON OFF ON ON
5 asic uilding locks: Switches to Logic Gates Either (OR) OR - Truth Table Light OFF OFF OFF ON ON OFF ON ON oth (ND) ND - Light OFF OFF OFF ON ON OFF ON ON
6 asic uilding locks: Switches to Logic Gates Either (OR) OR - Truth Table Light = OFF 1 = ON 1 1 oth (ND) ND - Light
7 asic uilding locks: Switches to Logic Gates OR George oole,( ) ND Did you know? George oole Inventor of the idea of logic gates. He was born in Lincoln, England and he was the son of a shoemaker in a low class family.
8 Takeaway inary (two symbols: true and false) is the basis of Logic Design
9 uilding Functions: Logic Gates NOT: In Out ND: OR: Out Out Logic Gates digital circuit that either allows a signal to pass through it or not. Used to build logic functions There are seven basic logic gates: ND, OR, NOT, NND (not ND), NOR (not OR), XOR, and XNOR (not XOR) [later]
10 uilding Functions: Logic Gates NOT: In Out ND: OR: Out Out Logic Gates digital circuit that either allows a signal to pass through it or not. Used to build logic functions There are seven basic logic gates: ND, OR, NOT, NND (not ND), NOR (not OR), XOR, and XNOR (not XOR) [later]
11 uilding Functions: Logic Gates NOT: In Out ND: Out NND: Out OR: Out NOR: Out Logic Gates digital circuit that either allows a signal to pass through it or not. Used to build logic functions There are seven basic logic gates: ND, OR, NOT, NND (not ND), NOR (not OR), XOR, and XNOR (not XOR) [later]
12 ctivity#1.: Logic Gates Fill in the truth table, given the following Logic Circuit made from Logic ND, OR, and NOT gates. What does the logic circuit do? a b Out a b Out
13 ctivity#1: Logic Gates Fill in the truth table, given the following Logic Circuit made from Logic ND, OR, and NOT gates. What does the logic circuit do? a b d Out a d b Out
14 Goals for Today From Switches to Logic Gates to Logic Circuits Logic Gates From switches Truth Tables Logic Circuits Identity Laws From Truth Tables to Circuits (Sum of Products) Logic Circuit Minimization lgebraic Manipulations Truth Tables (Karnaugh Maps) Transistors (electronic switch)
15 Next Goal Given a Logic function, create a Logic Circuit that implements the Logic Function and, with the minimum number of logic gates Fewer gates: cheaper ($$$) circuit!
16 Logic Gates NOT: In Out ND: OR: XOR: L ogic Equations Out Out Out Constants: true = 1, false 1 1 = 0 Variables: a, b, out, Operators (above): ND, OR, NOT, etc.
17 Logic Gates NOT: In Out ND: OR: XOR: L ogic Equations Out Out Out NND: NOR: Constants: true = 1, false 1 1 = 0 Variables: a, b, out, Operators (above): ND, OR, NOT, etc. XNOR: Out Out Out
18 Logic Equations NOT: out = ā =!a = a ND: out = a b = a & b = a b OR: out = a + b = a b = a b XOR: out = a b = ab + āb Logic Equations Constants: true = 1, false = 0 Variables: a, b, out, Operators (above): ND, OR, NOT, etc.
19 Logic Equations NOT: out = ā =!a = a ND: out = a b = a & b = a b NND: out = a b =!(a & b) = (a b) OR: out = a + b = a b = a b XOR: out = a b = ab + āb NOR: out = a + b =!(a b) = (a b) XNOR: out = a b = ab + ab Logic Equations Constants: true = 1, false = 0 Variables: a, b, out, Operators (above): ND, OR, NOT,. etc.
20 Identities Identities useful for manipulating logic equations For optimization & ease of implementation a + 0 = a + 1 = a + ā = a 0 = a 1 = a ā =
21 Identities Identities useful for manipulating logic equations For optimization & ease of implementation (a + b) = (a b) = a + a b = a(b+c) = a(b + c) =
22 Logic Manipulation functions: gates truth tables equations Example: (a+b)(a+c) = a + bc a b c
23 Takeaway inary (two symbols: true and false) is the basis of Logic Design More than one Logic Circuit can implement same Logic function. Use lgebra (Identities) or Truth Tables to show equivalence.
24
25 Next Goal How to standardize minimizing logic circuits?
26 Logic Minimization How to implement a desired logic function? a b c out
27 Logic Minimization How to implement a desired logic function? a b c out minterm a b c a b c a b c a b c a b c a b c a b c a b c 1) Write minterm s 2) sum of products: OR of all minterms where out=1
28 Karnaugh Maps How does one find the most efficient equation? Manipulate algebraically until? Use Karnaugh maps (optimize visually) Use a software optimizer For large circuits Decomposition & reuse of building blocks
29 Minimization with Karnaugh maps (1) a b c out Sum of minterms yields? out =
30 Minimization with Karnaugh maps (2) a b c out c ab Sum of minterms yields? out = Karnaugh maps identify which inputs are (ir)relevant to the output
31 Minimization with Karnaugh maps (2) a b c out c ab Sum of minterms yields? out = Karnaugh map minimization Cover all 1 s Group adjacent blocks of 2 n 1 s that yield a rectangular shape Encode the common features of the rectangle out = ab + ac
32 Karnaugh Minimization Tricks (1) c ab 0 1 ab c Minterms can overlap out = Minterms can span 2, 4, 8 or more cells out =
33 Karnaugh Minimization Tricks (2) cd ab The map wraps around out = cd ab out =
34 Karnaugh Minimization Tricks (3) cd ab x x x 1 x x Don t care values can be interpreted individually in whatever way is convenient assume all x s = 1 out = cd ab x 0 x x 0 0 x x assume middle x s = 0 assume 4 th column x = 1 out =
35 Multiplexer a b d a b d out multiplexer selects between multiple inputs out = a, if d = 0 out = b, if d = 1 uild truth table Minimize diagram Derive logic diagram
36 Takeaway inary (two symbols: true and false) is the basis of Logic Design More than one Logic Circuit can implement same Logic function. Use lgebra (Identities) or Truth Tables to show equivalence. ny logic function can be implemented as sum of products. Karnaugh Maps minimize number of gates.
37 Goals for Today From Transistors to Gates to Logic Circuits Logic Gates From transistors Truth Tables Logic Circuits Identity Laws From Truth Tables to Circuits (Sum of Products) Logic Circuit Minimization lgebraic Manipulations Truth Tables (Karnaugh Maps) Transistors (electronic switch)
38 NMOS and PMOS Transistors NMOS Transistor V D V D = 0V V G V G = V Supply V G = 0 V PMOS Transistor V supply V supply V supply V S = V supply V G VG = V Supply V G = 0 V V S = 0 V Closed switch When V G = V supply Connect source to drain when V G = V supply N-channel transistor V D Connect source to drain when V G = 0 V P-channel transistor V S : voltage at the source V D : voltage at the drain V supply : max voltage (aka a logical 1) (ground): min voltage (aka a logical 0) V D = V supply Closed switch When V G = 0 V
39 NMOS and PMOS Transistors NMOS Transistor D D = 0 G G = 1 G = 0 PMOS Transistor V supply S = V supply V supply V supply G G = 1 G = 0 S = 0V Closed switch When V G = V supply Connect source to drain when gate = 1 N-channel transistor D Connect source to drain when gate = 0 P-channel transistor V S : voltage at the source V D : voltage at the drain V supply : max voltage (aka a logical 1) (ground): min voltage (aka a logical 0) D = 1 Closed switch When V G = 0 V
40 Inverter Vdd = hi Function: NOT out = 0 Called an inverter Vss = gnd Symbol: in out Out Truth table Useful for taking the inverse of an input CMOS: complementary-symmetry metal oxide semiconductor
41 NND Gate Vdd Vdd Function: NND Symbol: out a b out out Vss
42 NOR Gate Vdd Function: NOR Symbol: out a b out out Vss Vss
43 uilding Functions (Revisited) NOT: ND: OR: NND and NOR are universal Can implement any function with NND or just NOR gates useful for manufacturing
44 uilding Functions (Revisited) NOT: a ND: OR: a b a b NND and NOR are universal Can implement any function with NND or just NOR gates useful for manufacturing
45 Logic Gates One can buy gates separately ex. 74xxx series of integrated circuits cost ~$1 per chip, mostly for packaging and testing Cumbersome, but possible to build devices using gates put together manually
46 Then and Now The first transistor on a workbench at T&T ell Labs in 1947 ardeen, rattain, and Shockley n Intel Westmere 1.17 billion transistors 240 square millimeters Six processing cores
47 Summary Most modern devices are made from billions of on /off switches called transistors We will build a processor in this course! Transistors made from semiconductor materials: MOSFET Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor NMOS, PMOS Negative MOS and Positive MOS CMOS Complimentary MOS made from PMOS and NMOS transistors Transistors used to make logic gates and logic circuits We can now implement any logic circuit Can do it efficiently, using Karnaugh maps to find the minimal terms required Can use either NND or NOR gates to implement the logic circuit Can use P- and N-transistors to implement NND or NOR gates
48 ig Picture: bstraction Hide complexity through simple abstractions Simplicity ox diagram represents inputs and outputs Complexity Hides underlying P- and N-transistors and atomic interactions Vdd a in out d out Vss b in out a d b out
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