I. ROLE OF CARBON IN ORGANISMS:

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1 Name: Period: Date: I. ROLE OF CARBON IN ORGANISMS: = compounds that contain carbon Ex: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins = compounds that DO NOT contain carbon Ex: Vitamins, minerals, water Carbon forms covalent bonds to become stable Can join with other carbons to form straight, branches or. These structures may contain carbon atoms This makes many possible! = the simplest carbon compound (CH 4 ) = any molecule made ONLY of and atoms! Ex: Methane Methane s or chemical formula is Methane s : o Bonds are represented by 1

2 = compounds that have the same but different Ex: Glucose & Fructose o Formula- can range from carbon atoms to of carbon atoms II. THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: The digestive system breaks down organic compounds into their building blocks ( ) Body cells take the monomers and put them together in the form the body can use = extremely large compounds made of smaller ones. = large molecule formed when many smaller molecules (monomers) bond together, usually in chains Ex: Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids Polymers and their monomers: POLYMERS MONOMERS (building blocks) Carbohydrate Protein Lipid Nucleic Acid WHAT PROCESS ALLOWS BODY CELLS TO MAKE LARGE COMPOUNDS FROM MONOMERS? or Condensation = The of and (water)from the individual molecules so that a may form between them and result in a more molecule organic molecules bonds = store energy o Humans production o Plants fruit & veggie production 2

3 Dehydration synthesis represented by an equation: Monomer + Monomer ----> Polymer + water For example: 1. Amino Acid + Amino Acid ---> 2. Monosaccharide + Monosaccharide---> 3. Fatty Acids + Glycerol ---> + H 2 O + H 2 O WHAT PROCESS ALLOWS THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM TO BREAKDOWN NUTRIENTS? =(hydro =, Lysis = ) The breaking of a large compound (polymer) into smaller compounds (monomers) through the addition of -H and OH (water). Breaks organic molecules Break bonds = release energy Occurs during release energy from food Hydrolysis represented by an equation: Polymer + water ----> monomers For example: 1. Protein + water ----> 2. Carbohydrate + water ---> 3. Lipid + water --> 3

4 HYDROLYSIS OF SUCROSE: + H 2 O WHAT DO ATHLETES EAT THE DAY BEFORE A BIG GAME? III. CARBOHYDRATES: Foods: pasta, bread, fruits, veggies Compounds used for and release of Made of C, H, O atoms Reduced formula: How do you identify a carbohydrate? Look at the number of atoms Ratio is Hydrogen atoms : Oxygen atom 3 types of carbohydrates: 1. = C 6 H 12 O 6 sugar (6 carbons) Ex: Only form our can use for energy 2. = C 12 H 22 O 11 sugar made of 2 simple sugars (monosaccharide. + monosaccharide.) 4

5 Combined by reaction Ex: sucrose, lactose, maltose : (table sugar) Glucose + Fructose sucrose + H 2 O : (milk sugar) Glucose + Galactose lactose + H 2 O : Glucose + Glucose maltose + H 2 O 3. = More than 2 joined by dehydration synthesis Ex: - Plant s energy storing molecule - Animal s energy storing molecule o Energy storage form of o Found in the liver and skeletal muscle o When the body needs between meals/physical activity, glycogen is broken down into glucose through - provides structure in plant cell walls (cannot be digested by human body) Starch 5

6 What happens to CARBOHYDRATES in the body? Broken down by the digestive system via HYDROLYSIS into which are then absorbed into the body through the, where the body cells take the monosaccharides and produce. After the immediate energy requirements of all your body's tissues have been met, the excess glucose in your blood will be converted into a storage form of carbohydrate called (found in your muscles and liver). If all of your glycogen stores are full and you still have excess glucose in your bloodstream, the remaining glucose will be converted to. IV. FUNCTIONAL GROUPS: Functional groups give a molecule properties : (-OH) allows molecule to be more soluble in water Alcohol Group : (-COOH) allows molecule to release H ions in watertherefore! There is a between carbon and oxygen Carboxyl Group : (-NH 2 ) allows molecule to accept ions from acids therefore basic! Amino Group H H H H C C C H OH OH OH 6

7 I. LIPIDS: : butter, oil, Crisco, lard Commonly called & Contain C-H bonds and O atoms than. Ex: C 57 H 110 O 6 Nonpolar; therefore repel ( ) Functions of lipids in our body: 1. energy storage (used when carbohydrates are NOT available) body tissue (cushioning) WHICH HAS MORE ENERGY LIPIDS OR CARBS? One gram of contains as much as one gram of. Therefore, are better compounds! Fats vs. Carbs. & Energy Storage: 1 gram of Carbs. (glycogen) = about of energy o a short term rapid energy source (sprint events) 1 gram of Fats = about of energy o a long term energy source (endurance events - marathons) Average human contains about 0.5 Kg of stored glycogen = 2,000 Kcal of energy. About 16 Kg of body fat = 144,000 Kcal To carry the same amount of energy [144,000 Kcal] as carbs., we would have to store 36 Kg [79.4 lb] more of glycogen to lose 1 Kg of body fat which means, you need to burn lots of calories! 7

8 Types and Examples of Lipids: 1. - steroids 2. bee, furniture, ear, car 3. - in egg yolks, red meat 4. - from animals 5. from plants Carboxyl group Structure of Lipids: Basic building blocks: + Fatty Acids o Long with a group at one end Glycerol and each fatty acid chain are joined to each other by. 8

9 Structure of a lipid (1 glycerol + 3 fatty acids): Glycerol 3 Fatty Acids 3 types of fats: 1. = fatty acid chains of carbon with only bonds between the carbon atoms o - cholesterol (heart disease) o at room temperature Ex: 2. = fatty acid chains of carbon with ONE bond between the carbon atoms o o at room temperature Ex: 3. = more than one double bond between the carbon atoms in the chain o Ex: nuts, seeds, fish, leafy greens Structural formulas for saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids: Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid 9

10 What happens to LIPIDS in the body? Broken down by the digestive system via HYDROLYSIS into and which are then absorbed into the body through the bloodstream. The fatty acids can then be broken down directly to get, or can be used to make glucose = Majority of fat in organism consist of this type of fat molecules Derived from fats eaten in or made in the body from other energy sources like carbohydrates. Calories ingested in a meal and not used immediately by tissues are converted to triglycerides and transported to fat cells to be stored. o Storage 3 month supply of vs. glycogen s 24 hour supply Hormones regulate the release of triglycerides from fat tissue so they meet the body's needs for energy between meals. Excess Triglycerides- Life Applications: Cause plaque to build up o = walls of the arteries get thick and hard; fat builds up inside the walls and slows the blood flow Cause blood clots heart attacks, strokes o (high blood pressure) II. PROTEINS: : meats, soy, cheese Large complex polymer composed of C, H, O, N, & sometimes S Monomers (basic building blocks): different amino acids Example amino acids: 10

11 Structure of an amino acid: Central carbon atom boded with. The other 3 bonds are with an group (-NH 2 ), a group (-COOH) and a group (-R) o The variable group makes each amino acid! Amino acids are linked together by to form a protein Ex: 2 amino acids joined by = a covalent bond that joins amino acids to each other Forms between the group of one amino acid and the group of another Proteins- named for the of amino acids that make them Ex: o two amino acids = o three amino acids = o many amino acids = Essential Amino Acids: of the amino acids are essential because they are required by the body but are created by it. o As a result, it must be provided by our. If one is missing then proper growth and repair cannot be. 11

12 Functions of proteins in our body: 1. contraction 2. Transport in the bloodstream 3. Provide (antibodies) 4. Carry out reactions What happens to PROTEINS in the body? Broken down by the digestive system via HYDROLYSIS into which are then absorbed into the body through the bloodstream, where the body cells take the amino acids and makes protein for muscles. I. ENZYMES: A specialized type of Function in our body: acts like a = substance that up the rate of a chemical reaction but it is used up in the reaction. Enzyme(s) reduce = amount of energy needed to begin a reaction = an organic molecule with the enzyme to in the reaction. Need an active site on the enzyme - attracts and holds only molecules called. o Lock-and-key system Therefore, enable molecules called to undergo a chemical change to form new substances, called. 12

13 Example of the of sucrose using the enzyme ( ) = a substance that the activity of an enzyme by entering the in place of the whose structure it. 13

14 Could not without enzymes! (Almost all chemical reactions in cells require an enzyme) o Speed up the reactions in: 1. of food 2. of molecules 3. of energy are named for the compound they work on. You drop the current compound ending and replace it with o For example: o Lactose s enzyme is o Maltose's enzyme is o Sucrose's enzyme is o (in your salvia)is the enzyme for starch 2 Factors that affect enzymes: 1. - To high temp. will denature (break apart) enzymes 2. HOW DOES OUR BODY GET ENERGY FROM THE BREAKING DOWN OF MOLECULES? 14

15 II. NUCLEIC ACIDS: Complex polymer that stores information in cells in the form of a. Monomers (basic building blocks):, which consist of C, H, O, N, P These elements are arranged in 3 groups:,, and a. Phosphate Group Nitrogen Base Sugar 2 types of nucleic acids: 1. (deoxyribonucleic acid) contains all the instructions for an organisms development..aka genetic information 2. (ribonucleic acid) forms a copy of DNA and is used for protein synthesis (production) Nucleic Acid 15

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18 Organic molecules worksheet Name: Period: Date: Part 1: CARBON: Answer the following questions. 1) All organic compounds contain 2) In order for a carbon atom to be considered stable it needs to form covalent bonds. 3) Compounds that contain only hydrogen and carbon atoms are called. 4) The following structural formulas show four different compounds of carbon and hydrogen (hydrocarbons). Below each structural formula, write the chemical formula and label any double and triple bonds Part 2: CARBOHYDRATES: Answer the following questions. 1) What atoms make up carbohydrates? 2) What is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen atoms present in all carbohydrates? 3) What are the three types of carbohydrates? a. b. c. 18

19 Part 3: MONOSACCHARIDES & DISACCHARIDES: Answer the following questions. 1) What are the monomers of carbohydrates? 2) What is the difference between monosaccharides and disaccharides? 3) What are the three examples of monosaccharides? a. b. c. 4) What are the three examples of disaccharides? a. b. c. 5) Look at the structural formulas below. These three sugars all have the same chemical formula (C6H12O6). a. Are the structural formulas the same? b. What do we call compounds that have the same chemical formula, but differ in their structural formulas? 6) Monosaccharides all have the same formula: C6H12O6. How can you write this formula in the simplest form (reduced) that illustrates the proportion of elements in monosaccharides? 19

20 7) Below is an example of dehydration synthesis. In dehydration synthesis, a hydrogen atom from one molecule joins with a hydroxyl group (-OH) from another molecule to form water, leaving two molecules bonded to the same oxygen atom. For example, when glucose and fructose combine by dehydration synthesis, they form sucrose and water. + + H 2 O water 8) Below is an example of hydrolysis. Complex organic molecules are broken down by the addition of the components of water H + and OH -. water 9) What are the products of the hydrolysis reaction? 10) What are the reactants of the dehydration synthesis reaction? 11) How are the reactions in #7 and #8 related? 12) What is the chemical formula for disaccharides? 13) Why is the chemical formula of disaccharides not double that of the monosaccharides? 14) In what life process does hydrolysis occur? 20

21 15) Look at the three reactions below. Which reaction(s) is hydrolysis taking place? a. How do you know? 16) Look at the three reactions below. Which reaction(s) is dehydration synthesis taking place? a. How do you know? 17) What are the common names for sucrose and lactose? 18) What are polysaccharides? 19) What substance would the repeating unit that makes up starch, cellulose, and glycogen? 21

22 Carbon and Carbohydrate Review Worksheet Directions: For each of the following statements, write true or false. 1. The formula for all carbohydrates is C 6 H 12 O 6 2. Carbon atoms can bond together in straight chains, branched chains, or rings Isomers are compounds with the same simple formula but different threedimensional structure. Large molecules containing carbon atoms are called micromolecules. 5. Milk sugar is the common name for maltose. Directions: Write each name or formula under the correct heading. Use these items: Sucrose Glucose Starch C 6 H 12 O 6 Cellulose Maltose Fructose C 12 H 22 O 11 Galactose Lactose Glycogen Monosaccharide Disaccharide Polysaccharide

23 Direction: Answer the following questions. 1. List the 3 types of carbohydrates. a. b. c. 2. What is the difference between a monosaccharide, disaccharide and a polysaccharide? 3. What is the following reaction showing? Maltose + water Glucose + Glucose a. What are the reactants? 4. What is the following reaction showing? Glucose + Glucose Maltose + water a. What are the products? 5. What elements make up all carbohydrates? a. What is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen in all carbohydrates hydrogen: oxygen 6. A compound that contains ONLY hydrogen and carbon atoms is called a(n) 7. Write the 3 functional groups below: a. Amino = b. Alcohol = c. Carboxyl = 8. What are some foods that contain carbohydrates? 9. Write the chemical formula for the following compound. 23

24 Biomolecules Worksheet PART 1: IDENTIFYING FUNCTIONAL GROUPS: A functional group in a molecule gives the molecule its distinctive properties. Find the functional groups in the following structural formulas. Circle the functional group(s) and write the functional group name(s) on the first line. Then write the chemical formula on the second line PART 2: MONOMERS & POLYMERS: Monomers are the repeating units that make up a polymer. POLYMERS MONOMERS (building blocks) ATOMS Present Carbohydrate Protein Lipid Nucleic Acid 24

25 PART 3: BUILDING A MACROMOLECULE: All living things make large molecules, called macromolecules, from smaller molecules. Macromolecules can be made from a few repeating units, or can be composed of hundreds or thousands of smaller molecules. Each macromolecule has properties quite different from the units of which it is composed. Study the diagrams below, which show carbohydrate molecules. Beside each molecule, write whether it is a monosaccharide, a disaccharide, or a polysaccharide What is the function of #3 in our bodies? 5. After you eat carbs. and the immediate energy requirements of all your body's tissues have been met, the excess glucose in your blood will be converted into a) If all of your glycogen stores are full and you still have excess glucose in your bloodstream, the remaining glucose will be converted to. 6. What is the name of the chemical process that joined the disaccharide and the polysaccharide? 25

26 PART 4: DEGREE OF SATURATION: Each of the following structural formulas shows a fatty acid molecule. On the line, identify the fatty acid as saturated, unsaturated, or polyunsaturated. 1. Define a saturated fatty acid. Provide one example of a saturated fatty acid. 2. Define an unsaturated fatty acid. Provide one example of an unsaturated fatty acid. 3. Define a polyunsaturated fatty acid

27 PART 5: SYNTHESIS-ANAYLZING MACROMOLECULES: Study the diagram below and then answer the following questions What are the reactants? 2. What are the products? 3. What chemical process occurred in order to create this protein? a. How do you know? 4. Circle the peptide bonds. How many peptide bonds are present? 5. How many molecules of water are produced in order to form the peptide bonds? 6. If a protein contained 200 peptide bonds, how many molecules of water do you suppose would be required to break it down into its components? 7. What is the ratio of molecules of water to the number of peptide bonds? 27

28 Biochemistry Review Worksheet Directions: Answer the following questions completely and concisely. 1. List a kind of food that contains these polymers. a. Proteins: b. Carbohydrates: c. Fats: 2. What are the elements that make up all carbohydrates? a. What is the specific ratio of hydrogen to oxygen? 3. Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides are a type of what macromolecule? 4. What are the monomers of carbs.? 5. What is the function of carbs.? 6. Write the formula for monosaccharides 7. Write the formula for disaccharides 8. What are the monomers of proteins? 9. What are the elements that make up all proteins? 10. What is the name of the bond that joins together amino acids? 11. What are 2 functions of proteins? a. b. 12. What are the monomers of a lipid? 13. What is the common name(s) given to lipids? 14. What are 2 functions of lipids? a. b. 15. What is the difference between a saturated fatty acid and an unsaturated fatty acid? 16. Identify the following functional groups: a. OH b. NH 2 c. COOH 28

29 17. Define isomer. 18. What is the difference between a hydrolysis reaction and dehydration synthesis? 19. Provide an example of a dehydration synthesis reaction below. Hint: you should have 2 reactants and 2 products and you do not have to draw the structural formulas. 20. List the 5 elements that make up most nucleic acids 21. What is an essential amino acid? 22. What type of polymer are enzymes? 23. What are the monomers of nucleic acids? 24. What is the function of DNA? 25. What is the function of RNA? 26. A compound that consists of only hydrogen and carbon would be called a(n). 27. Which macromolecule stores more energy, fats or carbohydrates?. 28. What macromolecule would most likely be represented by the following formula, C 57 H 110 O 6? How do you know? 29. Below is the structural formula for an amino acid. Circle and label the 2 functional groups. Also write the chemical formula. 30. Circle the peptide bonds. 29

30 Basic Chemistry & Biochemistry Unit Review NAME: Period: Date: A. Using the vocabulary terms in the following list, fill in the blacks in the statements below. acids atom atomic number compound covalent bonding dehydration synthesis disaccharide electron element hydrolysis inorganic ionic bonding isotope mass number monosaccharide neutron nucleus ph polymer polysaccharide proton reactants 1. A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by ordinary chemical means is a(n). 2. A substance formed by the chemical combinations of two or more elements is a(n). 3. The basic unit of structure of all elements is the. 4. Atoms are made up of three types of particles:,, and. 5. The dense central portion of the atom is the. 6. The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom is the of the element. 7. The number of protons plus the number of neutrons in the nucleus of an atom is its. 8. Different varieties of the same elements having different numbers of neutrons in their nuclei are called. 9. Chemical bonding in which there is a transfer of electrons from one atom to another is a(n). 10. Chemical bonding in which there is a sharing of electrons between atoms is a(n). 11. Measurement of the hydrogen ion concentration of a solution may be given in terms of. 12. Glucose is a, maltose is a, and starch is a. 13. The type of reaction by which proteins are synthesized is. 14. The type of reaction by which carbohydrates are broken down is. 15. Large molecules made up of chains of repeating units are. 16. compounds do not contain carbon. 17. are substances that fall between on the ph scale. 18. Substances to the left of the yields arrow in a chemical equation are called. 30

31 B. Place the letter of the definition in the space to the left of the term it defines. 1. amino acid A. Type of reaction by which complex molecules are synthesized from simple molecules 2. enzymes B. A substance composed of similar repeating units. 3. nucleic acids C. Proteins that act as organic catalysts. 4. unsaturated fat D. Digestion is accomplished by this type of reaction. 5. amino group E. COOH 6. hydrolysis F. RNA and DNA 7. carboxyl group G. Alcohol found in lipids. 8. dehydration synthesis H. Monomer of proteins 9. glycerol I. A lipid containing 1 double bond between the carbon atoms. 10. polymer J. NH 2 C. In the answer space for each question, write the letter of the choice that best completes the statement. 1. An atom has 14 electrons. Its third energy level has electrons. (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 2. The part of an enzyme that attracts and holds the substrate is the. (a) substrate site (b) coenzyme (c) active site (d) competitive inhibitor 3. Unlike carbohydrates and fats, proteins contain atoms. (a) carbon (b) oxygen (c) phosphorus (d) nitrogen 4. How many electrons can a carbon atom share? (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 5. The nucleus of an atom contains (a) protons & electron (b) neutrons & electrons (c) protons & neutrons (d) only neutrons 6. A ph of 7 indicates a (a) strong acid (b) strong base (c) neutral solution (d) weak base 7. Organic compounds always contain (a) oxygen (b) proteins (c) nitrogen (d) carbon 8. Carbohydrates are composed of (a) carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen (b) nitrogen, oxygen, and hydrogen (c) carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (d) sulfur, nitrogen, and carbon 9. Glucose and fructose are both (a) monosaccharide (b) disaccharides (c) polysaccharides (d) starches 10. Maltose and sucrose are both (a) monosaccharide (b) disaccharides (c) polysaccharides (d) starches 11. Monosaccharides join to form disaccharides by (a) hydrolysis (b) hydration (c) dehydration synthesis (d) dehydrolysis 12. Disaccharides are broken down into their component monosaccharides by (a) hydrolysis (b) hydration (c) dehydration synthesis (d) dehydrolysis 13. Cellulose and glycogen are (a) proteins (b) fatty acids (c) polysaccharides (d) disaccharides 31

32 14. Simple lipids consist of (a) three fatty acid molecules and one glycerol (b) fatty acids only (c) glycerol only (d) amino acids 15. The bonds between amino acids in proteins are (a) peptide bonds (b) unsaturated (c) hydrolytic (d) carboxylic 16. Enzymes are (a) carbohydrates (b) lipids (c) proteins (d) hormones 17. Enzymes (a) decrease reaction rates (b) increase reaction rates (c) are involved only in synthetic reactions (d) are involved only in hydrolytic reactions 18. Nucleic acids are composed of (a) C, H, O, N, P (b) C, H, O, N (c) C, H, O, N, S (d) C, H, O 19. DNA (a) is the site of protein synthesis (b) contains the hereditary information (c) is found only in the cytoplasm (d) is found only in the animal cells 20. RNA is involved in (a) lipid synthesis (b) carbohydrate synthesis (c) protein synthesis (d) DNA synthesis 21. How many water molecules are present, in the following chemical equation?: 2H 2 O 2H 2 + O 2 (a) one (b) two (c) three (d) none 22. How many hydrogen atoms are present, in the following chemical equation?: 2H 2 O 2H 2 + O 2 (a) one (b) two (c) three (d) four 23. consist of the majority of fat in an organism. (a) saturated fats (b) carbohydrates (c) triglycerides (d) unsaturated fats D. Identification: Identify each of the following types of monomers or polymers

33 5. 6. Phosphate Group Nitrogen Base Sugar

34 Polymer Atoms Monomers Types Purpose CARBS. LIPIDS 34

35 Polymer Atoms Monomers Types Purpose PROTEINS NUCLEIC ACIDS 35

36 Unit Learning Map (17 days): PART 2 Chemistry of Life Mrs. Sim Class: Biology A PA Standard: B : Describe and explain the chemical and structural basis of living organisms. Unit Essential Question(s): How do chemical reactions impact living organisms? Optional Instructional Tools: Labs: - Diet lab - Foods lab - Enzyme activity Concept Concept Concept Concept Carbon How does our body break down and create molecules that are essential for our survival? Organic Compounds Lesson Essential Questions: Lesson Essential Questions: Lesson Essential Questions: Lesson Essential Questions: How are the four organic compounds essential to the function of living things? Vocabulary: Vocabulary: Vocabulary: Vocabulary: Organic Inorganic Hydrocarbon Isomer Macromolecules Polymer Dehydration synthesis Hydrolysis Carbohydrates Monosaccharide Disaccharide Polysaccharide Functional groups Lipids Fatty acids Saturated lipid Unsaturated lipid Polyunsaturated Triglycerides Proteins Peptide bond Essential amino acids Enzyme Catalysts Substrate Denature Competitive inhibitors Nucleic Acid Nucleotide 36

37 Chemistry of Life Vocabulary: 1) Element = A substance that cannot be broken down into simpler substances 2) Atom = Smallest particle of an element that has the characteristics of that element 3) Protons (P) = positively charged particles; found in nucleus 4) Neutrons (N) = no charge (neutral); found in nucleus 5) Electrons (e-) = (negative charge) move nearly the speed of light form a cloud around the nucleus 6) Nucleus = Center of atom; contains protons & neutrons 7) Electron cloud/energy levels around the nucleus 8) Isotopes = Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons; Named by their atomic mass numbers 9) Atomic Number = number of protons and/or electrons of an atom 10) Mass Number = the sum of protons and neutrons of an atom 11) Energy levels = regions around the nucleus that electrons travel 12) Octet Rule = Each energy level AFTER the first can have up to 8 electrons 13) Compound = a substance made of chemically combined elements. 14) Covalent Bonding = atoms SHARE electrons 15) Molecule = a group of covalently bonded atoms with no charge 16) Ionic Bonding = Transfer of electrons creating ions that attract each other = Ionic Bond 17) Ions = charged atoms because they have gained or lost electron(s) 18) Polar = unequal distribution of charge; Each molecule has a positive end and a negative end 19) surface tension = The polarity of water cause the surface layer of water molecules to act like a stretched film over the surface of the 20) Chemical Reactions: Reactants Yields Products CH 4 + 2O 2 CO 2 + 2H 2 O 21) Coefficients = # of molecules of a compound; Ex: 6O 2 = 6 molecules of Oxygen (O) 22) Subscripts = # of atoms of an element; Ex: CH 4 = 1 atom C, 4 atoms 23) Law of Conservation of Matter (atoms are never created or destroyed; they are simply rearranged!); We balance equations so the Law of Conservation of Mater is NOT violated! 24) ph = how acidic or basic a substance is 25) Acid = substance that forms H + (hydrogen ions) in water; (ph LESS than 7) 26) Base = substance that forms OH - (hydroxide ions) in water; (ph MORE than 7) 37

38 27) Organic compounds = compounds that contain carbon; Ex: Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins 28) Inorganic compounds = compounds that DO NOT contain carbon; Ex: Vitamins, minerals, water 29) Hydrocarbon = any molecule made ONLY of hydrogen and carbon atoms! 30) Isomers = compounds that have the same formula but different structures 31) Macromolecules = extremely large compounds made of smaller ones. 32) Polymer = large molecule formed when many smaller molecules bond together, usually in long chains 33) Dehydration Synthesis or Condensation = The removal of H and OH (water)from the individual molecules so that a bond may form between them and result in a more complex molecule o This is represented by an equation: Monomer + Monomer ----> compound + water 34) Hydrolysis =(hydro = water, Lysis = to break) The breaking of a large compound (polymer) into smaller compounds (monomers) through the addition of -H and OH (water). o This is represented by an equation: Compound + water ----> monomerss 35) Carbohydrates = Compounds used for storage and release of energy; Made of C, H, O atoms; Ratio is 2 Hydrogen atoms : 1 Oxygen atom 36) Monosaccharide = (C 6 H 12 O 6 ); simple sugar; Ex: glucose, fructose, galactose; Only form our body can use for energy 37) Disaccharide = (C 12 H 22 O 11 ); double sugar made of 2 simple sugars (monosac. + monosac.); Ex: lactose (milk sugar), maltose, sucrose (table sugar) 38) Polysaccharide = More than 2 monosaccharides joined by dehydration synthesis Ex: Starch- Plant s energy storage; Glycogen- Animal s energy storage; Cellulose- provides structure in plant cell walls (cannot be digested by human body) 39) Functional groups = give a molecule distinctive properties; Alcohol Group: (-OH); Carboxyl Group: (-COOH); Amino Group: (-NH 2 ) allows molecule to accept ions from acids therefore basic! 40) Lipids = Commonly called fats & oils; Contain more C-H bonds and less O atoms than carbohydrates; Basic building blocks: 3 fatty acids + 1 glycerol o Functions of lipids in our body: a) Long term energy storage (used when carbohydrates are NOT available) b) Insulation c) Protect body tissue (cushioning) 41) Saturated fats = fatty acid chains of carbon with only single bonds between the carbon atoms; Solid at room temperature 42) Unsaturated fats = fatty acid chains of carbon with ONE double bond between the carbon atoms; Liquid at room temperature 43) Polyunsaturated fats = more than one double bond between the carbon atoms in the chain 38

39 44) Triglycerides = Majority of fat in organism consist of this type of fat molecules; Derived from fats eaten in foods or made in the body from other energy sources like carbohydrates. 45) Proteins = Large complex polymer composed of C, H, O, N, & sometimes S; Basic building blocks: Amino acids o Functions of proteins in our body: 5. Muscle contraction 6. Transport oxygen in the bloodstream 7. Provide immunity (antibodies) 8. Carry out chemical reactions 46) Peptide bond = a covalent bond that joins amino acids to each other 47) Essential Amino Acids = 10 of the 20 amino acids are essential because they are required by the body but are NOT created by it 48) Enzymes = A specialized type of protein; acts like a catalyst = substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction but it is not used up in the reaction. 49) Coenzyme = an organic molecule associated with the enzyme to help in the reaction. 50) Active site = attracts and holds only specific molecules called substrates. 51) Competitive Inhibitors = a substance that reduces the activity of an enzyme by entering the active site in place of the substrate whose structure it mimics. 52) Nucleic acids = Complex polymer that stores information in cells in the form of a code; Monomer: nucleotides, which consist of C, H, O, N, P 2 types of nucleic acids: 1. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) contains all the instructions for an organisms development..aka genetic information 2. RNA (ribonucleic acid) forms a copy of DNA and is used for protein synthesis (production) 39