Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, 5e (Martini/Nath) Chapter 17 Nutrition and Metabolism. Multiple-Choice Questions

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1 Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology, 5e (Martini/Nath) Chapter 17 Nutrition and Metabolism Multiple-Choice Questions 1) The sum of all of the biochemical processes going on within the human body at any given instant is called A) glycolysis. B) oxidation. C) catabolism. D) anabolism. E) metabolism. Learning Outcome: ) Cells synthesize new organic components to A) perform structural maintenance. B) perform repairs. C) support growth. D) B and C only E) all of the above Learning Outcome: ) Which of the following is a disaccharide? A) sucrose B) galactose C) fructose D) glucose E) ribose Page 1 of 19

2 4) Inside of the mitochondrion, during the transition reaction, each pyruvic acid molecule A) forms a molecule of citric acid. B) loses a carbon atom. C) attaches to NAD. D) directly enters the electron transport system. E) has a phosphate ion added to it. 5) The TCA cycle A) begins with the formation of a molecule of citric acid. B) directly produces most of the ATP from the catabolism of glucose. C) does not form any carbon dioxide. D) contains enzymes called cytochromes. E) forms acetyl CoA from glucose. 6) The cells that are most dependent upon a continual supply of glucose are those of the A) muscular system. B) nervous system. C) respiratory system. D) digestive system. E) integumentary system. 7) The TCA cycle must turn time(s) to completely metabolize the pyruvic acid produced from one glucose molecule. A) one B) two C) three D) four E) five Page 2 of 19

3 8) In glycolysis, each molecule of glucose metabolized releases enough energy to form molecules of ATP. A) 2 B) 4 C) 30 D) 36 E) 38 9) Muscles store metabolic reserves as A) carbohydrates. B) glycogen. C) amino acids. D) triglycerides. E) fatty acids. 10) The major steps in the electron transport chain include A) removal of hydrogen atoms from a substrate molecule by coenzymes. B) ionization of hydrogen atoms. C) increasing the energy level of electrons passing through the electron transport chain. D) the loss of electrons by oxygen atoms. E) all of the above 11) The human body prefers as its primary energy source. A) fatty acids B) proteins C) cholesterol D) carbohydrates E) glycerol Answer: D Page 3 of 19

4 12) If you are running sprints, which nutrient would your body use the most of to make ATP? A) protein B) sugars C) complex carbohydrates D) fat E) amino acids Skill Level: 2 Reviewing Concepts 13) On a tour of African countries, Don contracts a bad case of traveler's diarrhea. Because he cannot eat very much, his body starts to use energy sources other than carbohydrates. This would result in A) increased levels of urea in the blood. B) ketosis. C) a decreased blood ph. D) increased gluconeogenesis in the liver. E) all of the above Skill Level: 2 Reviewing Concepts 14) In the electron transport chain, energy for the synthesis of ATP is provided by the A) splitting of oxygen molecules. B) breaking of the covalent bonds in glucose. C) movement of hydrogen ions through channels in the respiratory enzymes. D) combination of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen to form water. E) oxidation of acetyl CoA. Skill Level: 2 Reviewing Concepts 15) The liver utilizes fatty acids to synthesize A) triglycerides. B) steroids. C) phospholipids. D) lipoproteins. E) all of the above Page 4 of 19

5 16) During lipolysis, A) triglycerides are converted into molecules of acetyl CoA. B) triglycerides are broken down into glycerol and fatty acids. C) lipids are converted into glucose molecules. D) lipids are formed from excess carbohydrates. E) lipids are metabolized to yield ATP. 17) Beta-oxidation A) occurs in the mitochondria. B) is the process that breaks down fatty acids into two-carbon fragments that can be metabolized by the TCA cycle. C) yields large amounts of ATP, while requiring coenzyme A, NAD, and FAD. D) A and B only E) none of the above 18) Lipogenesis generally begins with A) glucose. B) amino acids. C) fatty acids. D) acetyl CoA. E) succinyl CoA. Answer: D 19) Lipoproteins that carry mostly cholesterol and phospholipids from peripheral tissues to the liver are called A) low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). B) high-density lipoproteins (HDLs). Page 5 of 19

6 20) The food source most clearly linked to heart disease is A) simple sugars. B) complex carbohydrates. C) lipids. D) proteins. E) nucleic acids. Skill Level: 3 Critical Thinking & Clinical Applications 21) Diets containing too many calories and too many lipids by proportion increase the incidence of A) obesity. B) heart disease and atherosclerosis. C) diabetes. D) hypertension. E) all of the above Skill Level: 3 Critical Thinking & Clinical Applications 22) Which of the following is a complete protein source? A) eggs B) corn C) gelatin D) rice E) none of the above Learning Outcome: ) In transamination, the amino group of an amino acid is A) converted to ammonia. B) converted to urea. C) transferred to another carbon chain. D) transferred to a molecule in the glycolytic pathway. E) transferred to acetyl CoA. Learning Outcome: 17.4 Page 6 of 19

7 24) The process of deamination produces A) keto acids. B) urea. C) ammonia. D) acetyl CoA. E) B vitamins. Learning Outcome: ) Nitrogen compounds of the body include A) amino acids. B) nucleotides. C) creatine. D) porphyrins. E) all of the above Learning Outcome: ) In the condition ketoacidosis, A) blood ph may drop below B) cardiac arrhythmias occur. C) coma could result. D) death could be a consequence. E) all of the above Learning Outcome: ) Nucleotides from RNA A) are deaminated to form ammonia. B) can provide sugars for glycolysis. C) can be used to synthesize proteins. D) cannot be used as a source of energy for the production of ATP. E) cannot be recycled. Learning Outcome: 17.5 Page 7 of 19

8 28) A calorie unit used in food is equal to the amount of energy necessary to raise the temperature of 1 kilogram of water degree(s) Celsius. A) 1 B) 2 C) 10 D) 100 E) 1,000 29) Which of the following is a fat-soluble vitamin? A) vitamin K B) vitamin C C) vitamin B6 D) niacin E) riboflavin 30) B vitamins are A) important to many metabolic reactions. B) involved in the oxidation of food. C) water soluble. D) all of the above E) none of the above Answer: D 31) The nutrients that yield ZERO energy per gram are A) carbohydrates. B) proteins. C) fats. D) nucleic acids. E) vitamins. Page 8 of 19

9 32) The vitamin that functions as part of coenzyme A is A) pantothenic acid. B) niacin. C) vitamin A. D) vitamin C. E) riboflavin. 33) A cofactor that is essential for muscle contraction, nerve function, and blood clotting is A) sodium. B) potassium. C) calcium. D) magnesium. E) selenium. 34) An ion that is a necessary component of high-energy compounds and nucleic acids, and a structural component of bone, is A) chloride ion. B) sulfate ion. C) phosphate ion. D) bicarbonate ion. E) iodide ion. 35) Which food group is the best source of vitamin C? A) dairy B) meats C) fruits and vegetables D) desserts E) breads Page 9 of 19

10 36) A mineral that is a necessary cofactor for hemoglobin synthesis is A) zinc. B) copper. C) cobalt. D) iodine. E) silicon. 37) The vitamin that is required for the synthesis of visual pigments is A) vitamin A. B) vitamin B. C) vitamin C. D) vitamin D. E) vitamin E. 38) Which of the following is a trace element? A) chlorine B) sodium C) calcium D) iron E) sulfur Answer: D 39) The vitamin that is essential for the production of several clotting factors is A) vitamin A. B) vitamin B. C) vitamin E. D) vitamin C. E) vitamin K. Page 10 of 19

11 40) The vitamin that is a constituent of the coenzymes FAD and FMN is A) thiamine (B1). B) riboflavin (B2). C) niacin (nicotinic acid). D) folacin (folic acid). E) cobalamin (B12). 41) Which of the following minerals is important in ATP production and utilization? A) zinc B) iron C) magnesium D) calcium E) sodium 42) The vitamin that plays the role of a coenzyme in amino acid and lipid metabolism is A) vitamin B6 (pyridoxine). B) pantothenic acid (B5). C) riboflavin (B2). D) folacin(folic acid). E) niacin (nicotinic acid). 43) The vitamin that is a coenzyme in amino acid and nucleic acid metabolism is A) pantothenic acid (B5). B) vitamin B6 (pyridoxine). C) folacin (folic acid). D) vitamin C (ascorbic acid). E) vitamin K. Page 11 of 19

12 44) Which food group is the best source of calcium? A) breads B) meats C) dairy D) fruits E) vegetables 45) Impaired fat absorption in the intestine would interfere with the absorption of which vitamin? A) vitamin A B) vitamin B12 C) vitamin C D) niacin E) riboflavin 46) A mineral necessary for normal membrane function is A) calcium. B) sodium. C) manganese. D) zinc. E) iron. 47) This mineral is a cofactor of the carbonic anhydrase enzyme system. A) chloride B) calcium C) copper D) zinc E) magnesium Answer: D Page 12 of 19

13 48) The fat-soluble vitamins include A) A, D, E, and K. B) A, B, C, and D. C) B, biotin, C, and A. D) niacin, B, folacin, and biotin. E) C, biotin, A, and K. 49) The only natural dietary sources for vitamin B12 are A) dairy products such as milk. B) meats. C) vegetables. D) A and B only E) citrus fruits. Answer: D 50) Factors that influence an individual's BMR (basal metabolic rate) include A) sex. B) age. C) body weight. D) genetics. E) all of the above Learning Outcome: ) In order to get enough energy out of food to survive, humans must have a constant supply of A) oxygen. B) water. C) carbon dioxide. D) iron. E) vitamins. Learning Outcome: 17.7 Page 13 of 19

14 52) Which of the following individuals would lose the most heat in a cold room? A) an adult man B) an adult woman C) an adolescent male D) a child E) a newborn infant Learning Outcome: ) Which of the following individuals would have the lower BMR? A) a 34-year-old nursing mother B) a 34-year-old nonpregnant, nonnursing woman Learning Outcome: 17.7 Skill Level: 2 Reviewing Concepts 54) Which of the following would lose heat faster? A) an obese person B) a tall, thin person Learning Outcome: 17.7 Skill Level: 2 Reviewing Concepts Fill in the Blank Questions 1) Those nutrients that the body cannot synthesize or cannot synthesize in adequate amounts are termed. Answer: essential Learning Outcome: ) The process of synthesizing glucose from lipids, amino acids, or other carbohydrates is called. Answer: gluconeogenesis Page 14 of 19

15 3) The most important substances to humans are food, water, and. Answer: oxygen 4) Most dietary lipids are in the form of. Answer: triglycerides 5) Cholesterol that has been removed from the blood is excreted as part of. Answer: bile 6) Lipoproteins containing large amounts of cholesterol that are being transported in peripheral tissues are called. Answer: low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) 7) A complete contains all of the essential amino acids. Answer: protein Learning Outcome: ) is an unhealthy state resulting from inadequate intake of one or more nutrients that becomes life-threatening as the deficiencies accumulate. Answer: Malnutrition 9) is a mineral used in the structure of hemoglobin. Answer: Iron Page 15 of 19

16 10) Chromium is a trace mineral needed for proper metabolism. Answer: carbohydrate 11) are inorganic ions released through the dissociation of electrolytes. Answer: Minerals 12) Vitamin can be synthesized by the skin. Answer: D 13) The represents the minimum resting energy expenditures of an awake, alert individual. Answer: basal metabolic rate or BMR Learning Outcome: ) is the homeostatic process that allows us to maintain a constant body temperature. Answer: Thermoregulation Learning Outcome: ) is the loss of heat energy by vaporizing water. vaporation Learning Outcome: 17.7 Page 16 of 19

17 Essay Questions 1) Charlie has a blood test that shows a normal level of LDLs but an elevated level of HDLs in his blood. Since his family has a history of cardiovascular disease, he wonders if he should modify his lifestyle. What would you tell him? ased just on the information given, Charlie would appear to be in good health, at least relative to his diet and probable exercise. Problems are associated with elevated levels of LDLs, which carry cholesterol to peripheral tissues and make it available for the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in blood vessels. High levels of HDLs indicate that a considerable amount of cholesterol is being removed from the peripheral tissues and carried to the liver for disposal. You would encourage Charlie not to change and keep up the good work. Page 17 of 19

18 Labeling Exercises Using the figure above, identify the element marked with a letter. (Example: CO2, H2O) 1) Label A: O2 2) Label B: O2 3) Label C: Answer: 2H Page 18 of 19

19 4) Label D: O2 5) Label E: Answer: 2H 6) Label F: Answer: 2H 7) Label G: Answer: 2H 8) Label H: Answer: H2O 9) Label I: Answer: O2 Page 19 of 19