Translate chemical symbols and the chemical formulas of common substances to show the component parts of the substances including:
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1 7-5.5 Translate chemical symbols and the chemical formulas of common substances to show the component parts of the substances including: NaCl [salt], H 2 O [water], C 6 H 12 O 6 [simple sugar], O 2 [oxygen gas], CO 2 [carbon dioxide], N 2 [nitrogen gas]).
![including: NaCl [salt], H 2 O [water], C 6 H 12 O 6 [simple](/docs-images/47/20792115/images/page_1.jpg "sugar], O 2 [oxygen gas], CO 2 [carbon dioxide], N 2 [nitrogen")
2 It is essential for students to know that chemical symbols show the atoms of the elements composing a substance. Symbols are written with one, two, or three letters. The first letter is always capitalized. Each element has a different symbol. Element Symbol Sodium Na Chlorine Cl Hydrogen H Oxygen O Carbon C Nitrogen N
3 Elements are made up of one kind of atom and the symbol for each element is unique. Compounds are composed of more than one element and their formulas have more than one type of symbol showing the different elements that compose the compound.
4 Chemical formulas are constructed from the symbols of the elements composing the substances. In a chemical formula, the numbers as subscripts show how many of each kind of atom are in the compound. The subscript is written to the lower right of the element symbol. If no subscript is written, only one atom of that element is part of the compound. For example, in H 2 O, the number 2 is the subscript for hydrogen and means that there are 2 atoms of hydrogen in the compound of water; since there is no subscript for oxygen it is assumed to be one atom of oxygen.
5 7-5.7 Identify the reactants and products in chemical equations.
6 It is essential for students to know that when a substance is broken apart or when substances are combined and at least one new substance is formed, a chemical reaction has occurred. Chemical equation Used to represent a chemical reaction that has occurred. It contains the chemical names or the chemical formulas of the substances that are involved in the reaction. An arrow is used to distinguish between the substances that are broken apart or combined from the substances that are formed in the reaction. The arrow can be translated as yields or makes.
7 Reactant Substances broken apart or combined in a chemical reaction. Reactants are located on the left side of the arrow. Product New substances formed in a chemical reaction. Products are located on the right side of the arrow.
8 For example, the following chemical equation shows the formation of water (H 2 O) from oxygen gas (O 2 ) and hydrogen gas (H 2 ). The reactants are oxygen gas (O 2 ) and hydrogen gas (2H 2 ), located on the left side of the arrow. The product, water (2H 2 O), is on the right side of the arrow. Reactant Hydrogen gas + Oxygen gas Yields/Makes Product Water 2H 2 + O 2 2H 2 O
9 7-5.8 Explain how a balanced chemical equation supports the law of conservation of matter.
10 It is essential for students to know that the amount of matter does not change during a chemical reaction, only that the atoms are rearranged to form new substances. The law of conservation of matter states that matter can neither be created nor destroyed, but can be changed in form. Because matter is neither created nor destroyed, the total mass of the material(s) before the reaction is the same as the total mass of material(s) after the reaction. A balanced chemical equation has the same number of each kind of atom on the reactant side as on the product side. To determine whether a chemical equation is balanced, two numbers are considered: the subscript (7-5.7) and the coefficient.
11 A coefficient is the number that comes before the chemical formula and indicates the number of particles that participate in the reaction. In a chemical formula, the numbers as subscripts show how many of each kind of atom are in the compound.
12 In order to determine whether an equation is balanced, multiply the number in front of the chemical formula in the equation (coefficient) by the number written below the symbol for the element(s) (subscript) in the formula. If no coefficient is written, it is understood to be one. For instance, for 2H 2 O there are 4 hydrogen atoms and 2 oxygen atoms. The number of each kind of atom on the left side of the arrow must equal the number of each kind of atom on the right side of the arrow for the equation to be balanced.
13 For example, in the chemical equation for the reaction of water (liquid) breaking into hydrogen (gas) and oxygen (gas) as represented by the balanced chemical equation: 2H 2 O 2H 2 + O 2 There are four hydrogen atoms on the reactant side (coefficient of 2 x subscript 2) and four hydrogen atoms on the product side (coefficient 2 x subscript 2). There are two oxygen atoms on the reactant side (coefficient 2 x (understood) subscript 1) and two oxygen atoms on the product side (understood coefficient 1 x subscript 2). There are the same number of hydrogen atoms (4) and oxygen atoms (2) on both sides of the equation; therefore, the equation is said to be balanced. Since there are the same number of each kind of atom on both sides of the arrow and atoms represent kinds of matter, the amount of matter is the same on both sides of the equation, which supports the law of conservation of matter.
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