Chapter 1 The Study of Life/ Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology

Transcription

1 Chapter 1 The Study of Life/ Chapter 2 Principles of Ecology 1. Explain direct and indirect relationships within a food web ; 3.1 Explain how organisms maintain homeostasis within a food web Explain how all organisms are important and how all organisms are related in a food web Define homeostasis 2. Differentiate between Producer, carnivore, omnivore, herbivore, scavenger, and decomposer. 2.2 Define and give examples of the above in a food web Define Heterotroph and Autotroph Explain the role of each organisms (consumer, producer) 3. Differentiate between food webs and food chains. 2.2 Explain how a food web and food chain related Explain how the number of food chains affects the stability of a food web 4. Explain and diagram energy flow in a community. 2.2 Name the ultimate and primary source of energy for a food web Describe the flow of energy from the sun to the producers to the consumers Describe the amount of energy available at each trophic level 5. Compare the flow of matter and energy in an energy pyramid. 2.2 Describe the biogeochemical cycles Differentiate between matter and energy in a food web 6. Describe examples of competition, symbiosis, and predation. 2.1; 3.1 Define and give examples of mutualism, commensalism, and parasitism Define Lichens 7. Describe atoms and their subatomic particles arrangement. 8. Explain the difference between organic and inorganic compounds. 1.1 Protons, Electrons, and Netrons 1.1; 6.4 Name examples of organic compounds (contain carbon) 9. Distinguish between biotic and abiotic. 2.1 Give examples of each Explain how both are part of an ecosystem (living and non-living) 10. Differentiate between biosphere, biomes, ecosystem, community, population, and species. 1.1 Define organism, ecosystem, community, biosphere

2 11. Demonstrate the process of using the scientific method to gather information, solve problems, and make decisions. (dependent variable, independent variable, control, constants) 1.3 dependent variable, independent variable, control, constants, hypothesis List steps in order for the scientific method 12. Describe a habitat and a niche. 2.1 Describe what happens when two organisms compete for the same niche Explain why two organisms can not occupy the same niche Explain how niches can overlap (generalist/specialist) 14. Explain the 10% rule of energy in a food web. 2.2 Calculate the energy (kcalories) available at each trophic level Show the pathway to provide more energy in a food web Calculate the energy (kcal) available to the consumer due to the 10% rule 15. Explain and give examples of how humans alter ecosystems. Pg. 50; 4.3 Discuss ways humans impact the earth (ecological footprint) Explain the effects of elevated carbon dioxide levels from fossil fuels. CHAPTER 3 COMMUNITIES, Biomes, and Ecosystems 2. Differentiate between biosphere, biomes, ecosystem, community, population, and species. 3.1; 4.1 Define ecosystem and Community Identify biomes and their characteristics 4.Describe limiting factors (biotic and abiotic) for a population and how they affect the range of tolerance. 5. Explain the process of ecological succession, and describe the different communities that result (grassland, pine trees, etc.) 3.1 List biotic and abiotic factors that affect a population s size. Determine limiting factors for humans Describe a population in homeostasis. 3.1 Compare primary and secondary succession and causes of each Describe the populations that develop starting with pioneer species Give examples of pioneer species 6. Explain and give examples of ecological succession 3.1 Causes of succession 7. Discuss biotic and abiotic limiting factors that affect land and aquatic biomes (determine their climate) 3.2 Mid-latitide/temperate/tropical/acrtic Solar energy (angle of the sun) 8. Explain how organisms cooperate and compete in ecosystems and how interrelationships and interdependencies of organisms may generate ecosystems that are stable for thousands of years. 3.1 Define homeostasis 9. Explain and give examples of how humans alter ecosystems. 3.1, 3.3 Eutrophication Pollution (biomagnification-ddt)

3 10. Explain how measurements of biomass in an ecosystem are dependent on productivity. 11. Recognize the major biomes when characterized in constructed climatograms Phytoplankton vs. zooplankton Define and compare gross primary productivity and net primary productivity Describe a biomass and numbers pyramid. Define climatogram Determine seasons/region based on climatogram Define arid, deciduous, permafrost List factors that determine climate and seasons (ex. tilt of earth) Compare arctic and alpine tundra List biomes warmest to coldest; north to south 3) Recognize the 5 major types of aquatic ecosystems and characterized 3.3 List limiting factors for aquatic organisms each by their biotic and abiotic characteristics 13. Explain the occurrence of turnover in temperate lakes 3.3 Describe lakes in temperate regions and the different seasons Define thermocline 14. Describe the food chain in an aquatic ecosystems 3.3 Phytoplankton and zooplankton Define Chemosynthesis Describe where most productivity occurs in an aquatic ecosystem 8) Discuss and evaluate the significance of human interference with 3 Climate change, overgrazing, deforestation, etc major ecosystems. 2) Discuss biotic and abiotic factors that affect aquatic biomes. 3.3 Zone of tolerance and diversity 12) Describe the process of eutrophication and its effects on organisms. 3.3 Define eutrophication Chapter 4: Population Ecology Test Review Sheet 1. Calculate Population Size/Growth and population density List/define the 4 rates that affect population growth - ZPG = Zero Population Growth (Define) 2. Distinguish between biotic and abiotic limiting factors; density dependent/independent limiting factors. 4.1 What aspects affect human population growth? What are the age structures of representative non-growing, slowly growing, and rapidly growing countries? (demographic transition) Which rates cause a population to decrease and which rates cause a population to increase? (birth rate, death rate, immigration, emigration) 4.1 What are the differences between density-independent and density-dependent limiting factors? Define and calculate population density 3. Describe the concept of carrying capacity. 4.1 How does carrying capacity affect reproductive rates? How are r/k strategist different? 4. Distinguish between logistic and exponential growth. 4.1; 4.2 What are the similarities between the different models used to quantify the growth of a population? What are the trends in human population growth? Describe the human population over the last 1000 years.

4 CHAPTER 6: Chemistry of Biology 1. Identify subatomic particles and describe how they are arranged in atoms 2. Describe the difference between elements, isotopes, compounds, and molecules 4. Show how chemical reactions (e.g., photosynthesis, fermentation, cellular respiration) can be represented by chemical formulas 5. Describe the function of enzymes, including how enzymesubstrate specificity works, in biochemical reactions - describe the effect of enzymes on the activation of energy needed for chemical reactions to take place. - Define a catalyst - List examples and describe the name of several enzymes. 7. Explain the fundamental principles of the ph scale and the consequences of having the different concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxide ions - Explain the role of buffers in the maintenance of homeostasis. 9. Describe the general structure and function(s), including common functional groups, of monosaccharides, disaccharides, polysaccharides, carbohydrates, fatty acids, glycerol, glycerides, lipids, amino acids, dipeptides, polypeptides, proteins, and nucleic acids - List the 4 major families of biological compounds, examples and the function of each - List the subunits of each family of biological compounds 10. Explain how ATP is used in organisms. Explain how cells store energy temporarily as ATP 6.1; What are atoms? fig. 1 How are the particles that make up atoms diagrammed? 6.1 Define isotope Compare ionic and covalent bonds 6.2 What are the parts of a chemical reaction? o Identify products and reactants o Balance an equation Contrast a synthesis and decomposition reactions 6.2; fig Fig ; Table 1; fig How can energy changes be related to chemical reactions? What is the importance of enzymes in living organisms? o Define and explain how enzymes affect the activation energy o Explain the effects of the environment on enzyme activity (ph, temp, amount) What are the differences between acids and bases? List a substance as acidic or basic based on its ph What are the four major families of biological macromolecules? What are the functions of each group of biological macromolecules? Define DNA, chromosomes o List the elements and subunits of Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids o List structures made of protien o List examples of carbohydrates in order of complexity o Explain what plants do with sugars made during photosynthesis. 6.4 o Explain how food is converted in usable energy by the cell (ATP) o Compare ATP and ADP

5 Chapter 7: Cellular Structure and Function 1. Compare (similarities and differences) an electron microscope and compound microscope. 7.1; lab How are the advances in microscope technology related to discoveries about cells? 2. Explain the cell theory and the scientists contributions. 7.1; fig. 1 Can cells appear spontaneously without genetic material from previous cells? What are the principles of the cell theory? 3. Explain the difference between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells and give examples of each. 7.1 What are the differences between a prokaryotic cell and a eukaryotic cell? Compare the parts and sizes of a prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell? 4. Indentify and describe the structure of the cell membrane. 7.2 How does a cell s plasma membrane function? What are the roles of proteins, carbohydrates, and cholesterol in the plasma membrane? 5. List and describe the differences between animal and plant cells. 7.3; Table 1 6. Explain the cooperation among organelles and function of organelles. Explain how cells and organisms maintain homeostasis. 7.3 List unique structures that distinguish a plant from an animal cell 7. Identify and describe animal and plant organelles. 7.3 Define the role of chlorophyll and chloroplast in plant cells 8. List modes of motility for cells (flagella/cilia) Explain how cells and organisms maintain homeostasis Contrast the movement of substances (osmosis/diffusion/active and passive transport/endocytosis and exocytosis). 11. Explain the effect of a hypotonic, hypertonic, and an isotonic solution on a cell? 12. Identify the parts of a microscope and demonstrate how to use it to find microscopic objects 7.4 What are the processes of diffusion, facilitated diffusion, and active transport? How do large particles enter and exit cells? 7.4 Compare and Contrast the three types of solutions Explain how the image changes under the microscope Calculate magnification and explain its effects on the field of view.

6 Chapter 9: Cell Reproduction 1. Explain how cells and organisms maintain homeostasis Explain the cooperation among organelles and function of organelles in cell division (centrioles) 3. Describe the cell cycle including identifying interphase, the stages of mitosis, and cytokinesis. 9.2, Why are cells relatively small? Why is a high ratio of surface area to volume beneficial to a cell? How does cancer relate to the cell cycle? Compare cell division in a prokaryote (binary fission) to a eukaryote? Compare cell division in a plant to an animal cell? What are the primary stages of the cell cycle? What are the stages of interphase? What are the events of each stage of mitosis? What is the process of cytokinesis? Compare the key activity of interphase (G1, S, G2) with the key activity of mitosis. What are stem cells? Biology Exam I Review 1. Optional period is optional. You may come and review, ask questions, or study during this time. 2. Old tests are available before school and at lunch to review before exams. Questions may not be copied or pictures taken of the tests to study. 3. Bring your organized notebook to the exam.