FRAUNHOFER INSTITUTE FOR SOLARE ENERGY SYSTEMS ISE Renewable Energy and Smart Grids Role of Electric Vehicles

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1 FRAUNHOFER INSTITUTE FOR SOLARE ENERGY SYSTEMS ISE Renewable Energy and Smart Grids Role of Electric Vehicles Dr. Günther Ebert Fraunhofer-Institut für Solare Energiesysteme ISE IRENA Workshop Bonn,

2 Renewable Electricity Generation in Germany 2010 Total RE 16.4 % in 1st half of 2011: PV 3.5 % Biomass 5.6 % Wind 7.5 % Hydro 3.3 % Total 20.8 %

3 Contribution of PV & Wind Power in 2011

4 Share in % Perspective of Electricity Generation in Germany by RE Energy concept of German government Contribution of RE % % % (almost 100% possible) 50 in 2050: >200 GW fluctuating generation Typical grid load GW!!! PV Wind onshore Wind offshore Hydro Biomass Geo thermal Solar thermal min max Mismatch of generation and consumption Grid overloading Frequency & voltage instabilities?

5 Elements of Smart Grids Grid extensions Transnational grid Energy mix Smart Grid Demand side management Virtual power plants Storage Electric vehicles

6 Necessary Grid Extensions in Germany Transmission lines (wind) km/10b EUR (DENA II) realized in the last 10 years 90 km! Distribution Grid (PV) For European balancing up to km/>20b EUR (BDEW) Transnational Supergrid 2015

7 Smart Integration of PV Systems to reduce Grid Extension Cost in Distribution Grids Support frequency and voltage control No disconnection of sources at a discrete frequency Inject reactive power by inverters or passive components Install transformers with tab changers Install voltage control devices Extend means for controlling the power generation Remote controller for critical situations (communication interface required) Increase power consumption at generation site support consumption at production site (accord. self consumption clause in German FIT law) support of local storage could increase the effect production of H 2 gas for saisonal storage at production site

8 Demand Side Management (DSM) Control of electrical loads (time shift) for balancing generation and consumption Increase load Controllable Loads industrial processes, cold storage houses, swimming pools, heat pumps, freezers, fridges, washing machines, dish washers, electric cars Actual consumption Biogas reduce load Control i.e. by tariff signals or hard switching Infrastructure has to be established Wind Solar Day Time

9 Generation and Consumption in 2050 (Example) For further increasing amount of renewable electricity storage devices are neccessary Optimization Task: Given amount of disposable Generation (Bio, hydro, conventional) Find optimal mix of Wind and PV generation and corresponding amount of storage (short time & saisonal) at minimum cost PV Wind Disposable Generation / Biomass Storage fill Storage use Total load

10 Present Storage Capacity in Germany Total capacity of pumped hydro storage in Germany : Storage Power: ~ 7,3 GW Storage Capacity: ~ 38 GWh Typical energy consumption: per day: ~ 2 TWh (= x 50) Pumped hydro storage plant Goldisthal

11 Electrical Storage Technologies Electrical Energy Strorage mechanical electrochemical For 80 or 100% renewable generation: chemical Pumped storage hydroelectricity Batteries PB/ NiCd/NIMH/Li-Ion Hydrogen Fuel Cell We need an optimal Storage mix (short term & saisonal) Compressed air energy storage; CAES Flywheel energy storage Gravitational potential energy HT Batteries NaS/ NaNiCl Flow batteries Redox or Hybrid flow Methane from Hydrogen & CO2

12 Electric & Plug-In Hybrid Cars as Storage Devices Battery sizes of EVs & PHEVs 8-30 kwh In > 90% of the time cars are not moving Batteries can be used to stabilize the power grid whenever cars are gridconnected Volume of EVs & PHEVs in Germany (45 Mio units total) Year Units in Mio Share in % Storage capacity GWh Discharge time hours , , ,16

13 increasing complexity increasing synergy Different Modes of Use Simple charge Charge Demand-Side- Management (DSM) Charge Charge Vehicle-to-Grid (V2G) Electr. price ( /kwh) D Charge Charge Charge

14 Economics of V2G-Services (PHEV 14kWh) PHEV Primary regulation Positive secondary regulation Negative secondary regulation Positive spinning reserves Negative spinning reserves Capacity provided P Fzg [kw] Depth of discharge V2G Income from regulation capacity Income from regulation energy DoD V2G 3 % 47 % - 2 % - r cap r el Total income r reg Fixed costs c fix Variable costs c var Total costs c reg Profit/loss Page Fraunhofer 14 ISE

15 Thank you for your attention! Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE Dr. Günther Ebert