The Future of Energy. Prof. Wesley Henderson Dept. Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering NC State University. Seminar 2

Transcription

1 The Future of Energy Prof. Wesley Henderson Dept. Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering NC State University Seminar 2

2 Outline of Lectures Seminar 1: Energy & Electricity Use in the U.S. Peak Oil? Clean Coal The Distant Future? Fuel Cells & the Hydrogen Economy Seminar 2: The Likely Near Future Energy & Buildings Efficiency Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) Nuclear Wind & Water Energy Solar Energy Geothermal Biofuels

3 Energy & Electricity Use in the U.S.

4 U.S. Energy Consumption and the Role of Renewable Energy Source: Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Outlook 2008, Table 1

5 U.S. Electricity Net Generation Net generation for 2006 = 3814 TWhr UCb Source: Energy Information Administration Annual Energy Review 2007, Annual Energy Outlook 2008

6 Energy Flow Chart Source: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory website

7 Global Warming - The Mounting Evidence

8 The Environment Should Be Driving Change... All melt records were exceeded in 2005

9 ...But... The melting of Greenland ice will cover Florida, New Jersey, New York City...

10 ...in Reality... Declining Energy R&D Investments...

11 ...Change is Determined by Oil Prices Declining Energy R&D Investments...Reflect World Oil Prices

12 The Price of Oil...

13 Setting the Bar High: Gigawatt-Scale Renewables Requires investment in new infrastructure: Overall in U.S. = $2 trillion Worldwide = $22 trillion

14 Global New Investment in Clean Energy

15 Global Renewable Electricity Capacity

16 Speed and Scale of Renewable Growth in U.S.

17 New Investments in 2007 and Average Growth for

18 Energy Solutions Are Enormously Challenging Must address all three imperatives!

19 Vision for a Sustainable Community

20 A Sustainable Community: An Integrated Approach

21 Energy & Buildings

22 Buildings Matter Building construction/renovation contributed 9.5% to U.S. GDP and employs approximately 8 million people. Building utility bills totaled $370 billion in 2005.

23 Buildings Status of U.S. Buildings: 40% of primary energy 72% of electricity 38% of carbon emissions DOE Goal: Cost effective, marketable zero energy buildings by 2025 Value of energy savings exceeds cost of energy features on a cash flow basis

24 Net-Zero Energy Homes That Are Cash

25 Energy Efficiency: Low or No-Cost CO 2 Reduction Options

26 Greensburg, Kansas: Rebuilding a Green City Midwestern farming community: 95% of buildings destroyed

27 Base Design for Greensburg 2000 ft 2, 16% window to floor area ratio

28 30% Savings Target

29 Greensburg 30% Efficiency Package

30 Estimated Annual Energy Savings: 30% Target

31 xxx

32 Estimated Annual Energy Savings: 50% Target

33 Neutral Cost Point: Greensburg

34 Greensburg Neutral Cost Package

35 Estimated Annual Energy Savings: Neutral Cost Target

36 Net Zero Energy Target: Greensburg

37 Estimated Annual Costs: Net Zero Energy Target

38 Estimated Annual Energy Savings: Net Zero Energy Target

39 Summary of First Costs for Energy Upgrades

40 Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)

41 Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs) Status of PHEVs: PHEV conversion kits available (primarily for Prius) OEMs building prototypes (i.e., GM Chevrolet Volt) Key Challenges: Energy Storage life, cost & safety Utility impacts Vehicle cost Recharging locations

42 Challenges for PHEVs Improving batteries Cost Calendar and Cycle Life Safety of Li-Ion Cold Temperature Performance Volume and Packaging Reducing power electronics cost and volume Developing efficient chargers (smart charging) Standarizing plugs for charging (smart charging) Avoiding negative peak time charging impacts (smart charging) Definitions: PHEV20: batteries capable of 20 miles of all-electric equivalent driving range PHEV40: batteries capable of 40 miles of all-electric equivalent driving range

43 PHEV Benefits Tied to Usage Pattern

44 Oil Use Reduction With Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs)

45 Oil Use Reduction With Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEVs)

46 PHEV Prototypes

47 PHEV Batteries

48 Battery Characteristics Nickel-Metal Hydride (NiMH) batteries are currently used in the Toyota Prius

49 Qualitative Comparison of Large-Format Battery Technologies

50 NiMH Batteries Are Forecast to Dominate HEV Market for a While

51 Li-Ion Batteries: Diverse Chemistries & Opportunities

52 PHEVs Reduce Fuel Consumption by 50% Real-world driving cycles:

53 Fuel Economy and All-Electric Range Comparison

54 Technical Challenges: Battery Cost

55 PHEVs - The Future of Vehicles? PHEVs can significantly reduce oil consumption below that of HEVs PHEVs use electricity from the electrical grid to reduce petroleum consumption Batteries are available that can meet the energy and power demands for PHEVs, but battery cost and limited cycle/calendar life remain major barriers for commercializing PHEVs There is a broad spectrum of HEV-PHEV designs leading to widely varying battery requirements PHEVs offer greater flexibility than EVs (all-electric) since it is possible to never plug them in (in which case they operate as a conventional HEV running on a liquid fuel) PHEVs are the most cost-effective choice in a scenario of projected (low) battery costs and high fuel costs

56 Nuclear Energy

57 Nuclear Energy Status of Nuclear Energy in U.S.: 20% of Nation's electricity 70% of clean, non-carbon electricity more than 100 nuclear plants currently operating in U.S. advanced light-water reactors Yucca Mountain Repository

58 Operating Nuclear Power Reactors - US (2003)

59 Operating Nuclear Power Reactors - World (2005)

60 Support For Nuclear Power in US Increasing

61 New Nuclear Power Plants in US?

62 New Nuclear Power Plants in US? (cont)

63 Wind & Water Energy

64 Wind Energy Status of Wind in U.S.: 16,850 MW installed at end of 2007 Cost 6-9 /kwh (at good wind sites) DOE Goal: 3.6 /kwh, onshore at low wind sites by /kwh, offshore in shallow water by 2014 Long Term Potential: 20% of U.S. electricity supply

65 Evolution of U.S. Commercial Wind Energy

66 Wind Power: Bigger Than Ever Before

67 Wind Resources

68 Installed Wind Capacity

69 Transmission Lines

70 Wind Power Prices Were Up in 2006

71 Price Cost Increases Are a Function of Turbine Prices

72 Marine Energy Companies developing marine energy increased from 35 to 81 from 2003 to 2006 Wave and tidal devices dominated Most companies are small and under capitalized Most are at the conceptual or scale model testing phase Few are in long term, full-scale ocean testing phase No companies are in commercial production Federal funding: FY 2008 at $10M

73 Marine Energy Technical Challenges Resource is dispersed regionally among a few states and has not yet been fully quantified Regulatory barriers are impeding technology development projects face old hydro permitting schemes Technology is not proven; there is no basis for evaluating different concepts Environmental sensitivities & competing use impacts need to be quantified

74 Where Things Stand...

75 Solar Energy

76 Solar Photovoltaics (PVs) and Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) Status of PVs in U.S.: 824 MW installed capacity Cost /kwh Potential: /kwh by /kwh by 2015 Status of CSP in U.S.: 419 MW installed capacity Cost 12 /kwh Potential: 8.5 /kwh by /kwh by 2015

77 Global Solar Resource

78 Applications of Solar Heat and Electricitiy

79 PVs Making Some Headway

80 8.22 MW of Solar Power

81 Worldwide PV Shipments

82 Solar Cell Efficiencies

83 Solar Cell Efficiencies (cont)

84 Solar Energy Research

85 Solar Now...

86 U.S. Potential for Solar Germany: Currently has 57% of world PVs U.S.: Currently has 7% of world PVs

87 Challenges for Realizing Solar Electricity

88 DOE Solar America Initiative

90 Geothermal Energy

91 Geothermal Energy Status of PVs in U.S.: 2800 MWe installed, 500 MWe new contracts, 3000 MWe under development Cost 5-8 /kwh with no PTC Capacity factor typically >90%, base load power DOE Cost Goals: <5 /kwh (for typical hydrothermal sites) 5 /kwh (for enhanced geothermal systems with mature technology) Potential: Recent MIT analysis shows potential for 100,000 MW installed Enhanced Geothermal Power systems by 2050, cost-competitive with coal-powered generation

92

93 Enhanced Geothermal Systems (EGS) Challenges Site selection exploration techniques for EGS (paradigm shift from hydrothermal) Creating EGSs in a variety of geologic environments Create a subsurface fracture system to enable extraction of heat Sufficient flow rates (80 kg/s) Heat exchange volume (recoverable energy) and surface area (recovery rate) Minimal loss of injected fluid Few EGS field experiments yet conducted worldwide Experimental evidence of EGS well productivity, heat exchange volume and longevity is lacking MIT Report: "With a reasonable investment in R&D, EGS could provide 100 GW or more of cost-competitive generating capacity in the next 50 years."

95 Biofuels

96 Biofuels Status of Biofuels in U.S.: Biodiesel 176 commercial plants 2.6 bgy capacity (2008) 0.46 bg produced (2007) Corn Ethanol 178 commercial plants 11.6 bgy capacity (+ 2.2 bgy planned) (2008) 6.5 bg produced (2007) Cellulosic Ethanol (2008+) 13 demo plants DOE-funded ~0.25 bgy capacity projected

97 Biofuels in the U.S.

98 Renewable Fuel Standard

99 Building the Supply Chain...

100 Biomass Feedstock Supply: Renewable Waste Resources

101 Biomass Feedstock Transportation: Distribution Infrastructure

102 Ethanol Distribution Infrastructure Hurdles

103 Biomass Conversion Technology: Biochemical Barriers

104 Cellulosic Ethanol Cost Goals

105 Ethanol Cost Reductions

106 U.S. Ethanol Biorefineries

107 Biomass Conversion Technology: Thermochemical Barriers

108 Markets: Fuels & Vehicles in U.S.

109 Generation 1 (Corn Ethanol & Biodiesel)

110 Generation 1.5 (Additional Crops)

111 Generation 2 (Cellulosic Ethanol)

112 Follow-On Generations...

113 Wide Range of Biofuel Technologies

114 Generation 3 (New Feedstocks & Fuels)

115 Generation 4 (Systems Biology Advances)

117 Moving Forward...

118 Renewable Portfolio Standards

119 Reducing CO 2 Emissions

120 Reducing CO 2 Emissions: Energy Efficiency

121 Reducing CO 2 Emissions: Wind Energy

122 Reducing CO 2 Emissions: Photovoltaics (PV)

123 Reducing CO 2 Emissions: Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)

124 Reducing CO 2 Emissions: Biomass Energy

125 Reducing CO 2 Emissions: Geothermal Energy

126 Potential U.S. Carbon Reductions

127 References 20% Wind Energy by Greensburg, Kansas: Rebuilding Green in Mid-America - A Preliminary Assessment of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles on Wind Energy Markets - Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Energy Storage System Design - and Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles - Battery Choices for Different Plug-In HEV Configurations - Cost benefit Analysis of Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicle Technology - PHEV Energy Storage and Drive Cycle Impacts - Opportunities and Challenges for Alternative Fuels - The Future of Geothermal Energy - Looking Ahead - Biofuels, H 2, & Vehicles - Renewable Energy and Utilities: A Perspective from NREL - Efficiency and Renewables on the Grid: Getting to Significance - The Role of R&D in the Age of Renewable Energy -

128 References (cont) Climate Change: The Role of a Future Energy Economy - The Promise of Solar Electricity - Achieving Sustainability in Cities - Creating a Renewable Community: A Lifestyle Vision for Future Neighborhoods - Electricity from Renewables: An NREL Perspective FAQ's (Frequently Asked Questions) About Wind Energy...and Answers -