Energy Storage Technologies & Applications

Transcription

1 Bayerisches Zentrum für Angewandte Energieforschung e.v. Energy Technologies & Applications IEA Energy Technology Roadmap Stakeholder Engagement Workshop ZAE Bayern Andreas Hauer

2 13 Minutes on Energy Three points I want to make: Many storage technologies at hand Comparison only possible in an actual application Economics of storage also application dependent

3 Energy Technologies

4 Electrical Energy s as Electrical Energy Super-conducting Magnetic Energy (SMES) Super-Capacitor as Electro-chemical Energy Sodium-Sulfate Battery (NaS-Cells) Lead-Acid Battery Redox-Flow Battery as Mechanical Energy Pumped Hydro Compressed Air Energy (CAES) Flywheel

5 Thermal Energy s Thermal Energy can be stored as sensible heat Hot Water Tank Underground Thermal Energy (UTES) Thermal Energy can be stored as latent heat Macro- / Microencapsulated Phase Change Materials (PCM) Thermal Energy can be stored thermo-chemically Adsorption (Zeolite) and Absorption (LiCl) ThermoChemical Materials (TCM)

6 Chemical Energy Energy by Hydrogen Production and Hydrogen is the most powerful fuel with regard to its mass Loss-free long-term storage possible Electricity production by fuel cells / H 2 turbines Energy by Methane Production and Methane from Hydrogen (and CO 2 ) Efficiency >80 % (Sabatier-Process) Existing Infrastructure (natural gas)

7 Comparison of Different Energy Technologies

8 Comparison of Energy Technologies technology Lithium Ion (Li Ion) Sodium Sulfur (NAS) battery Lead Acid battery Redox/Flow battery Compressed air energy storage (CAES) Pumped hydro energy storage (PHES) Mechanism Power Capacity Period Density Efficiency Lifetime Cost MW MWh time kwh/ton kwh/m 3 % # cycles $/kw $/kwh < 1,7 < 22 day - month ,89-0, day ,75-0, < 30 day - month ,65-0,85 < 7 < 10 day - month ,72-0,85 Mechanical day - Mechanical day - month 0,27 at 100m 2-7 at bar 0,27 at 100m 0,4-0,75 0,63-0, /kwhdelivere d ,1-18 2,7-160 at Hydrogen Chemical varies varies indefinite ,22-0, bar 1408 Methane There Chemical is a strong varies varies influence indefinite of 10 the at 1 bar actual 0,24-0,42 application on Sensible Thermal < 10 < 100 hour - year < 60 0,5-0,9 ~5000-0,1-13 0,01 storage - Water Phase change materials (PCM) Comparison of storage technolgies is difficult. the storage properties! Thermal < 10 < 10 hour - week < 120 0,75-0,9 ~ ,3-6 Thermochemica l storage (TCS) Thermal < 1 < 10 hour - week ,8-1 ~

9 Application: Long Term technology Lithium Ion (Li Ion) Sodium Sulfur (NAS) battery Lead Acid battery Redox/Flow battery Compressed air energy storage (CAES) Pumped hydro energy storage (PHES) Mechanism Power Capacity Period Density Efficiency Lifetime Cost MW MWh time kwh/ton kwh/m 3 % # cycles $/kw $/kwh < 1,7 < 22 day - month ,89-0, day ,75-0, < 30 day - month ,65-0,85 < 7 < 10 day - month ,72-0,85 Mechanical day - Mechanical day - month 0,27 at 100m Hydrogen Chemical varies varies indefinite at bar 0,27 at 100m 2,7-160 at bar 0,4-0,75 0,63-0, ,22-0, /kwhdelivere d , Methane Chemical varies varies indefinite at 1 bar 0,24-0, Sensible storage - Water Thermal < 10 < 100 hour - year < 60 0,5-0,9 ~5000-0,1-13 0,01 Phase change materials (PCM) Thermochemica l storage (TCS) Thermal < 10 < 10 hour - week < 120 0,75-0,9 ~ ,3-6 Thermal < 1 < 10 hour - week ,8-1 ~

10 Application: Long Term Hydrogen: Efficiency: Electrolysis ~ 70 % Compression ~ 90 % Transport ~ 90 % ~ 90 % Fuel: Overall Efficiency 50% Electricity (Fuel Cell): Overall Efficiency 30 % Heating: Overall Efficiency 50 % Total ~ 51% 61.7 % U. Stimming, TUM M. Sterner

11 Application: Long Term Hot Water: COP th > 3 Total ~ 225% Efficiency: Heat Pump ~ 300 % ~ 75 % Fuel: not possible! Electricity: not possible! Heating: Overall Efficiency 225 %

12 Important: Look at the whole efficiency chain! Take the value of the stored energy ( exergy!) into account! Take the final energy demand into account! Also Power-to-Heat is an option! Try to identify the most suitable technology for the application!

13 Economics of Energy What is the maximum acceptable storage cost ($/kwh) for a certain application?

14 Annuity Method Acceptable annuity factor of capital costs for different users Example: in the building sector a payback period of 15 to 20 years and an interest rate of 3% to 6% can be accepted, resulting in an annuity factor of 7% to 8%.

15 Acceptable Cost Acceptable energy storage costs as a function of annuity factor, energy price, cycle period Seasonal Example Building: Cycle period = 365 days Annuity factor = 10% Price of substituted Energy = 0,06 /kwh Result: Max. Accept. Cost = 0,61 /kwh = 0,79 $/kwh Enthusiast: Max. Accept. Cost = 3.2 /kwh = 4,2 $/kwh

16 Energiespeicher Technologien technology Lithium Ion (Li Ion) Sodium Sulfur (NAS) battery Lead Acid battery Redox/Flow battery Compressed air energy storage (CAES) Pumped hydro energy storage (PHES) Mechanism Power Capacity Period Density Efficiency Lifetime Cost MW MWh time kwh/ton kwh/m 3 % # cycles $/kw $/kwh < 1,7 < 22 day - month ,89-0, day ,75-0, < 30 day - month ,65-0,85 < 7 < 10 day - month ,72-0,85 Mechanical day - Mechanical day - month 0,27 at 100m Hydrogen Chemical varies varies indefinite at bar 0,27 at 100m 2,7-160 at bar 0,4-0,75 0,63-0, ,22-0, /kwhdelivere d , Methane Chemical varies varies indefinite at 1 bar 0,24-0, Sensible storage - Water Thermal < 10 < 100 hour - year < 60 0,5-0,9 ~5000-0,1-13 0,01 Phase change materials (PCM) Thermochemica l storage (TCS) Thermal < 10 < 10 hour - week < 120 0,75-0,9 ~ ,3-6 Thermal < 1 < 10 hour - week ,8-1 ~

17 Acceptable Cost Acceptable energy storage costs as a function of annuity factor, energy price, cycle period Industrial Processes Example Industry: Cycle period = 1 day Annuity factor = 25% Price of substituted Energy = 0,04 /kwh Result: Max. Accept. Cost = 60 /kwh = 78 $/kwh Cycle period = 0.1 day Max. Accept. Cost = 300 /kwh = 390 $/kwh

18 Energiespeicher Technologien technology Lithium Ion (Li Ion) Sodium Sulfur (NAS) battery Lead Acid battery Redox/Flow battery Compressed air energy storage (CAES) Pumped hydro energy storage (PHES) Mechanism Power Capacity Period Density Efficiency Lifetime Cost MW MWh time kwh/ton kwh/m 3 % # cycles $/kw $/kwh < 1,7 < 22 day - month ,89-0, day ,75-0, < 30 day - month ,65-0,85 < 7 < 10 day - month ,72-0,85 Mechanical day - Mechanical day - month 0,27 at 100m Hydrogen Chemical varies varies indefinite at bar 0,27 at 100m 2,7-160 at bar 0,4-0,75 0,63-0, ,22-0, /kwhdelivere d , Methane Chemical varies varies indefinite at 1 bar 0,24-0, Sensible storage - Water Thermal < 10 < 100 hour - year < 60 0,5-0,9 ~5000-0,1-13 0,01 Phase change materials (PCM) Thermochemica l storage (TCS) Thermal < 10 < 10 hour - week < 120 0,75-0,9 ~ ,3-6 Thermal < 1 < 10 hour - week ,8-1 ~

19 Conclusions

20 Final energy demand and complete efficiency chain important to identify appropriate storage technology Application Environment and cycle number in operation are crucial for the economics The best fitting storage technology has to be found for each application

21 Thank you very much for your attention! ZAE Bayern