Introduction to Chemistry. Study Questions
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1 Study Questions 1. Describe the structure of an atom. 2. List 2 variations an atom can have and still be the same type of atom. 3. Explain the law of conservation of mass. 4. Compare and contrast acids and bases. Give examples of each. 5. Describe the ph scale. 6. Compare and contrast lipids, carbohydrates, proteins, and nucleic acids with regard to their composition, structure, and function. 1 Introduction to Chemistry Matter: anything that takes up space and has mass Elements: substance that cannot be broken down further by chemical means 2 Atom: smallest unit of matter unique to a particular element; building blocks of matter Subatomic particles: Small particles that are the building blocks from which atoms are made Protons Neutrons Electrons Protons: located in nucleus positive charge # protons specific to type of element # protons equals # electrons (for neutral atoms) Neutrons: Located in nucleus No charge (neutral) # of neutrons can vary ( isotopes ) 3 4 Electrons: Orbit the nucleus Have negative charge # electrons = # protons (in neutral atoms) # of electrons can vary ( ions ) Chemical Bonding Atoms join together to form molecules or compounds by forming chemical bonds Covalent bonds: atoms share electrons Ionic bonds: atoms transfer electrons 5 6 1
2 Chemical formula: represents the number and type of atoms in a molecule Law of Conservation of Mass: atoms cannot be created or destroyed Examples: H 2 O, O2, CO 2, C 6 H 12 O 6.Chemical reactions: interactions between atoms or molecules that produce new and different substances (different chemical formulas) Example: CH O 2 CO H 2 O ( reactants on the left, products on the right of the reaction arrow) 7 Balanced chemical equation: written chemical reaction in which the number of atoms of each type of element is the same on both sides of the reaction arrow CH O 2 CO H 2 O 8 Practice: SO 2 + O 2 SO 3 Is this equation balanced? 2SO 2 + O 2 2SO 3 Energy Energy: capacity to do work Examples: Light, heat, sound, X-ray, ultra-violet (UV), infrared (IR) Practice: H 2 + Cl 2 HCl Is this equation balanced? H 2 + Cl 2 2HCl 9 Kinetic: energy of motion Potential: stored energy, energy of position 1 st law of thermodynamics: energy is conserved, it is neither created nor destroyed 10 Acid/Base Chemistry Acid: substance that donates H + ions Base: substance that accepts H + ions Examples of acids: citric acid (C 6 H 8 O 7 ),acetic acid (C 2 H 4 O 2 ) hydrochloric acid (HCl), sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ), phosphoric acid (H 3 PO 4 ) ph scale quantifies how acid or how basic a solution is ph scale ranges from 0-14 ph less than 7 is acidic ph greater than 7 is basic ph equal to 7 is neutral Examples of bases: ammonia (NH 3 ), lye (NaOH), baking soda (NaHCO 3 ) 11 The more acidic a solution is, the lower its ph value and the more H + ions it has 12 2
3 Introduction to Biology Cells: membrane-bound compartments within which processes of life occur Organelles: small structures within cells that have specialized functions (nucleus, ribosomes, etc.) Important Organic Molecules: Proteins Carbohydrates Lipids Nucleic Acids Proteins: Made of chains of amino acids Provide structure and support Function as enzymes (catalysts) Organic: carbon-based molecules that make up living organisms Structure (shape) of protein is key to its function Denaturing (unfolding) proteins destroys them Carbohydrates: Made of chains of sugar molecules (glucose, etc.) Provide structure Energy source
4 Lipids: Include fats, phospholipids, and steroids Provide structure (phospholipids) Energy source (fats) Hormones, vitamins (steroids) Nucleic Acids: Genetic information (DNA, RNA) Protein synthesis Energy carriers (ATP) Made of chains of nucleotides Nucleotide: a backbone and a base (adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil) DNA was Molecule of the Year in 1943! DNA is the genetic blueprint for a cell DNA is replicated each time a cell divides Mutations in DNA can lead to changes in proteins Kingdoms of Life
5 3 Domains of Life Evolution: gradual changes due to random mutations in genetic material and competition for scarce resources
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