LECTURE NOTES BY: PROFESSOR RODRIGUEZ

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1 OBJECTIVES OF THE CLASS STUDY OF THE AND OF THE HUMAN BODY. CHARACTERISTICS OF CELLS, TISSUES, MEMBRANES, ORGANS AND SYSTEMS (SKELETAL, MUSCULAR AND NERVOUS) WILL BE COVERED. EXERCISES USING SELECTED SLIDES, MODELS AND EQUIPMENT ARE DESIGNED TO ILLUSTRATE THE BASIC CONCEPTS STUDIED IN LECTURE. LET US GO OVER THE SYLLABUS THIS IS A CONTRACT BETWEEN AND YOUR PROFESSOR. AFTER THIS CONTRACT YOU ARE BOUND TO EVERYTHING THAT IS IN IT. WHAT IF YOU DON T LIKE SOMETHING ON THE SYLLABUS? (PLEASE FIND THE NEAREST EXIT) ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY THIS WEBSITE WILL HELP YOU SURVIVE ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY IF YOU USE IT THE RIGHT WAY! YOU CAN USE THIS FOR BOTH LECTURE AND LAB ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY THREE ESSENTIAL CONCEPTS: THE OF STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION THE OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION WHAT DO WE DO IN CLASS TYPES OF PHYSIOLOGY SUBDIVIDED INTO MANY OF THE BODY EXAMPLES: RENAL, NEUROPHYSIOLOGY, CARDIOVASCULAR, ETC. TYPES OF ANATOMY OR MACROSCOPIC REGIONAL SURFACE MICROSCOPIC ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY ESSENTIAL TOOLS FOR THE STUDY OF ANATOMY: MASTERY OF ANATOMICAL

2 WHAT IS ANATOMY ANATOMY STUDIES THE OF THE BODY PARTS AND THEIR RELATIONSHIP TO ONE ANOTHER. WHAT IS PHYSIOLOGY PHYSIOLOGY STUDIES THE OF THE BODY, HOW ALL THE BODY PARTS WORK AND CARRY OUT THEIR LIFE-SUSTAINING ACTIVITIES. COMPLEMENTARITY FUNCTION ALWAYS STRUCTURE BONE SUPPORT AND PROTECT DUE TO HARD MINERAL DEPOSITS VALVES ALLOW ONE DIRECTION OF FLOW OF BLOOD. 1. IN WHAT WAY DOES PHYSIOLOGY DEPEND ON ANATOMY? 2. WOULD YOU BE STUDYING ANATOMY OR PHYSIOLOGY IF YOU: a. INVESTIGATED HOW MUSCLES SHORTEN? b. EXPLORED THE LOCATION OF THE LUNGS IN THE BODY? _ LEVELS OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION : ATOMS AND MOLECULES (CHAPTER 2) : CELLS AND THEIR ORGANELLES (CHAPTER 3) : GROUPS OF SIMILAR CELLS (CHAPTER 4) : CONTAINS TWO OR MORE TYPES OF TISSUES : ORGANS THAT WORK CLOSELY TOGETHER : ALL ORGAN SYSTEMS ORGAN SYSTEMS NOTE MAJOR ORGANS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE 11 ORGAN SYSTEMS (FIG. 1.3) INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM FORMS THE BODY COVERING, AND PROTECTS DEEPER TISSUES FROM INJURY. SYNTHESIZES VITAMIN D, AND HOUSES CUTANEOUS RECEPTORS AND SWEAT AND OIL GLANDS. SKELETAL SYSTEM PROTECTS AND BODY ORGANS, AND PROVIDES A FRAMEWORK THE MUSCLES USE TO CAUSE MOVEMENT. BLOOD CELLS ARE WITHIN BONES. BONES MINERALS. MUSCULAR SYSTEM ALLOWS MANIPULATION OF THE ENVIRONMENT, LOCOMOTION, AND FACIAL EXPRESSION.

3 POSTURE, AND PRODUCES. NERVOUS SYSTEM AS THE FAST-ACTING SYSTEM OF THE BODY, IT RESPONDS TO INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL CHANGES BY APPROPRIATE MUSCLES AND GLANDS. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM GLANDS SECRETE THAT REGULATE PROCESSES SUCH AS GROWTH, REPRODUCTION, AND NUTRIENT USE (METABOLISM) BY BODY CELLS. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM BLOOD VESSELS BLOOD, WHICH CARRIES OXYGEN, CARBON DIOXIDE, NUTRIENTS, WASTES, ETC. THE HEART BLOOD. LYMPHATIC SYSTEM/IMMUNITY PICKS UP FLUID LEAKED FROM BLOOD VESSELS AND IT TO BLOOD. OF DEBRIS IN THE LYMPHATIC STREAM. HOUSES WHITE BLOOD CELLS (LYMPHOCYTES) INVOLVED IN. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM KEEPS BLOOD CONSTANTLY SUPPLIED WITH AND REMOVES CARBON DIOXIDE. THE GASEOUS OCCUR THROUGH THE WALLS OF THE AIR SACS OF THE LUNGS. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DOWN FOOD INTO ABSORBABLE UNITS THAT ENTER THE BLOOD FOR DISTRIBUTION TO BODY CELLS. INDIGESTIBLE FOODSTUFFS ARE ELIMINATED AS. URINARY SYSTEM ELIMINATES WASTES FROM THE BODY. WATER, ELECTROLYTE AND ACID-BASE BALANCE OF THE BLOOD. MALE AND FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM OVERALL FUNCTION IS OF OFFSPRING. TESTES PRODUCE AND MALE SEX HORMONE, AND MALE DUCTS AND GLANDS AID IN DELIVERY OF SPERM TO THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE TRACT. OVARIES PRODUCE AND FEMALE SEX HORMONES. THE REMAINING FEMALE STRUCTURES SERVE AS SITES FOR AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE FETUS. MAMMARY GLANDS OF FEMALE BREASTS PRODUCE MILK TO THE NEWBORN.

4 WHAT LEVEL OF STRUCTURAL ORGANIZATION IS TYPICAL OF A CYTOLOGIST S FIELD OF STUDY? WHAT IS THE CORRECT STRUCTURAL ORDER FOR THE FOLLOWING TERMS: TISSUE, ORGANISM, ORGAN, CELL? WHICH ORGAN SYSTEM INCLUDES THE BONES AND CARTILAGE? _ WHICH ORGAN SYSTEM INCLUDES THE NASAL CAVITY, LUNGS AND TRACHEA? ORGAN SYSTEMS INTERRELATIONS ALL CELLS DEPEND ON ORGAN SYSTEMS TO MEET THEIR NEEDS ORGAN SYSTEMS WORK TO PERFORM NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS OF FORM AND FUNCTION NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS MAINTAINING BOUNDARIES RESPONSIVENESS METABOLISM REPRODUCTION NECESSARY LIFE FUNCTIONS MAINTAINING BETWEEN INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENTS PLASMA MEMBRANES SKIN MOVEMENT () OF BODY PARTS (SKELETAL MUSCLE) OF SUBSTANCES (CARDIAC AND SMOOTH MUSCLE) RESPONSIVENESS: THE ABILITY TO SENSE AND RESPOND TO WITHDRAWAL REFLEX CONTROL OF BREATHING RATE DIGESTION OF INGESTED FOODSTUFFS OF SIMPLE MOLECULES INTO BLOOD METABOLISM: ALL CHEMICAL THAT OCCUR IN BODY CELLS CATABOLISM AND ANABOLISM EXCRETION: THE OF WASTES FROM METABOLISM AND DIGESTION UREA, CARBON DIOXIDE, FECES REPRODUCTION CELLULAR FOR GROWTH OR REPAIR PRODUCTION OF OFFSPRING GROWTH: INCREASE IN SIZE OF A BODY PART OR OF ORGANISM

5 SURVIVAL NEEDS OXYGEN APPROPRIATE APPROPRIATE BASIC SURVIVAL NEEDS NUTRIENTS FOR ENERGY AND CELL BUILDING CARBOHYDRATES, FATS, PROTEINS, MINERALS, VITAMINS OXYGEN ESSENTIAL FOR RELEASE (ATP PRODUCTION) WATER MOST ABUNDANT IN THE BODY SITE OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS NORMAL BODY TEMPERATURE AFFECTS RATE OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS APPROPRIATE ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE FOR ADEQUATE BREATHING AND GAS IN THE LUNGS WHAT SEPARATES LIVING BEINGS FROM NONLIVING OBJECTS? WHAT NAME IS GIVEN TO ALL CHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT OCCUR WITHIN THE BODY CELLS? WHY IS IT NECESSARY TO BE IN A PRESSURIZED CABIN WHEN FLYING AT 30,000 FEET? HOMEOSTASIS THE ABILITY OF THE BODY OR A CELL TO SEEK AND MAINTAIN A CONDITION OF EQUILIBRIUM OR STABILITY WITHIN ITS INTERNAL ENVIRONMENT WHEN DEALING WITH EXTERNAL CHANGES.

6 HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL INVOLVE CONTINUOUS AND OF MANY FACTORS (VARIABLES) NERVOUS AND ENDOCRINE SYSTEMS ACCOMPLISH THE VIA NERVE IMPULSES AND HORMONES THE TO THE STIMULUS LEADS TO CHANGE. TWO TYPES OF FEEDBACK LOOPS NEGATIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM OUTPUT OFF ORIGINAL STIMULUS; RESPONSE IS INHIBITED CAUSES VARIABLE TO CHANGE IN TO DIRECTION OF INITIAL CHANGE POSITIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM OF ORIGINAL STIMULUS; RESPONSE IS ACCELERATED CAUSES VARIABLE CHANGE IN THE DIRECTION AS INITIAL CHANGE NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP THE RESPONSE OR SHUTS OFF THE ORIGINAL STIMULUS EXAMPLES: REGULATION OF BODY TEMPERATURE (A NERVOUS MECHANISM) REGULATION OF BLOOD VOLUME BY ADH (AN ENDOCRINE MECHANISM) NEGATIVE FEEDBACK LOOP RECEPTORS SENSE DECREASED BLOOD VOLUME CONTROL CENTER IN HYPOTHALAMUS STIMULATES PITUITARY GLAND TO RELEASE ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH) ADH CAUSES THE KIDNEYS (EFFECTORS) TO RETURN MORE WATER TO THE BLOOD POSITIVE FEEDBACK LOOP THE RESPONSE OR EXAGGERATES THE ORIGINAL STIMULUS MAY EXHIBIT A CASCADE OR EFFECT USUALLY CONTROLS INFREQUENT EVENTS E.G.: ENHANCEMENT OF LABOR CONTRACTIONS BY OXYTOCIN (CHAPTER 28) PLATELET PLUG FORMATION AND BLOOD CLOTTING HOMEOSTATIC IMBALANCE DISTURBANCE OF HOMEOSTASIS RISK OF DISEASE CONTRIBUTES TO ASSOCIATED WITH AGING MAY ALLOW POSITIVE FEEDBACK MECHANISMS TO TAKE OVER (E.G., HEART FAILURE)

7 WHAT PROCESS ALLOWS US TO ADJUST TO EITHER EXTREME HEAT OR EXTREME COLD? WHEN WE BEGIN TO GET DEHYDRATED, WE USUALLY GET THIRSTY, WHICH CAUSES US TO DRINK FLUIDS. IS THIRST PART OF A NEGATIVE OR POSITIVE FEEDBACK CONTROL SYSTEM? DEFEND YOUR CHOICE. WHY IS THE CONTROL MECHANISM SHOWN IN FIGURE 1.6 CALLED A POSITIVE FEEDBACK SYSTEM? WHAT EVENT ENDS IT? THE CELL THE SMALLEST FUNCTIONAL UNIT OF ALL ORGANISMS DIFFERENTIATION THERE ARE COLORED LEGOS AND EACH SERVES A DIFFERENT PURPOSE IN YOUR CREATION CELLULAR DIFFERENTIATION (NOUN) THE NORMAL PROCESS BY WHICH A LESS CELL DEVELOPS OR MATURES TO POSSESS A MORE FORM AND FUNCTION THE LANGUAGE OF ANATOMY ANATOMICAL POSITION: DIRECTIONAL TERMS THE REFERENCE POINT THE BODY POSITION BODY IS ERECT, FEET SLIGHTLY APART, PALMS FACE FORWARD, THUMBS POINTED AWAY FROM THE BODY.

8 (CRANIAL) (CAUDAL) VENTRAL DORSAL POSTERIOR MEDIAL INTERMEDIATE PROXIMAL VS DISTAL (EXTERNAL) DEEP (INTERNAL) REGIONAL TERMS TWO FUNDAMENTAL DIVISIONS: REGIONAL TERMS USED TO DESIGNATE SPECIFIC AREA MAJOR BODY DIVISIONS (FIG 1.7) BODY PLANES PLANE MEDIAN PLANE PARASAGITTAL MIDSAGITTAL PLANE (CORONAL) PLANE PLANE HORIZONTAL CROSS SECTION WHAT IS THE ANATOMICAL POSITION? WHY IS IT IMPORTANT THAT YOU LEARN THIS POSITION? THE AXILLARY AND ACROMIAL REGIONS ARE BOTH IN THE GENERAL AREA OF THE SHOULDER. WHERE SPECIFICALLY EACH IS LOCATED? WHAT TYPE OF CUT WOULD SEPARATE THE BRAIN INTO ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR PARTS? BODY CAVITIES AND MEMBRANES BODY CAVITY PROTECTS THE FRAGILE NERVOUS SYSTEM ORGANS - ENCASES BRAIN - RUNS WITHIN THE VERTEBRAL COLUMN BODY CAVITIES AND MEMBRANES BODY CAVITY - SURROUNDED BY RIBS - ABDOMEN AND PELVIS THE MORE ANTERIOR AND LARGER OF THE CLOSED BODY CAVITIES FOUR ABDOMINOPELVIC QUADRANTS RIGHT UPPER QUADRANT LEFT UPPER QUADRANT RIGHT LOWER QUADRANT LEFT LOWER QUADRANT

9 JOE WENT TO THE EMERGENCY ROOM WHERE HE COMPLAINED OF SEVERE PARTS IN THE LOWER RIGHT QUADRANT OF HIS ABDOMEN. WHAT MIGHT BE HIS PROBLEM? OF THE UTERUS, SMALL INTESTINE, SPINAL CORD AND HEART, WHICH IS/ARE IN THE DORSAL BODY CAVITY? WHEN YOU RUB YOUR COLD HANDS TOGETHER, THE FRICTION BETWEEN THEM RESULTS IN HEAT THAT WARMS YOUR HANDS. WHY DOESN T WARMING FRICTION RESULT DURING MOVEMENTS OF THE HEART, LUNGS, AND DIGESTIVE ORGANS?