A Comparative Analysis of BRIDGE and Some Other Well Known Software Development Life Cycle Models

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1 rhnu Manal t al. / ntrnational Journal of Computr Scinc & nginring chnology (JCS) Comparativ nalysis of BRDG an Som Othr Wll Known Softwar Dvlopmnt Lif Cycl Mols rhnu Manal Dpartmnt of Computr Scinc an pplication, Univrsity of orth Bngal, Raja Rammohunpur, P.O.-.B.U., Dist-Darjling, Stat-Wst Bngal, Pin , nia. am.csa.nbu@gmail.com S. C. Pal Dpartmnt of Computr Scinc an pplication, Univrsity of orth Bngal, Raja Rammohunpur, P.O.-.B.U., Dist-Darjling, Stat-Wst Bngal, Pin , nia. schpal@riffmail.com bstract h xisting Softwar Dvlopmnt Lif Cycl Mols (SDLC) mols wr quit succssful arlir, but ar rarly us in morn softwar vlopmnt bcaus of thir limitations an non suitability for morn projcts. o catr with th prsnt softwar crisis, Manal [13] propos a SDLC mol nam BRDG for morn softwar vlopmnt. n this papr w hav outlin th BRDG procss mol. Furthr w prform a comparativ analysis of th xisting wll know mols an BRDG. hn, w iscuss th rsults of th comparativ analysis. Finally w conclu by rcommning th BRDG procss mol to b th bst gnric procss mol for softwar vlopmnt suitabl for morn softwar vlopmnt projcts. Kywors- Softwar Dvlopmnt Procss Mol (SDLC), BRDG Procss Mol, Comparativ nalysis.. RODUCO h rapi vlopmnt in th harwar tchnology has ma morn procssors vry fficint an powrful. Hnc, th xpctations from th softwar hav gon to znith. But th complxity of th morn softwar ar much complx as compar to thos of arlir. Dvlopmnt cost, tim an quality of th morn softwar ar in crisis. hr ar svral Softwar Dvlopmnt Lif Cycl (SDLC) Mols i.. Classical Watrfall, Spiral, Prototyp, V-Mol, volutionary mol tc. ll ths SDLC mols hav svral avantags as wll as som limitations. softwar (SW) projct, irrspctiv of its siz, gos through crtain fin stags, which togthr, ar known as th Softwar Dvlopmnt Lif Cycl (SDLC). Lif Cycl rfrs to th iffrnt phass involv starting from th projct initiation to projct rtirmnt. For bttr unrstaning an implmntation of th various phass of softwar vlopmnt, iffrnt softwar vlopmnt mols hav bn vlop an propos so far. fw wll known mols ar watrfall mol, spiral mol, volutionary mol, prototyp mol, V mol tc. t is pr stablish that iffrnt SDLC mols hav iffrnt capabilitis an limitations. Hnc, slcting suitabl SDLC mol for any projct is quit crucial as not all procss mols ar goo for any typ of projct. Hnc, analyzing th iffrnt SDLC mol is significant an hlps on to slct th appropriat mol for a projct. Rcntly a fw mor nw procss mols ar propos with th wll known traitional mols to accommoat th nw inustrial ns.. SOFWR DVLOPM PPROCH, PROCSS D PROCSS MODL t is rally tough to raw a sharp lin btwn softwar vlopmnt approachs an SDLC procss mols. n many litratur of softwar nginring, ths trms ar us intrchangably or confusly. So, bfor w bgin th tails iscussion of th topic, lt us somhow raw th bounary lin btwn softwar vlopmnt approachs an SDLC procss mols. Dfining ths two trms ar byon th scop of this papr. Hr w just try to xplain both only to stablish th iffrncs from our point of viw. SW vlopmnt procss or simply procss typically fins th st stps to b carri out uring th vlopmnt of th systm. SW vlopmnt lif cycl (SDLC) is th tim from th concpt vlopmnt to th prouct rtirmnt i.. th tim of SW procss. SW vlopmnt lif cycl (SDLC) procss mol typically picts th fashions in which th SW procss to b carri out i.. which stps/phass to b on bfor or aftr anothr stp/phas. n gnral all th procss mols o covr all istinct phass fin by SW procss, but in iffrnt mannr or squnc- which maks on procss mol iffr from th othr. n othr wors, a softwar vlopmnt procss mol is an approach to th Softwar Dvlopmnt Lif Cycl (SDLC) that scribs th squnc of stps to b follow whil vloping softwar projcts [10, 18]. W consir gil, incrmntal, xtrm an itrativ as approach or philosophy to softwar vlopmnt rathr than as procss mol which can b implmnt following othr procss mols i.. Watrfall, RD, Spiral, Prototyping or alik. * SS : Vol. 5 o. 03 Mar

2 rhnu Manal t al. / ntrnational Journal of Computr Scinc & nginring chnology (JCS). DFFR WLL KOW SDLC PROCSS MODLS Many popl hav propos iffrnt softwar vlopmnt procss mols. Many ar quit sam in iffrnt aspcts whil othr iffrs. Hr w just consir som wll known SDLC procss mols nlist blow: Watrfall Mol: t is a softwar vlopmnt mol with strictly on tration/phas. n this procss mol, vlopmnt procs squntially through th phass: rquirmnts analysis, sign, coing, tsting, intgration, an maintnanc [23]. volutionary: volutionary vlopmnt uss small, incrmntal prouct rlass, frqunt livry to usrs, ynamic plans an procsss. h volutionary vlopmnt mol ivis th vlopmnt cycl into smallr, incrmntal watrfall mols in which usrs ar abl to gt accss to th prouct at th n of ach cycl. h usrs provi fback on th prouct for th planning stag of th nxt cycl an th vlopmnt tam rspons accoringly by changing th prouct, plans, procss tc [7, 17]. Prototyp Mol: t is a softwar vlopmnt procss that bgins with rquirmnts collction, follow by prototyping an usr valuation. his mol facilitats to iscovr nw or hin rquirmnts uring th vlopmnt [8]. Spiral Mol: his procss mol proposs incrmntal vlopmnt, using th watrfall mol for ach stp, with mor mphasis on managing risk [3]. V-Mol: his is an xtnsion of th watrfall mol which mphasizs paralllism of activitis of construction an vrification. Hr, th procss stps insta of moving own in a linar way bn upwars aftr th coing phas rsulting in th typical V shap formation. RD Mol: t is a softwar vlopmnt procss that allows usabl systms to b built in as littl as ays, oftn with som compromiss. h tails iscussion of ths SDLC mol is byon th scop of this papr, but just highlight th faturs of ths mols which ar important for consirations. h rars may follow th rfrncs for furthr tail iscussion of ths procss mols [16, 21, 15]. n th following sction w just brifly xplain th SDLC mol BRDG which is our prim concrn. V. BRDG PROCSS MODL USHLL lthough th tails iscussion of th BRDG mol is byon th scop of this papr, just th schmatic iagram of th BRDG procss mol is givn blow in Figur 1 with its analytical rsults. h in-pth stuy of th BRDG mol iscloss a lot of information that may b us to analyz th mol. hs ar brifly iscuss blow [13]: - t involvs th clint ovr th ntir vlopmnt lif cycl activitis. - t kps continuous communication with th projct managmnt tam. - t xplicit vrification of iniviual phass. - Sparat softwar architctur sign phas. - Sparat systm ploymnt phas. - Sparat on-sit systm tsting phas. - Supports componnts bas softwar vlopmnt. - t mphasizs on stanar coing. - t consirs configuration managmnt as a sparat activity. - t forcs to spcify all th phas livrabls. - t xplicitly instructs to valiat th systm. SS : Vol. 5 o. 03 Mar

3 rhnu Manal t al. / ntrnational Journal of Computr Scinc & nginring chnology (JCS) PROJC MGM C L R C O Rquirmnt Gathring, nalysis, Vrification an Spcification Fasibility & Risk nalysis, Vrification an Spcification Softwar rchitctur Dsign, Vrification an Spcification Dtail Softwar Dsign, Vrification an Spcification Pattrn & Componnt ntification, Sarching, Vrification an Componnt aptation, Stanar Coing, Unit sting, Vrification an Spcification Componnt & Co ntgration, ntgration sting, Vrification an Systm sting & Valiation, Vrification an Spcification Systm Dploymnt, Onsit sting, Vrification an Spcification C O F G U R O M G M Systm Maintnanc, Vrification an Spcification Figur 1. BRDG Procss Mol [13] V. PRMR SLCO FOR COMPRV LYSS Blow w nlist an iscuss brifly th paramtrs alphabtically thos w hav consir for th purpos of comparativ analysis: aptability: his is th ability to ract to oprational changs as th projct is vlop. Chang orrs ar asily assimilat without unu projct lay an cost incrass. Bugt: Bugt rmains on of th most significant crisis for softwar vlopmnt projcts. Som procss mol lik Spiral an Prototyping incrass th projct cost as compar to othrs. Hnc a SDLC procss mol has grat impact on softwar vlopmnt cost or bugt. Changs ncorporat: Chang is unavoiabl in softwar vlopmnt. Managing chang is a critical componnt of any SDLC mol. Chang Managmnt an SLDC ar not mutually xclusiv. Chang managmnt occurs throughout th vlopmnt lif cycls which n to b incorporat in th systm vlopmnt. Complxity of th SDLC: Diffrnt SDLC procss mol hav varying gr of complxity. Som ar asy to us an implmnt whil othrs ar not. Documntation: Documntation of softwar vlopmnt procss is vry important but tim consuming an xpnsiv. o ruc vlopmnt tim an cost, agil philosophy rcommns lss ocumnt which rmains on of th most important critic of agil philosophy. Documntation plays vital rols in systm vlopmnt, implmntation, maintnanc an projct managmnt. But, not all procss mols facilitat an rcommn aquat an sufficint ocumntation. xprtis Rquir: lthough som procss mols ar bttr ovr othrs, but n som kin of xprtis uring its us an implmntations in various phass at varying grs. o avail th avantags of som procss mols i.. Spiral, BRDG [13] an othrs which supports rusability- th softwar nginrs rquir crtain lvl of xprtis. SS : Vol. 5 o. 03 Mar

4 rhnu Manal t al. / ntrnational Journal of Computr Scinc & nginring chnology (JCS) Flxibility: h from affor to softwar architcts, analysts or vloprs to tailor th softwar vlopmnt procss accoring to businss ns an projct charactristics is a crucial factor in succssful projct compltion. h softwar vlopmnt organization oftn can bnfit from introucing flxibility into thir softwar vlopmnt mthoologis [20]. Guarant of Succss: his is rally crucial to masur whthr any procss mol will guarant succss or not. f so, up to what xtnt wills th procss mol guarants th succss is a big qustion n to b xplor. s th projct succss pns upon many othr constraints an paramtrs, but givn th othr paramtrs as sir, projct succss may vary from following on SDLC mol to anothr. ntgrity & Scurity: ncluing scurity arly in th systm vlopmnt lif cycl (SDLC) will usually rsult in lss xpnsiv an mor ffctiv scurity than aing it to an oprational systm. o b most ffctiv, information scurity must b intgrat into th SDLC from its incption [9]. Maintnanc: Systms ar ynamic an th mol offrs th ability to prouc a final projct that is inhrntly sign for maintnanc. his inclus such itms as cumulativ ocumntation. Managmnt Control: Managmnt will hav th ability to rirct an if ncssary rfin th projct onc it is bgun. ky phras is incrmntal managmnt control, with ach stp unr tight managmnt control. Managmnt control has grat impact on projct succss. Ovrlapping Phass: ach stp of th projct is to b complt bfor anothr is bgun. Projct mouls ar istinct an asily intifiabl. Paralll vlopmnt: Paralll vlopmnt support, if possibl to mploy may incras prouctivity an ruc vlopmnt tim whil optimally utilizing th rsourcs. Prouctivity: h SDLC must nsur that th xpct rturn on invstmnt (RO) for ach projct is wll fin. h SDLC must minimiz th unncssary rwork. t must b sign in such a way as to tak maximum avantag of th computr assist softwar nginring (CS) tools. t th sam tim th SDLC must utiliz th rsourcs most ffctivly an fficintly to improv th prouctivity. Progrss Masurmnt: Progrss masurmnt allows vlopmnt tam as wll as th projct managmnt tam to trmin how wll tasks wr stimat, how wll thy wr fin, an whthr itms ar complt on-tim an within-bugt. ny SDLC procss mol shoul provi th facility to masur th progrss uring th systm vlopmnt. Quality Control: ach moul of th projct can b thoroughly tst bfor anothr moul is bgun. Projct rquirmnts ar masur against actual rsults. Milstons an livrabls can b us for ach stp of th projct. Rquirmnts Spcification: Dpning on th projct natur, th rquirmnt may b intifi at th vry bginning of th projct vlopmnt or may b iscovr uring th vlopmnt procss. But, not all procss mol supports rquirmnt iscovry ovr th vlopmnt procss. Hnc, rquirmnt spcification may b static or may b ynamic. ny SDLC procss mol shoul tak into account th issu of rquirmnt spcification. Rquirmnts Unrstaning: Som procss mol ns th rquirmnt must b wll unrstoo bfor th vlopmnt procss stat, whil othr may allow unrstaning th rquirmnts ovr th vlopmnt procss. On may start with th initial unrstaning of th rquirmnt an uring th vlopmnt th rquirmnt unrstaning incrass graually. Rusability: Rusability is on of th most significant an fficint attribut of any SDLC procss mol ths ays. Rusability hlps to improv systm prouctivity, ruc cost an systm livry on-tim. h gr of rusability support may vary from on procss mol to anothr. Risk nvolvmnt: h risk involvmnt may vary from on mol to anothr pning on th natur of rquirmnt unrstaning capability support by th procss mol. part from this, thr may b svral othr sourcs of risks involvmnt. Risk Managmnt: Diffrnt typs of risks ar implicit part of any projct. Lvls of risk ar intifiabl an assssmnt stratgis availabl. Stratgis ar prov for ovr-all an unit risks. SS : Vol. 5 o. 03 Mar

5 rhnu Manal t al. / ntrnational Journal of Computr Scinc & nginring chnology (JCS) abl: 1 Comparativ nalysis Mols BRDG Watrfall Prototyp volutiona Paramtrs ry Spiral RD V-Shap aptabl xcllnt Limit Goo Goo xcllnt Limit Limit Bugt Low Low High Low High Low Low Changs asy mpossibl asy asy asy asy Difficult ncorporat / Difficult Complxity Mium Simpl Morat Complx Complx Mium Simpl Documntat Ys Strong Wak Morat Morat Poor/ Ys ion Limit xprtis Mium Low Low Low High Mium Mium Rquir Flxibility Flxibl nflxibl Highly Highly Flxibl High Rigi Flxibl Flxibl Guarant High Lss Goo Goo High Goo High of Succss ntgrity High Vital Wak Wak High Vital Limit an Scurity Maintnanc asily Last Routin May b ypical asily Lst Maintain Glamorous Maintnan c ovrlook maintain Managmn Ys, o o Wak Morat Wak Wak t Control Dicat Ovrlapping May b o Ys Ys Ys o o Phass Paralll Support o o Limit Limit o Limit Dvlopmn t Prouctivity Highst High mprov mprov High mprov mprov Progrss Masurm nt Quality Control Rquirmn ts Spcificatio n Rquirmn ts Unrstani ng Masurabl Vry Goo aptabl /Dynamic Wll Unrstoo asily Monitor Masurabl Masurabl Masurabl Masurabl Masurabl Poor Morat Goo Goo quat Morat t th Bginning Wll Unrstoo Frquntly Chang ot Wll Unrstoo Frquntly Chang ot Wll Unrstoo t Bginning Wll Unrstoo th im-box Rlas asily Unrstoo t th Bginning asily Unrstoo Rusability xcllnt Limit Poor Poor Morat Morat Morat Risk Low High Low Morat Low Littl Low nvolvmnt Risk Highly ot Morat Goo Highly Poor o Managmn t Supportr Consir Supportr Simplicity ntrmia Simpl Simpl ntrmiat ntrmiat Vry Simpl t Simpl Systm arly an t th n t th n arly an t th n of t th n t th n Dlivry prioic of th of th prioic th systm of th of th partial oprationa l systm systm vlopm nt systm vlopm nt partial oprational systm vlopmnt systm vlopm nt systm vlopm nt im Shortst Short Long Long Long Short Short Unrstan Morat asy asy Morat Complx Morat asy ability an mplmnta tion Usr hrougho t th High/Up to hroughout High hrougho t th nvolvmnt ut Procss bginning sign phass Procss ut Procss bginning SS : Vol. 5 o. 03 Mar

6 rhnu Manal t al. / ntrnational Journal of Computr Scinc & nginring chnology (JCS) Simplicity: ny mol n is asy to unrstan an to implmnt. Simplicity of any procss mol rucs th burn of xprtis an improvs prouctivity whil ruc vlopmnt cost an projct risk. Systm Dlivry: h systm may b livr ithr partially as iniviual oprational moul wis or as th complt systm with full functionality at onc. im: im is actually rfrr to as im Horizon bcaus w ar intrst in knowing th projct compltion of th projct. h vlopmnt tim may vary from on procss to anothr. Unrstanability an mplmntation: Diffrnt procss mol may n varying lvl of xprtis. Simpl an bttr unrstanabl procss mol ar always asy to implmnt. Usr nvolvmnt: ny mol lns itslf to strong an constant n-usr involvmnt. his inclus projct sign as wll as intraction uring all phass of projct vlopmnt. V. COMPRV LYSS h comparisons among iffrnt SDLC mols in rspct to th faturs iscuss abov ar illustrat in abl 1 [2, 12, 11, 6, 19, 22, 5, 14, 1, 4]. From th abov comparativ analysis, it is stablish that th BRDG procss mol posssss many suitabl faturs in comparison to th othr procss mol. V. COCLUSO hr xist svral wll known SDLC procss mols. On procss mol has iffrnt comparativ avantags from th othrs in many rspcts. But no procss mol is just goo for any typ of projct. So it is not blinly rcommn to choos any procss mol for any projct! h abov comparativ stuy shows that ovrall th BRDG procss mol has svral comptitiv avantags ovr th othr xisting wll known procss mols. s BRDG mol has xcllnt aaptability, supports procss tailoring an othr attributs, w rcommn this SDLC procss mol to b us for any typs of softwar vlopmnt projcts. V. FUUR WORK n nar futur w woul lik to valiat th rsult of this thortical comparativ analysis by mans of practical xprimntal statistical rsults. W ar implmnting svral instancs of on sampl projct following BDG an iffrnt othr mols iniviually by iffrnt tams to prform practical xprimntal comparativ analysis. During th xprimntal w shall rfin th BRDG mol if ncssary to mak this mol th bst altrnativ among th othrs. Furthr, w ar working to xplor th iffrnt ways to achiv th agil philosophy following BRDG procss mol. RFRCS [1] lxanr L. an Davis., Critria for Slcting Softwar Procss Mols, prsnt at COMPSC, [2] li M.. M. an Govarhan., Comparison Btwn Fiv Mols Of Softwar nginring, ntrnational Journal of Computr Scinc ssus, 7(5), [3] Bohm B. W., Spiral Mol of Softwar Dvlopmnt an nhancmnt, Computr, 21(5), pp , [4] Comr,., ltrnativ Softwar Lif Cycl Mols, Proc. of ntrnational Confrnc on Softwar nginring, [5] Davis,, Brsoff,, Comr,, Stratgy for Comparing ltrnativ Softwar Dvlopmnt Lif Cycl Mols, ransactions on Softwar nginring, 14(10), pp , [6] Dholakia P. an Manka D., h Comparativ Rsarch on Various Softwar Dvlopmnt Procss Mol, ntrnational Journal of Scintific an Rsarch Publications, 3(3), [7] lain L. May an Barbara. Zimmr, h volutionary Dvlopmnt Mol for Softwar, Hwltt-Packar Journal, [8] Gomma H. an Scott D. B. H., Prototyping as a tool in th spcification of usr rquirmnts. Proc. of Fifth nt. Conf. on Softwar nginring, pp , [9] Granc., Hash J. an Stvns M., Scurity Consirations in th nformation Systm Dvlopmnt Lif Cycl, S SPCL PUBLCO RV. 1, [10] Guimars L. an Villa P., Comparing Softwar Dvlopmnt Mols Using CDM, Procings of h 6th Confrnc on nformation chnology ucation, w Jrsy, pp , [11] Hijazi H., Khour. an larabyyat., Rviw of Risk Managmnt in Diffrnt Softwar Dvlopmnt Mthoologis, ntrnational Journal of Computr pplications, 45(7), [12] Malhotra S. an Malhotra S., nalysis an tabular comparison of popular SDLC mols, ntrnational Journal of vancs in Computing an nformation chnology, 1(3),2012 [13] Manal., BRDG: Mol for Morn Softwar Dvlopmnt Procss to Catr th Prsnt Softwar Crisis, Proc. nt l Conf. vanc Computing Confrnc, pp , lso availabl at Xplor with DO: / DCC [14] Molokkn-Ostvol J. an Jorgnsn M., comparison of softwar projct ovrruns - flxibl vrsus squntial vlopmnt mols, ransactions on Softwar nginring, 31(9), pp , [15] Pflgr S. L. an tl J. M., Softwar nginring: hory an Practic, Parson, [16] Prssman R. S., Softwar nginring: Practitionr s pproach, MaGrawHill Publications, [17] Rlwalln, Softwar Dvlopmnt Lif Cycl Mols, 2005, [18] Ruparlia., Softwar Dvlopmnt Lifcycl Mols, CM SGSOF Softwar nginring ots, 35(3), pp. 8-13, [19] Sasankar B.. an Chavan V., Survy of Softwar Lif Cycl Mols by Various Documnt Stanars, ntrnational Journal of Computr Scinc an chnology, 2(4), SS : Vol. 5 o. 03 Mar

7 rhnu Manal t al. / ntrnational Journal of Computr Scinc & nginring chnology (JCS) [20] Shara Chanak S., Rangarajan V., Flxibility in Softwar Dvlopmnt Mthoologis: s an Bnfits (xcutiv Summary), Bnfits.pf [21] Sommrvill., Softwar nginring, Parson ucation, 8 th ition, [22] aya S. an Gupta S., Comparativ nalysis of Softwar Dvlopmnt Lif Cycl Mols, ntrnational Journal of Computr Scinc an chnology, 2(4), [23] Walkr W. Royc. Managing th vlopmnt of larg softwar systms: concpts an tchniqus, Proc. WSCO, Los ngls (ugust 1970) Rprint in th Procings of th inth ntrnational Confrnc on Softwar nginring, pp , SS : Vol. 5 o. 03 Mar