Life Cycle Assessment. Vrije Universiteit Brussel. Driving forces. Connected vehicles: Opportuniteiten en uitdagingen voor het smart grid

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1 Vrije Universiteit Brussel Connected vehicles: Opportuniteiten en uitdagingen voor het smart grid Prof. Dr. Ir. Joeri Van Mierlo Driving forces Historic GHG emissions from transport and targets for 2050 (EU27) 1,200 CO2 emissions from transport in the EU27 (Mtonnes) 1, emissions % - 70 % - 60 % White Paper objectives % Based on White Paper Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area Towards a competitive and resource efficient transport system Life Cycle Assessment Climate change (Life Cycle Assessment in g CO 2 eq) Raw materials Refining and transport Distribution Usage Waste Raw materials Production of components Assembly and distribiution See CLEVER Ref: Van Mierlo J., Macharis C., Boureima F., Messagie M., Turcksin L.; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; 1

2 Invloed Elektriciteitsproductie Results Influence of National Renewable Energy Action Plan on GHE results of BEV [ton CO2-eq] 1.E+02 8.E+01 EV GHE (ton CO2eq) WTT TTW Transport Raw Materials (4,8%) (12,7%) (20,9%) Renewable energy share in Belgian electricity mix [GWh] 0 (0,01% EV) 15 (1% EV) 154 (5% EV) 6.E+01 4.E+01 2.E+01 0.E+00-2.E+01 Maintenance Lithium Ion battery Lead acid battery EOL Li battery Eof lead acid battery End of life Assembly eq.car GHE Total ,33 37,52 23,25 Energy consump@on total EV fleet [GWh] 14,31 13,49 12,65 10,05 4,52 4,38 4,22 coal oil gas BE mix BE mix BE mix biogas Wind Nuclear hydro WTT Coal Electricity Transport Raw Materials Maintenance Lithium Ion bamery Lead acid bamery Eol Li bat Eof lead acid bamery End of life Assembly eq.car Total 7 Ref: Van Mierlo J., Macharis C., Boureima F., Messagie M., Turcksin L.; Vrije Universiteit Brussel; Based on NAP and ERTRAC Austria No fuel consumption tax & no monthly vehicle tax Belgium 30 % tax reduction on purchase price of EV (max 9,190) No registration tax in Flanders and lowest circulation tax Czech Republic No road tax for EV Denmark No registration tax for EVs (normally between 105% and 180%) Germany No annual circulation tax (first 5 years) Spain 2,000 to 7,000 for EV Finland Minimum rate of registration tax (5%) France Max 5,000 for EV No company car tax EV financial incentives in Europe Source: MOBI Vrije Universiteit Brussel 2012 Ireland Max 5,000 benefit on registration tax Italy No circulation tax (first 5 years) Luxemburg 5,000 for EV (ends in 2013) The Netherlands No registration and circulation tax Norway No VAT, free parking, exemption from certain tolls Portugal No registration and circulation tax Romania No registration tax Sweden Max 1,600 for EV no circulation tax (first 5 years) United Kingdom Max 5,000 for EV, no annual circulation and company car tax Ireland home chargers, public slow chargers, 30 public fast chargers United Kingdom 9,3 mio GBP for charging infrastructure Target: public charging stations in 2013 in London France 50 mio euro ( ) for 20 cities (slow/fast) Spain 40% in MOVELE plan (Madrid, Barcelona and Sevilla), around 500 charging stations Regional supports: 25% Portugal MOBI.E netwerk: slow chargers and 50 fast chargers Public incentives and support for infrastructure for electromobility Source: MOBI Vrije Universiteit Brussel 2012 Norway 6 mio euro in for normal charging points 1,25 mio euro in for 48 fast charging stations 19 regions: 1 mio euro yearly for slow/fast chargers Belgium 40%, (max 250 euro) (ends 2012) 13,5% tax cut of investment for companies installing fast chargers Austria for charging station ( ) Regional support: 30% Italy 5 pilot projects, up to 2015, >1.000 charging stations Ref: MOBI; Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 2012, based on data from ACEA Ref: MOBI; Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 2012, based on data from AVERE Data is not exhaustive! Data is not exhaustive! Evolutie inschrijvingen Evolutie wagenpark 600" 500" 400" 300" 200" 100" 0" 2006" 2007" 2008" 2009" 2010" 2011" Source: MOBI-VUB, 2012 based on data of FOD Mobiliteit en Vervoer Bedrijfsmaterieel"8" gol;arretjes" Landbouwvoertuigen" 28,"38"en"4wielers" Bussen" Trekkers" Vrachtwagens" Bestelwagens" Personenwagens" 2000" 1800" 1600" 1400" 1200" 1000" 800" 600" 400" 200" 0" jun./06" jan./07" aug./07" jan./08" aug./08" jan./09" aug./09" jan./10" aug./11" jan./11" aug./12" jan./12" Source: MOBI-VUB, 2012 based on data of FOD Mobiliteit en Vervoer Bedrijfsmaterieel";" gol=arretjes" Landbouwvoertuigen" 2;,"3;"en"4wielers" Bussen" Trekkers" Vrachtwagens" Bestelwagens" Personenwagens" 2

3 EV share in new sales (Belgium) Total cost of ownership 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% EV PHEV 20% 10% 0% Source, Kenneth Lebeau, Cathy Macharis, Joeri Van Mierlo, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 2011 Ref: MOBI; Vrije Universiteit Brussel, 2012 Total cost of ownership Electric vehicle cost reduction needs to come from battery improvements Energy Maintenance Total cost of ownership, EUR/km, base case 0.24 Battery 0, , ,06 0,05 0,04 Body+drivetrain 0,11 0,11 0,11 0,11 0,11 Ref: MOBI; Vrije Universiteit Brussel, SOURCE: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association (JAMA); Oxford Economics; IEA; Press search; Team analysis Plaats voertuig tijdens een week Home Work 3

4 3.4 milj garages, parkings of overdekte staanplaatsen bij woningen 5.2 milj personenwagens en lichte bedrijfswagens Voorbeelden van laadpalen: Enovates Blue Corner ThePluginCompany Electricfuel Krautli Becharged Ineltra Systems P&V elektrotechniek AP Plugs Electrabel DBT Schneider Electric ABB Bron: Joeri Van Mierlo VUB op basis van FOD Economie Laadmodi Charging infrastructure Mode 1: standaard infrastructuur IEC Industrial Domestics IEC type 1 SAE J1772 Yazaki Mode 2: bescherming in kabel Mode 3: Mode 4: specifieke infrastructuur gelijkstroom lading IEC type 3 - French/Italian IEC type 2 Mennekes 16A/63A 3f VUB-MOBI actief in: - IEC TC69 - ISO TC22 SC21 - CEN TC301 - CENELEC TC69X Ref: Peter Van den Bossche: IEC TC69, ISO TC22 SC21, CEN TC301, CENELEC TC69X Charging infrastructure Combo 14/03/2012 Normal charging 95% (overnight, cheap, available everywhere, efficient) Wireless inductive charging Battery swap European standardization combo plug post 2012 Mennekes 20/40kW AC 3 phase 80/90 kw 200A 600V DC Pushed by Audi, BMW, Daimler, Porsche, and Volkswagen, in close cooperation with American vehicle manufacturers (GM and Ford). Fast charging (5%) This universal charging system needs only a single charging interface at the vehicle allowing the customer to charge with all existing charging methods: One phase AC-charging Fast three-phase AC-charging DC-charging at home Ultra-fast DC-charging at public charging stations. VUB - MOBI The Combo connector Possibilities for DC and AC charging 4

5 J 10% EVs = > % extra elektriciteitsproductie Maar potentieel extra vraag naar elektriciteit na werkuren J Smart battery charging tijdens daluren Elektriciteitsproductie en distributie Batterij als opslagsysteem? opportuniteit om elektriciteit terug aan net te geven? L Impact op levensduur batterij J Wel 2 de handsmarkt voor EV- batterijen (nog 80% originele capaciteit) Max Elektriciteitsdistributie 30% EV+PHEV share, (30% EV, 70% PHEV) Plug-in around 5:30 p.m. Ref: Trans2House, Vito, VUB Source: Vito, 2011 in Trans2House project Electricity production Charging Infrastructure e.g. The Netherlands 35 charging April 2010 > 3000 charging to day Source: Based on EDF ASBE website ASBE website 5

6 Vrije Universiteit Brussel AVERE More info? Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo Vrije Universiteit Brussel Contact Joeri.van.mierlo@vub.ac.be