Overview 13/10/15. E-mobility and battery technology

Transcription

1 Overview E-mobility and battery technology Prof. Dr. ir. Joeri Van Mierlo 15/10/2015 Societal challenges E-mobility How Green are Electric Vehicles? How Affordable are Electric vehicles? Battery developments

2 Historic GHG emissions from transport and targets for 2050 (EU27) CO2 emissions from transport in the EU27 (Mtonnes) 1,200 1,000-20% % % emissions White Paper objectives Based on White Paper Roadmap to a Single European Transport Area Towards a competitive and resource efficient transport system Billion Euro s per Day for import of Oil in Europe Source: Fuelling EUROPE S Future, 2013 Strong foundations and reputation Vrije Universiteit Brussel Vrije Universiteit Brussel

3 Mobi VUB Electromobility knowledge center in Flanders Mobi VUB Electromobility knowledge center in Flanders The Mobility, Logistics and Automotive Technology Research Centre (MOBI) is leader in defining the state-of-the-art in Electromobility and Socio-Economic Evaluations for sustainable mobility and logistics. The strength of MOBI resides in a unique combination of socio-economical, environmental & technical competencies, together with tools & assets specifically developed for the sustainable transport sector. MOBI has a long track record in the field of Electric and Hybrid vehicles and is internationally recognised for its vast experience and expertise related to battery research, power electronics, environmental assessments, socio-economic evaluations and standardisation. Excellent knowledge of the European electromobility market Expertise in battery development, battery management technologies Experience in the grid integration of charging infrastructure and Knowhow on the smart charging of electric vehicles Expertise in TCO (Total cost of ownership), LCA (Life Cycle Assessment) and purchase behaviour of clean vehicle technologies Active participation in many European projects, eg. Batteries2020, SuperLib, FiveVB, Syrnemo, Unplugged, Smart EV-VC, Go4SEM, Opera4FEV E-mobility 16 Top 3 Barriers for EVs High purchase cost Limited driving range Limited charging infrastructure

4 Range anxiety Infrastructure needs Where is your car during one week? 95 to 99% trips <100km 30% vehicle fleet never >100km Improved batteries: Specific energy (Wh/kg): x2 x2 x3 x3 Work Lead Nickel Lithium ? Home Plug-in hybrid (EV+range extender) Wireless Dynamic inductive charging Pag Infrastructure % buildings with garages / Total # buildings % buildings with garages / Total # housing units 21 Charging infrastructure Charging infrastructure Domestics Normal charging (95%) Wireless inductive charging (overnight, cheap, availability, efficient) IEC type 3 French/Italian Fast charging (5%) IEC type 2 16A/63A 3f IEC type 1 SAE J1772 Yazaki 24 4

5 Charging stations in Brussels Optimization of spatial accessibility Now Charging infrastructure Op'mised Electricity production and distribution J 10% EVs = > % extra electricity production L But potential extra demand for electricity after working hours Battery as storage solution? How Green are Electric vehicles? opportunity to give electricity back to the grid? L Impact on life expectancy of battery J 2nd hand market for EV batteries (still 80% original capacity) J Smart battery charging during off peak hours Pag

6 Life Cycle Assessment Raw materials Refining and transport Distribution Usage Waste Raw materials Production of components Assembly and distribiution Single score Climate change WTT Human health Radiation Climate change Human toxicity Ozone formation PM formation Eutrophication Ozone depletion Ecosystem Eco toxicity Acidification Land use Water use Resource availability Mineral depletion Fossil fuel depletion CO 2, CH 4, N 2O, NO x, Cd, Benzene, iron ore, hard coal, land use, and other elementary flows (emissions and resources) Maintenance Endpoint Damages Midpoint impacts Elementary flows CC [kg CO2 eq/km] 3,E- 01 2,E- 01 2,E- 01 1,E- 01 5,E- 02 Road Powertrain cycle Vehicle cycle TTW WTT Raw materials Production Refining and production Distribution TTW Usage Waste Inventory model 0,E+00 VW golf petrol VW golf diesel VW golf LPG Fiat Punto Toyota CNG auris HEV Opel Ampera PHEV Nissan leaf BEV (2011) Raw materials Production of components Assembly and distribiution FU: 209,470 km (14.1 years, 14,856 km/yr) Messagie, Maarten; Boureima, Faycal-Siddikou; Coosemans, Thierry; Macharis, Cathy; Van Mierlo, Joeri (2014) A Range-Based Vehicle Life Cycle Assessment Incorporating Variability in the Environmental Assessment of Different Vehicle Technologies and Fuels. ENERGIES Volume: 7 Issue: 3 Pages: Road infrastructure Air quality in Belgium Radiation Climate change Human toxicity Ozone formation PM formation Eutrophication Ozone depletion Eco toxicity Acidification Land use Water use Mineral depletion Fossil fuel depletion Midpoint impacts CO 2, CH 4, N 2 O, NO x, Cd, Benzene, iron ore, hard coal, land use, and other elementary flows (emissions and resources) Elementary flows WTT Maintenance Raw materials Production Refining and production Distribution TTW Inventory model Usage Waste Raw materials Production of components Assembly and distribiution Road infrastructure

7 Life cycle air quality Parameterized vehicle-lca model Geographical & Temporal Reslution in LCA Vehicle database Parameterized LCI model Vehicle segmentation Monte Carlo assessment Data fitting Density 0,12 100% 0,1 80% 0,08 60% 0,06 40% 0,04 0,02 20% 0 0% Weight [kg] Single score Single score Human health Ecosystem Resource availability Endpoint Damages Radiation Climate change Human toxicity Ozone formation PM formation Eutrophication Ozone depletion Eco toxicity Acidification Land use Water use Mineral depletion Fossil fuel depletion Midpoint impacts CO 2, CH 4, N 2O, NO x, Cd, Benzene, iron ore, hard coal, land use, and other elementary flows (emissions and resources) Elementary flows WTT Maintenance Raw materials Production Refining and production Distribution TTW Inventory model Usage Waste Raw materials Production of components Assembly and distribiution FU: 209,470 km (14.1 years, 14,856 km/yr) Road infrastructure 39 Messagie, M., Boureima, F., Coosemans, T., Macharis, C., Van Mierlo, J. (2014) A Range-Based Vehicle Life Cycle Assessment Incorporating Variability in the Environmental Assessment of Different Vehicle Technologies and Fuels. 40 ENERGIES Volume: 7 Issue: 3 Pages: Wind turbines BFG Nuclear Hourly carbon footprint of electricity production in Belgium Natural gas Wood Hydro run-off river Yearly average: 190 g CO 2 eq./kwh Hydro pumped storage Hourly fluctuations: g CO 2 eq./kwh Messagie, M., Mertens, J., Oliveira, L., Rangaraju, S., Sanfelix, J., Coosemans, T., Van Mierlo, J., Macharis, C. (2014) The hourly life cycle carbon footprint of electricity generation in Belgium, bringing a temporal resolution in life cycle assessment. Applied Energy Volume: 134C pp DOI: /j.apenergy

8 Influence of the electricity mix How affordable are Electric Vehicles? Messagie, M., Boureima, F., Coosemans, T., Macharis, C., Van Mierlo, J. (2014) A Range-Based Vehicle Life Cycle Assessment Incorporating Variability in the Environmental Assessment of Different Vehicle Technologies and Fuels. ENERGIES Volume: 7 Issue: 3 Pages: TCO methodology Total Cost of Ownership (TCO) Ownership: 8 jaar en 45 dagen Afgelegde afstand per jaar: km Depreciatie Brandstof- en elektriciteitskosten: /l voor benzine, /l voor diesel, 0,1809/kWh voor elektriciteit en 0.87/kg voor CNG Belastingen Jaarlijkse verkeersbelasting Eenmalige belasting op inverkeerstelling Verzekeringen Eerste 3 jaar omnium dan burgelijkaansprakelijkheid Batterijkosten (om de 6 jaar vervangen) Prijs vervanging hangt af van de garantie Leasing Onderhoudskosten Passenger cars medium cars TCO bedrijven verschillen Ownership: 4 jaar CO2 bijdrage Fiscale aftrekbaarheid EVs: 120% aftrekbaar Andere technologieën: aftrekbaarheid varieert tussen 100% en 50% naargelang de CO 2 uitstoot. Voordeel van Alle Aard Subsidie 20 % van de aanvaardbare investering, geplafonneerd op euro Tot per jaar per bedrijf

9 Company cars medium cars Company cars premium cars EV cost reduction from battery improvements 0.34 Battery developments Energy Maintenance 0.03 Total cost of ownership, EUR/km, base case 0.24 Battery 0, , ,06 0,05 0,04 Body+drivetrain 0,11 0,11 0,11 0,11 0, SOURCE: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association (JAMA); Oxford Economics; IEA; Press search; Team analysis 51 Mobi s Battery Innovation Centre MOBI s Battery Innovation Centre State-of-the-art Facilities and Models for Rechargeable Energy Storage Systems Over 280 channels 9 climate chambers Impedance spectroscopy channels Thermal imaging equipment Battery management systems Battery, hybrid and supercapacitor models State estimation techniques (SoC, SoH and SoF) International standardization For traction and stationary applications BMW, Scania, Continental (ex Siemens), CRF (Fiat), Bosch, AVL List, Volvo trucks, Volvo cars, Toyota Motor Europe, Van Hool, Bombardier, Umicore, Laborelec, Emrol, 4Esys, Siemens, PEC, Enersys, ON Semiconductor, JSR micro, CTS, VITO, Flanders Make, MIVB and De Lijn

10 Overview Lithium-ion batteries Positive/negative electrode material Nominal cell voltage [V] Specific capacity Positive/negative [mah/g] LiCoO2 (LCO) / graphite / 370 LiMn2O4(LMO) / graphite / 370 LiNiO2 / graphite / 370 LiNi1/3Mn1/3Co1/3O2 (NMC) / graphite / 370 LiCo0.2Ni0.8O2 / graphite / 370 LiNi0.8Co0.15Al0.05O2 (NCA) / graphite / 370 LiFePO4 (LFP) / graphite / 370 LiFePO4 (LFP) / Li4Ti7O12 (LTO) / Battery characteristics Battery characteristics (charging) Power density (W/kg) Energy density (Wh/kg) LFP/C NCA/C LFP/LTO LMO/LTO NMC/C Cylindrical Prisma c Pouch Remaining capacity (%) Number of cycles 1.25 It 2.5 It 4 It 7 It 10 It Cycle life ifo Working temperature Thermal management 3000" % % 2500" Cycle"life" 2000" 1500" 1000" 500" 0" '20" '10" 0" 10" 20" 30" 40" 50" Temperature"[ C]" Ø LFP, 2.3Ah battery type 59 "#$%&'""#"$%&#%'()'%#*%+,(-.*.(/%+'01(%.2%/#-34(2'5(=*+',-'&./%&'0#1/&#2%/#3435'&/6' 2.//'&>-.7?9#/60#::'&'4/-31#/#343:/6' /'.//6''403:@</0#176.&$'&./'./=ABC3: #4#/#.8.40#48'//',-'&./%&'1 Source: Samba, MOBI 60 10

11 Doelstellingen van vooroplopende landen m.b.t. energiedensiteit van Li-ion batterijen voor EV Fraunhofer ISI, Mass electrification of road transport could be economic from 2020 onwards Long-range electric vehicles could become economic, depending on battery cost Electric vehicles Ref: Nykvist & Nilsson, EC forecast To reach 4 million In fleet by 2020 Total cost of ownership for average passenger vehicle EUR/km Initial application in city cars and plug-in hybrids, due to high cost of long-range batteries Schattingen van Li-ion batterijkosten voor EV gebruik Cost of ICE vehicles depends on future oil price and additional CO2 cost Internal combustion engine vehicles SOURCE: Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association (JAMA); Oxford Economics; IEA; Press search; Team analysis 63 Source: IMPACT ASSESSMENT - Proposal for a Directive on the deployment of alternative fuels infrastructure {COM(2013) 18} 64 Electrification: 1 mln. additional jobs in 2030 in EU 2 mln. additional jobs in 2050 in EU 65 Source: Fuelling EUROPE S Future,

12 Prof. Joeri Van Mierlo Phone joeri.van.mierlo@vub.ac.be Office Building Z (ZE109) Pleinlaan 2, 1050 Brussels mobi.vub.ac.be twitter.com/mobi_vub 67 12