HEREDITY /GENETICS: How are traits inherited? How are genes expressed?

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1 HEREDITY /GENETICS: How are traits inherited? How are genes expressed? UNIT 1: HOW DO CELLS DIVIDE? Johnson, Chapter 6: Critical Thinking 1: Mitosis- growth (Figure 6.8) Mitosis (S9) List the stages of mitosis and briefly Meiosis- necessary for sexual reproduction, leads to describe what happens in each. genetic variety in species (via sexual reproduction, Critical Thinking 2: Be able to identify each stage of Meiosis (S10) March 29 th independent assortment, crossing over) mitosis on prepared slides of onion root April 1 st tip. LAB: Prepared slides of mitosis in onion root tip (S7) Animations: 1. Animal cell mitosis 2. How cells divide: Mitosis vs. Meiosis Johnson, Chapter 6: 148, , 156 (Figure 6.26) Develop a table to highlight the similarities and differences between mitosis and meiosis. Explain the evolutionary importance of crossing over and independent assortment.

2 March 31 st April 12 th HEREDITY /GENETICS: How are traits inherited? How are genes expressed? UNIT 2: HOW ARE TRAITS INHERITED? Johnson, Chapter 7: Use the following terms to solve genetics problems: P, F 1, F 2 generation; dominant, recessive, true-breeding, homozygous, heterozygous; gene, allele, phenotype, genotype; Punnett square; monohybrid cross and testcross. Basic principles of Mendelian genetics: monohybrid cross testcross dihybrid cross sex linkage Genetics Vocabulary Sheet: (S11) LAB 1: Corn Genetics (1 period) (S12) Cat genetics (1 period) (S19-21) LAB 2: Counting Drosophila F2s (S23-27) (4/14 & 4/15) Johnson, Chapter 7: (Focus only on these concepts.) Explain Mendel s laws of segregation and independent assortment and show how they are important in genetic crosses. Recognize ratios of offspring from a dihybrid cross and a dihybrid testcross. Define epistasis and understand an example. Define codominant and multiple alleles and explain how they are related to A, B, O blood type inheritance. Use this information to solve problems. Be able to give an example of continuous variation, pleiotropic effects, and incomplete dominance with respect to cat or human genetics. Johnson, Chapter 7: Explain the relationship between genes and chromosomes. Explain how sex is determined in fruit flies, cats, and humans. Define sex-linked, give examples and solve problems for fruit flies, cats, and humans. Be able to analyze pedigrees for evidence of dominant/recessive, and sex-linked genes. Genetics Problems 1. Monohybrid Crosses (S13-14: odd #s) 2. Dihybrid Crosses (S14: #12-17) 3. Sex linkage (S15: #19, 21, 23, 24-26, 27) 4. Multiple Alleles (S16: #29, 30) 5. Pedigrees (S17-18: # 34, 36) Critical Thinking 1+2: monohybrid cross (S29-30) Critical Thinking 3+4: sex-linked traits (S31-32) Written Assignment 1: Write a paragraph explaining the inheritance pattern of a genetic disease, not discussed in the book. Draw an example pedigree for a family that might have this disease. In your paragraph, make sure to briefly describe the causes and effects of the disease. [Be sure to list your source(s) at the bottom of the page.] Online Practice Problems (Kansas State University) 1. Monohybrid Crosses 2. Dihybrid Crosses 3. Incomplete Dominance 4. Sex-linkage

3 April 13 th - April 20 th HEREDITY /GENETICS: How are traits inherited? How are genes expressed? DATES TOPICS, CONCEPTS & LABS Reading Assignments Homework Assignments UNIT 3: HOW ARE GENES Johnson, Chapter 8: 190, Worksheet 1: EXPRESSED IN CELLS AND Explain how the Hershey-Chase experiment shows that DNA, not protein, Replication, ORGANISMS? is the hereditary material. Transcription, Describe the structure of DNA using the following terms: nucleotides (A, Translation (S37) G, T, C), double helix, complementary base pairing. Describe how DNA replicates, using the terms: unwind, unzip, DNA polymerase, complementarity, DNA ligase. Notice that the two strands grow in opposite directions. Describe how the structure of DNA is related to its function (heredity). DNA structure and replication (relation between structure and function) Enzymes are important proteins. Transcription: RNA synthesis Translation: Protein synthesis The Genetic Code: codon table (S35) Class activity: Protein synthesis (S33-34) Animations: 1. DNA Replication 2. Transcription and Translation 3. Transcribe and Translate some DNA! Advanced animations for Unit 3 (Replication, Transcription and Translation) Johnson, Chapter 8: (Figure 8.10) Explain how the coded information in genes (DNA sequence) is retained in RNA by the process of transcription. What is RNA polymerase, and how is its function similar to and different from DNA polymerase? Describe the characteristics of the genetic code that are important in converting the DNA code (via an RNA code) into instructions for amino acid sequences in protein synthesis. Make a table showing the structures and functions of mrna, trna, and rrna. Describe the process of protein synthesis using the terms: mrna, trna, ribosome, codon, amino acid, peptide bond, polypeptide. Be able to use a codon table to determine amino acid sequences from mrna sequences and vice versa. Why is the direction in which the ribosome moves important? Briefly explain the difference between an exon and an intron. Johnson, Chapter 8: What is a mutation? Why are mutations important in evolution? Describe each of the following types of mutations: point mutation, base substitution, frame-shift (deletion or addition), chromosomal rearrangement. Explain how severe an effect each is likely to have on the expression of a particular gene. Questions 1: Concept Review : # 1-4, 8-10; Challenge Yourself : #2-4 (Johnson, 207)

4 HEREDITY /GENETICS: How are traits inherited? How are genes expressed? April 21 st - April 27 th UNIT 4: WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS FOR GENE TECHNOLOGY? Genetic engineering cutting, recombining, cloning, screening Vocabulary list for Genetic Engineering (S53) Cloning a gene diagram (S55) Video: The Human Genome Project Class activities: The Size of the Genome (S39-41) DNA Fingerprinting Activities: 1. Hospital Mix-up (S49) 2. Paternity (S50) 3. Bloody Knife (S51) Lab Demo: Read DNA Scissors (S43-44) Gel electrophoresis of precut Lambda DNA (S45-47) Animations: 1. Plasmid Cloning 2. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) 3. DNA Fingerprinting: Southern Blotting Additional Animations: The Human Genome Project Johnson, Chapter 9: (Figures 9.2, 9.3, 9.5) Be able to define and use the following terms correctly: restriction enzyme, DNA ligase, recombinant DNA, plasmid, vector, clone, screening, antibiotic resistance, probe. Be able to describe briefly the four stages of a genetic engineering experiment. Johnson, Chapter 9: (Figure 9.7) Describe how the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) makes copies of a gene. Describe in general terms (such as would be useful to members of a jury) how a DNA fingerprint is made and what information it can and cannot convey. What Is the Human Genome Project? (S57-60) Reading Assignment 4: Johnson, Chapter 9: Section 9.5, 9.6, 9.7, OR 9.8 (choose one) AND Section 9.9 Discussion Questions 1: The Size of the Genome (S40-41) Exercise 1: DNA Scissors (S44) Written Assignment 1: Read one of the sections under Reading Assignment 4. Write a paragraph to reflect on some of the scientific and ethical issues surrounding genetic engineering as it applies to your topic (medicine, plants, farm animals, or cloning).

5 EVOLUTION : How does biodiversity arise? April 30 th - May 3 rd UNIT 5: WHAT IS EVOLUTION? WHAT EVIDENCE IS THERE THAT IT OCCURS? Darwin s ideas More recent examples Evidence of evolution Fossils Homology of anatomy Molecular comparisons Video: Evolution: "Great Transformations" (PBS) Class activities: 1. Fossils timeline (S72-74) 2. Homology in vertebrate skeletons (S75-76) 3. Amino acid comparisons (S77-78) Johnson, Chapter 2: Define evolution. Understand the basis of Darwin s studies and his theory of natural selection. Johnson, Chapter 10: Explain the following terms and their relation to evolution: microevolution, natural selection, adaptation, macroevolution (punctuated equilibrium vs. gradualism). Describe how each of the following provides evidence for evolution: fossils, comparisons of DNA and protein sequences, homologous anatomical structures, and embryological development. Questions 1: Darwin s Ideas (S61) Additional Online Resources: Evolution Website The Record of Life in the Rocks (S63-71)

6 EVOLUTION : How does biodiversity arise? May 4 th - May 7 th UNIT 6: WHAT IS NATURAL SELECTION AND HOW DOES IT WORK? Natural selection Industrial melanism Antibiotic resistance in bacteria: genes on plasmids Medical examples: Sickle cell hemoglobin, malaria, and others Forms of selection: disruptive, stabilizing, and directional LAB: Antibiotic resistance in bacteria (S89-90) Class activities: Natural selection by predators (S79-80) Johnson, Chapter 10: What is natural selection? Give an example of: disruptive selection, stabilizing selection, directional selection. Which make individuals in a population more similar? More different? How is sickle cell anemia inherited? How does it demonstrate natural selection? Describe Kettlewell s experiment with moths. What was the control? How does it illustrate natural selection? Is natural selection working on the genotype or the phenotype? Explain. Antibiotic misuse poses threat, WHO warns (S87) Critical Thinking 1: Starling Data and questions (S81) Critical Thinking 2: Industrial Melanism: Kettlewell s experiment (S83-85) Worksheet 1: Sickle cell anemia: biology and demography (S93-95) Battle of the Bugs: Fighting Antibiotic Resistance - FDA Article Online (Sept, 2003)

7 EVOLUTION : How does biodiversity arise? May 4 th - May 7 th UNIT 7: HOW DO GENE POOLS CHANGE? Changes in allele frequencies What is a species? How might new species arise? Types of isolation Johnson, Chapter 11: Why do allele frequencies in a gene pool change? Based on what you now know about selection and allele frequency, create a modern definition for evolution that builds on Darwin s ideas and goes beyond them. Critical Thinking 1: Allele frequencies (S91) Johnson, Chapter 11: What is a species? What is genetic isolation and how is it related to evolution?

8 EVOLUTION : How does biodiversity arise? May 7 th - May 17 th UNIT 8: WHAT SIMILARITIES AND DIFFERENCES DO WE SEE AS A RESULT OF EVOLUTIONARY DIVERSITY? Animal phyla taxonomy Key evolutionary advances 9 major animal phyla with distinguishing characteristics Major vertebrate classes: characteristics of each LAB: Evolution in the Animal Kingdom: Dissect representative animals and demonstrate distinguishing characteristics to others (earthworm, clam, crayfish, starfish, grasshopper, perch) (S ) Class activities: Animal phyla and taxa (S97-99) Johnson, Chapter 19: What are some general features of animals? What is a phylogeny? Explain using Figure 19.2 as an example. Define and describe the following distinctions of evolutionary importance: radial vs. bilateral symmetry, types of body cavities, protostome vs. deuterostome embryos. List the 9 animal phyla and give distinguishing characteristics and major evolutionary advances for each Review S65-70 Johnson, Chapter 19: 448; Chapter 20: List and give major characteristics for the present-day classes of vertebrates. Worksheet 1: Notes on Animal Evolution (S100) - Using Table 19.1 and the pages for each animal phylum, make a chart that shows the names of the animal phyla profiled, the major characteristics of each, and two or three examples of animals in each phylum. Pay particular attention to the major evolutionary developments shown by each phylum. (Note: S has summary information for all of the animal phyla.) Questions 1: Challenge Yourself : #1-5 (Johnson, 449) Online Resources: The Shape of Life (PBS)

9 EVOLUTION: How does biodiversity arise? May 18 th - May 25 th UNIT 9: MAMMALS, PRIMATES AND EVOLUTION Primate Phylogenetics Molecular Biology Hominid Evolution Class activity: Primate evolution (S ) Johnson, Chapter 21: (Figure 21.8) Be able to give the taxonomic address of humans: kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, and species. Describe the characteristics a physical anthropologist would use to decide whether a particular skeleton is an ape or a hominid. Exercise 1: Molecular Biology and Primate Phylogenetics (S ) Questions 1: Challenge Yourself : # 3&5 (Johnson, 493) Online Documentary: Becoming Human Web Activity: Origins of Humankind