ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. Tissues

Transcription

1 ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY Tissues

2 TISSUES Defined: A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform certain common functions.

3 4 TYPES OF TISSUES 1.Epithelial 2.Connective 3.Muscular 4.Nervous

4 EPITHELIAL TISSUES GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS 1. Located throughout the body. 2. Covers all body surfaces both inside and out. 3. Main glandular tissue. 4. Attached to underlying connective tissue by a non-cellular nonliving basement membrane. 5. Usually has no vascular tissue (blood supply) 6. Gains nourishment through simple diffusion. 7. Cell reproduce rapidly and allow for rapid healing. 8. Cells are tightly packed together. 9. Contains simple which is one layer of cells. Or stratified more than one layer of cells.

5 EPITHELIAL TISSUE SIMPLE SQUAMOUS Single layer Very thin Flattened cells (squamous/egg shaped) Functions Diffusion Filtration Location in the Body Air sacs of the lungs Walls of capillaries

6 EPITHELIAL TISSUE STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS Multi-layered Squamous cells. Thicker tissue. Functions: Protection Location in the Body Lines body cavities like the mouth and outer layer of skin

7 EPITHELIAL TISSUE SIMPLE CUBOIDAL Single layer of cells Cube-shaped Functions Secretion Absorption Location in the Body Lines the kidney tubules Lines the ducts of glands Covers the surface of ovaries

8 EPITHELIAL TISSUE STRATIFIED CUBOIDAL Two or three layers of cuboidal shaped cells Function Protection (greater than simple cuboidal) Location in the Body Lines the larger ducts of the mammary glands, sweat glands, salivary glands and pancreas Forms the lining of developing ovarian follicles and seminiferous tubules (male and female reproductive system)

9 EPITHELIAL TISSUE SIMPLE COLUMNAR Single layer Elongated cells Nuclei located in about the same position in each cell (near the basement membrane) Contains scatter goblet cells (function in the secretion of mucus) Some contain microvilli (cilia) and some do not Functions Protection Secretion Absorption Location in the body Within the lining of the digestive tract and uterus

10 EPITHELIAL TISSUE PSEUDOSTRATIFIED COLUMNAR Appear stratified but are really a single-layer of cells. Nuclei located at various levels giving the appearance of layers. Usually ciliated Contains goblet cells (secretes mucus) Functions Secretion Cilia-aided movement Location in the Body Lining of the air passages like the trachea Lining of the tubes of the reproductive system

11 EPITHELIAL STRATIFIED COLUMNAR * several layers * Superficial layers are columnar basal (lower) layers look cuboidal Functions protection Secretion

12 EPITHELIAL STRATIFIED COLUMNAR Location in the Body Vas deferens Part of the male urethra Parts of the pharynx

13 EPITHELIAL TISSUE TRANSITIONAL Thick Layers Cuboidal cells Able to stretch

14 EPITHELIAL TISSUE TRANSITIONAL Functions Forms a barrier to block diffusion Stretchable Location in the Body Lines the urinary bladder

15 CONNECTIVE TISSUE GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS 1. Most abundant tissue in your body. Found throughout your body. 2. Binds structures together 3. Provides support, protection, framework, fills spaces, stores fat, produces blood cells, fights infections, and help to repair tissue.

16 CONNECTIVE TISSUE GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS 1. Composed of more scattered cells with an abundance of intercellular material called matrix. 2. Made up of ground substance (fluid, semi-solid) and fibers. 3. Most have a good blood supply. 4. Cells are able to reproduce.

17 CONNECTIVE TISSUE GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS Three Common Types of Cells 1.Mast cells prevents blood clots 2.Macrophages phagocytic 3.Fibroblasts most abundant and produce fibers

18 CONNECTIVE TISSUES - CHARACTERISTICS Main Type of Fibers 1. Collagenous fibers: thick, made of a protein called collagen. Major structural protein in the body. Appear in long parallel bundles. Strong and flexible but not very elastic. Also known as white fibers (examples include: bones, ligaments, and tendons)

19 CONNECTIVE TISSUES - CHARACTERISTICS Elastic fibers: microfibrils in protein elastin. Yellow fibers. Not as strong, but are very elastic. (examples include: respiratory and vocal cords)

20 CONNECTIVE TISSUES LOOSE CONNECTIVE (AREOLAR) Forms delicate, thin membranes throughout the body. Cells consist of mainly fibroblasts. Large amount of extracellular matrix. Fibroblast secrete the fibers

21 CONNECTIVE TISSUES LOOSE CONNECTIVE (AREOLAR) Functions Binds skin to underlying organs Binds organs to organs Location in the Body Provides the space between muscles Located throughout the body

22 CONNECTIVE TISSUES DENSE CONNECTIVE (FIBROUS) Closely packed Thick Collagenous fibers and a fine network of elastic fibers. Contain few cells most of which are fibroblasts. Very strong enable pulling forces Poor blood supply and slow to heal

23 CONNECTIVE TISSUES DENSE CONNECTIVE (FIBROUS) Functions Binds structures Location in the Body Tendons : connects muscle to bones Ligaments: connects bones to bones

24 CONNECTIVE TISSUES ADIPOSE TISSUE AKA Fat Cells are called adipocytes Functions Protective cushion Insulation to preserve body heat Stores energy

25 CONNECTIVE TISSUES ADIPOSE TISSUE Location in the Body Beneath skin Around kidneys and eyeballs Abdominal membranes

26 CONNECTIVE TISSUES - BONE Known as Osseous tissue Rigid due to mineral salts Extracellular matrix contains abundant collagenous fibers which are flexible and reinforce the mineral component of bone. Consist of layers

27 CONNECTIVE TISSUES - BONE Functions Supports body structures Protects vital organs Forms blood cells (red bone marrow) Stores and releases inorganic chemicals such as phosphorus and calcium Location in the Body All over (skeletal system)

28 CONNECTIVE TISSUES CARTILAGE (HYALINE) Contain fine white collagenous fibers Most common type of cartilage Functions Supports Protects Forms the framework for the body

29 CONNECTIVE TISSUES CARTILAGE (HYALINE) Location in the Body Nose Ends of long bones Rings in the walls of the respiratory passages

30 CONNECTIVE TISSUES ELASTIC CARTILAGE More flexible and elastic Functions Supports Protects Provides a framework

31 CONNECTIVE TISSUES ELASTIC CARTILAGE Location in the Body Framework of the external ear Framework for parts of the larynx

32 CONNECTIVE TISSUES - FIBROCARTILAGE Very tough Large and numerous collagenous fibers Functions Supports Protects Absorbs shock

33 CONNECTIVE TISSUES - FIBROCARTILAGE Location in the Body Between the bony parts of the spinal column Parts of the pelvic girdle Parts of the knee

34 CONNECTIVE TISSUES - BLOOD Circulates around the body Functions Transports substances Helps to maintain stable internal environment

35 CONNECTIVE TISSUES - BLOOD Location in the Body Throughout the body within a closed system of blood vessels and heart chambers

36 MUSCLE TISSUE GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS Have the ability to contract in response to a specific stimuli As they contract, the muscle fibers pull at their attached ends. This provides movement to body parts.

37 MUSCLE TISSUES - SKELETAL Also known as striated muscle. Fibers are long and thread-like with alternating light and dark bands with markings called striations. Voluntary (controlled by conscious effort Stimulated by nerves

38 MUSCLE TISSUES - SKELETAL Functions Pull on skeletal bones, thus creating movement of the body Location in the Body Attached to skeletal muscles providing movement

39 MUSCULAR TISSUE - SMOOTH Cells lack striations Shorter than skeletal muscles Cells are spindle shaped central nucleus Involuntary (do not require conscious thought to contract)

40 MUSCULAR TISSUE - SMOOTH Functions Moves food through digestive tract Constricts blood vessels Empties the urinary bladder Location in the Body Comprise the walls of hollow internal organs (stomach, intestine, urinary bladder, uterus and blood vessels)

41 MUSCULAR TISSUE - CARDIAC Located only within the heart Striated and branched cells Cells are joined end to end forming a complex network Central nucleus Contains intercalated disk where two cells meet. Involuntary

42 MUSCULAR TISSUE - CARDIAC Functions Contraction of the heart in order to pump blood Location in the Body Only in the heart

43 NERVOUS TISSUE GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS Composed of cells known as neurons or nerve cells. Neurons function to transmit nerve impulses along long extensions to other neurons, to glands or to muscles. Nervous tissues also contain neuroglia cells. Neuroglia cells will function in : support, bind components of the nervous tissue, carry out phagocytosis and help to supply nutrients to neurons by connecting them to blood vessels.

44 NERVOUS TISSUE SENSORY NEURONS Contain receptors that pick up impulses from the environment. Functions Convert environmental information into nerve impulses and transmit the impulses to the central nervous system (spinal cord). Location Eyes, ears, nose, skin, tongue (sense organs)

45 NERVOUS TISSUE MOTOR NEURONS Contained outside of the central nervous system. Functions Carry impulses from the central nervous system to responsive structures known as effectors. Effectors include muscles that contract and glands that secrete when stimulated. Location in the Body Peripheral nervous system

46 NERVOUS TISSUE ASSOCIATIVE (INTERNEURONS) Link other neurons Functions Carry impulses sent from sensory neurons to the brain. Carry the impulses from the brain and take them to motor neurons. Carry impulses from one side of the brain to the other side of the brain. Location in the Body Located only within the spinal cord and brain.