Objectives: List the levels of organizations in the body. How is the Body Organized? Review cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organism

Transcription

1 The Human Body Chapter 1 Lesson 1 : List the levels of organizations in the body. How is the Body Organized? Review cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organism Review Cell the basic unit of structure and function in a living thing cell membrane forms outside border of a cell nucleus directs the cell's activities and holds information that controls a cell's function cytoplasm made of a clear jellylike substance that contains many cell structures, where most of the processes occur Tissue page 6, different types of tissues a groups of similar cells that perform the same function Examples of Tissues muscle tissue contract and shorten, allows body to move nervous tissue carries electrical messages back and forth between the brain and other parts of the body connective tissue provides support for your body and connects all the parts epithelial tissue covers the surface of your body, inside and out protects the structure underneath it Organs made up of different kinds of tissues perform a specific job Look at the heart on page 7, observe different tissues! Organ System all organs are part of an organ system Page 8 9, Body Systems, know all 10 systems, functions/ structures Body System Skeletal System s bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons s supports body, protects internal organs, allows movement, stores minerals, produces blood cells Integumentary System s skin, hair, nails, sweat glands, oil glands s guards against infection and injury, helps regulate body temperature Muscular System skeletal muscle, smooth muscle, cardiac muscle skeletal muscle produces movement, helps circulate blood and move food through the digestive system Circulatory System heart, blood vessels transports oxygen, nutrients, and wastes, fights infection, helps regulate body temperature Respiratory System nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs brings in oxygen needed by cells, removes carbon dioxide from body Digestive System mouth, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, liver, pancreas, large intestine, rectum breaks down food, absorbs nutrients, removes food wastes Excretory System skin, lungs, liver, kidneys, urinary bladder, urethra removes waste products from the body Nervous System brain, spinal cord, nerves controls body's responses to changes in inside and outside environments Endocrine System glands: thyroid, pancreas, adrenals, ovaries, testes, and others controls growth, development, energy processes, helps maintain homeostasis Reproductive System males: testes, ducts, urethra, penis, females: ovaries, ducts, uterus, vagina produces and delivers sex cells females: nurtures and protects developing embryo Apr 25 2:58 PM 1

2 Chapter 1 Lesson 2 System Interactions : Describe how the skeletal and muscular systems work together. Describe which body systems work together to obtain and transport materials. Describe which body systems control communication and regulation. How do we move? Body's organ systems work together to allow for all body movements. For example: muscles and bones work together to make body move, nervous system Muscles sometimes work in pairs. For example: What happens to your hamstring muscles when your leg is bent? What happens to the quadriceps? Joints where two bones come together and allow movement Which systems move materials in your body? Circulatory, respiratory, digestive, and excretory Transporting Materials Circulatory Blood always red, even deoxygenated blood looks blue in the vessels it still is red If blood vessels were unraveled it would encircle the Earth more than two times. SO... 40,000 km at the equator, so 80,000 km of vessels Respiratory Breathe more than 20,000 times per day. When we breathe we take in O 2. Why do we need O 2? It is used to release energy from the sugar molecules. CO 2 is a waste product that is delivered to your lungs and you breathe it out. Digestive Breaks down foods into sugars and other nutrients that your body can use. nutrient a substance that you get from food and that your body needs to carry out processes absorption nutrients move from the disgestive system into the blood circulatory system then delivers the nutrients to all the cells in your body Excretory eliminates wastes from your body Which Systems Control Body s? Nervous System and Endocrine System work together to control body functions. Endocrine System made up of glands that release chemical signals directly into the bloodstream. hormones chemical signals released by glands Nervous System stimulus a signal in the environment that makes you react response what your body does in reaction to a stimulus May 6 10:13 AM 2

3 Chapter 2 Lesson 1 The Skeletal System Identify the functions of the skeleton. Explain the role that joints play in the body. Describe the characteristics of bones and how to keep bones strong and healthy. Skeleton means a dried body What does the skeleton do? 5 functions 1. provides shape and support 2. enables you to move 3. protects your organs 4. produces blood cells 5. stores minerals and other materials Skeletal system made up of 206 bones, when you are bone you have over 300 bones but some of those fuse together cartilage strong connective tissue that is more flexibe than bone, most cartilage will harden into bone, ears and end of nose is cartilage, some cartilage at ends of some bones vertebrae plural (vertebra singular) bones that make up your backbone Joints bones that move in different ways immovable joints connect bones allow little movement skull moveable joints allows body to make many different movements ligaments holds bones together in moveable joints Types of moveable joints Ball and Socket Joint allows rotation shoulder/hip Hinge Joint allows forward and backward motion elbow/knee Gliding Joint allows one bone to slide over another wrist/ankle Pivot Joint allows one bone to rotate around another neck/arm and elbow What are the characteristics of Bones? bones grow, develop and repair themselves bones are alive even after you reach adulthood, you continue to make new tissue bones made of bone tissue, blood vessels, nerves, and tightly packed minerals Compact Bone hard and dense contain minerals and give bones their strength carry blood vessels Spongy Bone has spaces that contain red marrow Marrow soft connective tissue Red Bone Marrow fills space in the spongy bone produces most of your blood cells Yellow Bone Marrow found in a space in middle of bone stores fat Draw a skeleton in your notes. Label all bones listed on page 38. May 21 9:32 AM 3

4 Chapter 2 Lesson 2 Muscular System Identify the types of muscles found in the body. Explain how skeletal muscles work in pairs. What muscles are in your body? Involuntary you do not control them, not under conscious control breathing, muscles used to digest food Voluntary you control them, under conscious control smiling, writing Types of Muscles Skeletal Muscle straited about 400 muscles in your body provide the strength to allow your body to move muscles attached to the skeleton voluntary muscles tendon connective tissue that attaches the muscle to a bone Smooth Muscle not straited, appears to have stripes under a microscope inside of stomach and blood vessels helps the body's organs and structures function involuntary muscles Cardiac Muscle found only in heart involuntary muscles How do skeletal muscles work? Skeletal muscles work in pairs. One muscle will contract and the other muscle will go to its original size. You need to keep your muscles healthy! Exercise warm ups and cool downs Eating protein meat, nuts, cheese, eggs exercise/muscle anatomy/ May 21 8:39 AM 4

5 Lesson 3 Chapter 2 Integumentary System Describe the functions and structures of the skin. Identify habits that can keep skin healthy. s of the Skin Protection Regulate Body Temperature, Eliminate Wastes Gather Information Produce Vitamin D 1. Protection Barrier that keeps harmful substances outside the body. Keeps water and fluids inside body 2. Maintaining Temperature When the body gets too hot: Blood vessels get bigger to allow heat to escape Sweat glands produce perspiration and when the water evaporates it cools the skin When the body gets too cold: Blood vessels contract which reduces blood flow and causes body to conserve heat. 3. Eliminating Wastes Eliminates through sweating 4. Gathering Information Nerves gather the information about pressure, temperature pain. 5. Produce Vitamin D Skin cells produce vitamin D with help from the sun. of the Skin Two main layers of the skin Epidermis outer layer of the skin lower part of the epidermis new skin cells develop and push their way to the outside skins do die and become the outside layer of the skin for protection. They stay there for 2 3 weeks until they are shed Dermis inner layer of skin includes the nerves, blood vessels, sweat glands, hairs and oil glands Other structures Pores openings that allow sweat to reach the surface of the skin Follicles location where hair strands grow oils produced in the glands around the follicles keep the skin moist and hairs flexible Healthy Skin Three things you can do to have healthy skin 1. eat a healthy diet 2. keep your skin clean 3. limit sun time Cancer skin cancer occurs when your skin cells divide uncontrollably May 28 8:58 AM 5