Electrolytes. Acids. Bases. Movement. Movement. Movement. Substances that release ions. in water. Electrolytes that release hydrogen ions (H + )

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1 Electrolytes Substances that release ions in water Acids Electrolytes that release hydrogen ions (H + ) in water Bases Electrolytes that release hydroxide ions (OH-)

2 ph Measures hydrogen ion concentration Midpoint of the ph scale 7.0 Optimal ph for an animal 7.4

3 Inorganic substances These substances usually dissociate in water to release ions. They are electrolytes. Organic substances These substances do not release ions when they dissolve in water. They are nonelectrolytes. These type of compounds are more likely to dissolve in organic liquids (ex: ether, alcohol) Examples of metabolic processes Transport of substances into and out of cells Muscle contraction Nerve impulse conduction

4 Salt An electrolyte composed of oppositely charged ions Four groups of organic substances Carbohydrates Lipids Proteins Nucleic acids Carbohydrates These organic compounds contain carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They supply much of the energy for cells.

5 Monosaccharides (Simple Sugars) These simple carbohydrates are 6-carbon sugars that include glucose, fructose, and galactose. Disaccharides (Double sugars) These complex carbohydrates are composed of several simple sugars. They include sucrose and lactose. Polysaccharides (Double sugars) These complex carbohydrates are composed of many simple sugars. One example is plant starch.

6 Lipids These organic substances are insoluble in water but soluble in certain organic solvents. They include fats, phospholipids, and steroids. Fats These lipids are used primarily to store energy for cellular activities. A single molecule of this type is composed of one glycerol molecule and three fatty acids. Unsaturated Fat A fat that contains one or more double bonds between its carbon atoms

7 Saturated Fat A fat that contains no double bonds between its carbon atoms Phospholipids Lipids used as structural components in cell membranes. They are abundant in the liver and parts of the nervous system. Each molecule consists of glycerol and fatty acids. Steroids Complex lipids that include carbon rings. One example is cholesterol which is used to synthesize other steroids.

8 Proteins These organic substances are used as structural materials, energy sources, and hormones. Their building blocks are amino acids. Polypeptide Chain Amino acids joined together in a string with lengths varying from less than 100 to more than 5,000 Reasons why hydrogen bonds in a protein break Excessive heat Radiation Electricity ph changes Various chemicals

9 Primary Structure The structure of a protein in a simple polypeptide chain Secondary Structure The structure of a protein as it pleats or twists to form a coil Tertiary Structure The structure of a protein as the pleated and coiled polypeptide chain folds into a unique 3D structure

10 Quaternary Structure The structure of a protein when two or more polypeptide chains are connected to form a single protein molecule Nucleic Acids A large, complex organic substance composed of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and phosphorus that form nucleotides. Each nucleotide consists of: 5-carbon sugar Phosphate group One nitrogenous base Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) This organic substance (usually a single polynucleotide chain) controls access to genes and carries out protein synthesis

11 Deoxyribonucleic Acids (DNA) This organic substance (usually a double polynucleotide chain) stores information in a code and synthesizes protein molecules