Lecture 5. Fall M. Jawad Khan, PhD BSC203/BIO132
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1 Lecture 5 Fall 2015 BSC203/BIO132 By M. Jawad Khan, PhD
2 Course Outline General chemistry including atomic nature of matter, molecules, principles of chemical reactions, stochiometry, acids and bases, oxidation-reduction, water as a solvent, ph, and buffers. Structure and function of biomolecules, including structure and function of proteins (amino acids, peptides and, enzymes including classification and how it works), protein conjugates, carbohydrates and glycol-conjugates, nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleic acids, lipids (triglycerols, phospholipids, waxes, sphingolipids, glycolipids, steroids) and nature of biological membranes (lipid bilayers), prostaglandins, leukotrienes, vitamins, hormones, co-enzymes, co-factors.
3 Holoenzyme and Apoenzyme
4 Holoenzyme Complex of protein and prosthetic groups Catalytically active Apoenzyme The enzyme without the prosthetic groups Catalytically inactive
5 Types of cofactors Some enzymes require cofactors for activity (1) (2) Essential ions (mostly metal ions) Coenzymes (organic compounds) Apoenzyme + Cofactor ( protein only ) Holoenzyme (active) (inactive) Types of cofactors
6 Cofactors and Coenzymes Cosubstrates: - Altered in reaction and regenerated to original structure in subsequent reaction - Disassociated from active site - Shuttle chemical groups among different enzyme reactions. Prosthetic groups:
7 Cofactors and Coenzymes - Remains bound to enzyme - Must return to original form Both cosubstrates and prosthetic groups supply reactive groups not present on amino acid side chains Examples: 1) Metabolite coenzymes synthesized from common metabolites 2) Nucleoside triphosphates (ATP) can donate phosphates, pyrophosphates, adenosyl grroups 3) S-adenosylmethionine (SAM) donates methyl groups
8 Cofactors and Coenzymes 4) Nucleotide sugars (uridine diphosphate glucose = UDP-glucose) - transfer sugars in carbohydrate metabolism Many Enzymes Require Inorganic Cations Enzymes requiring metal ions for full activity: (1) Metal-activated enzymes (2) Metalloenzymes
9 Cofactors and Coenzymes Example: Carbonic anhydrase A metalloenzyme Zinc ion promotes the ionization of bound H2O. Resulting OH- attacks carbon of CO2
10 Vitamin-Derived Coenzymes Animals rely on plants and microorganisms for vitamin sources (meat supplies vitamins also) Must be obtained from diet Synthesized by microorganisms and plants Most vitamins must be enzymatically transformed to the coenzyme Vitamin deficiencies lead to disease state
11 Vitamin-Derived Coenzymes Vitamin Coenzyme Ascorbic acid (C) not a coenzyme NAD(P)+/NAD(P)H Niacin (B3) Riboflavin (B2) Thiamin (B1) Pyridoxal (B6) Biotin (B7) Folate (B9) Cobalamin (B12) Vitamin A Vitamin K Pantothenate (B5) FMN & FAD Thiamin-pyrophosphate Pyridoxal phosphate Biotin Tetrahydrafolate adenosyl-and methylcobalamin Retinal Vitamin K Coenzyme A
12 Vitamins: Definition Organic compound found in foods Required in small amounts Required in the diet (dietary essential) Proven to be required for health, growth, and reproduction Deficiency syndrome identified
13 Vitamin Nomenclature Fat soluble A & Water soluble B Vital amines vitamines = vitamins Vitamin B complex Collection of water soluble vitamins that function as enzyme cofactors Vitamin C Vitamins D and E Mistaken Vitamins
14 Fat and Water Soluble Vitamins Fat Soluble Vitamins (A, D, E, K) Soluble in lipids and solvents Excess stored and not excreted Excess may be toxic Deficiency slow to develop
15 Fat and Water Soluble Vitamins Water Soluble Vitamins B vitamins, C Soluble in water Excess excreted in urine, little stored Generally less toxic Deficiency develops quickly
16 General Functions of Vitamins Hormones Vitamin D Calcium homeostasis Vitamin A Cell division and development
17 General Functions of Vitamins Non-specific chemical reactions Vitamin E Antioxidant Vitamin C Chemical reducing agent
18 General Functions of Vitamins Coenzymes or Cofactors Chemicals that assist enzymes to function as catalysts B vitamins Vitamin C, A, K
19
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