Heat Transfer: Conduction, Convection, and Radiation
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- Lesley Hood
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1 1 Heat Transfer: Conduction,, and How Heat Moves 2 Define Heat : Heat is the movement of thermal energy from a substance at a higher temperature to another substance at a lower temperature. 1
2 The Nature of Heat 3 Heat moves in only one direction: Under normal conditions and in nature, heat energy will ALWAYS flow the warmer object to the cooler object. Heat energy will flow from one substance to another until the two substances have the same temperature. How Heat Moves 4 Thermal energy in the form of heat can move in three ways. Conduction 2
3 Conduction 5 CONDUCTION: The transfer of heat from one particle of matter to another by direct particle to particle contact. Conduction occurs primarily in solids because the particles are tightly packed together. The particles themselves DO NOT change positions. Conduction 6 Example: A metal spoon in a pot of water being heated on an electric stove. a. First, the electrical energy is converted to thermal energy by the stove. b. The rapidly vibrating particles of the hot electric coil collide with the particles of the cool pot. c. Heat energy is transferred, causing the particles in the pot to vibrate faster. 3
4 Conduction 7 Brainstorming: What are other examples of conduction? Application: Describe the process of conduction when you place a hot spoon into a bowl of ice cream. : the transfer of thermal energy (heat) through the bulk movement of matter. occurs in FLUIDS (liquids and gases). produces CURRENTS in both gases and liquids. Thermal Energy heat is carried by the particles as they move from one location to another. 8 4
5 9 Example: Heating water: a. When the water at the bottom of the pot (nearest the burner) is heated, the particles absorb energy by conduction as they touch the hot pot. b. The water particles vibrate more rapidly. c. The particles also move farther apart and the hot water becomes less dense than the surrounding cool water. d. This causes the heated (hot) water to rise. 10 e. The surrounding denser cooler water is forced downward near the burner by the rising hot water. f. This process continues to repeat. g. This FLOW creates a circular motion known as a convection current. Application: How do convection currents form in a room when the heater is turned on? 5
6 Brainstorming: On a hot summer day the breeze near the beach blows toward the water. However, later in the day the breeze reverses direction and blows toward land and will get increasingly stronger. Why? 11 Answer: In the morning the water may be warmer than the sand causing the air over the water to rise. In the afternoon, the sand has become much hotter than the water and the air above it rises. The air over the water rushes in to fill its void causing a wind. 12 6
7 13 : the transfer of (thermal) energy by electromagnetic waves. does not require matter to transfer thermal energy. All the sun s energy that reaches Earth travels through millions of kilometers of empty space (a vacuum). All matter can radiate energy. You feel the radiation of thermal energy from a bonfire, a heat lamp and a light bulb. 14 Key Point: For radiation to be felt as heat it must first be absorbed by a material. Example: Why do blue jeans feel hotter in the sun than a yellow shirt, even though they are both exposed to the same amount of sunlight? The blue jean fabric absorbs more radiant energy from the sun than the yellow shirt because of its dark color. 7
8 Conduction 15 Direct contact of particles Solids/liquids /gases The handle of a cooking utensil Transfer of energy by waves Only radiant energy that is absorbed becomes thermal energy Lightbulb Fireplace Transfer of energy by bulk movement of matter (fluids) Currents (wind,water) Hot air balloon Contrast: Conduction Direct contact of particles Solids/liquids/gases Solids -good conductors Gases -poor conductors Conduction 16 Transfer of energy by waves Only radiant energy that is absorbed becomes thermal energy Shiny/light colorsreflect Dull/dark colorsabsorb Transfer of energy by bulk movement of matter (fluids) Currents (wind,water) Hot air balloon 8
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