Life. What is necessary for life? Most life familiar to us: Eukaryotes. FREE LIVING Or Parasites
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1 Life What is necessary for life? Most life familiar to us: Eukaryotes FREE LIVING Or Parasites First appeared ~ years ago Requirements: DNA, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, complex structure, ~ genes 1
2 Prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea) First appeared ~ years ago FREE LIVING Or Parasites Requirements: DNA, protein, lipids, carbohydrates, simpler structure, few thousand genes Viruses DNA RNA Parasites Proteins Few thousand bases Viroids, Plasmids Prions? RNA Few hundred bases Protein 2
3 The tobacco-mosaic virus is made up of a strand of nucleic acid encased in a rod of one kind of protein. Life Composition Properties and Definitions Fossil record & Classification Minimum Requirements for Life Proteins and Nucleic Acids (Lipids and Carbohydrates) Polymers and Monomers 3
4 Macromolecules H, C, N, O (S) Proteins made of amino acids (20) Construction and catalysis (enzymes) H, C, N, O (P) Nucleic acids made of nucleotides base sugar phosphate H, C, O Carbohydrates made of sugars Energy (food) + structure [starch] [cellulose] H, C, (O) Lipids (hydrocarbons + carboxyl) Membranes + Energy [water-resistant] 4
5 Sugar Lipids carboxyl hydrocarbon Glucose Fatty acid is composed of a hydrocarbon chain with a carboxyl group at one end Polysaccharides 5
6 Proteins Monomers are amino acids 20 kinds H Glycine H O Schematic H N C C H O H Amino group (hook) carboxyl group (eye) Amino group a b c carboxyl group Section of Protein Peptide Bond O H eye end C N hook end Before O H H Chemical Level eye end C O H N hook end After H O H 6
7 amino acids protein 7
8 Nucleic Acids (DNA, RNA) Made of sugars, phosphates, bases Sugar Schematic Ribose Sugar 5C, 5O, 10 H Deoxy Ribose 8
9 phosphate sugars & phosphates linked phosphodiester bonds Segment of side of ladder structure Bases: Carry Genetic Code Nucleic Acids (cont.) Purines Adenine A Guanine G 9
10 Pyrimidines C U T Cytosine Uracil / Thymine RNA / DNA Bases in Nucleic acids: Purines and Pyrimidines 10
11 Purines Pyrimidines Nucleic Acids (cont.) Segment of RNA Segment of DNA Note that T replaces U in DNA 11
12 Deoxyribose Phosphate Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) 12
13 13
14 14
15 Segment of DNA 15
16 Information Storage Nucleic acids store information The information specifies proteins The information can be replicated This allows inheritance Base pairing rules A - T G - C - U fi Replication of order (reproduction) Nucleic Acid - Protein Genetic Code 16
17 Codon 3 base sequence Amino Acid Gene Sequence of codons Protein 1 gene 1 protein e.g. tobacco mosaic virus 4 genes bacteria ~ 10 3 genes human cell ~ 30,000-40,000 genes 17
18 18 For mrna Genetic Code U C A G Glycine Glycine Glycine Glycine Aspartic Acid Aspartic Acid Glutamic Acid Glutamic Acid Alanine Alanine Alanine Alanine Valine Valine Valine Valine G U C A G U C A G U C A G Third RNA BASE Serine Serine Arginine Arginine Asparagine Asparagine Lysine Lysine Threonine Threonine Threonine Threonine Isoleucine Isoleucine Isoleucine Start/Methionine A Arginine Arginine Arginine Arginine Histidine Histidine Glutamine Glutamine Proline Proline Proline Proline Leucine Leucine Leucine Leucine C Cysteine Cysteine Stop Tryptophan Tyrosine Tyrosine Stop Stop Serine Serine Serine Serine Phenylalanine Phenylalanine Leucine Leucine U G A C U First RNA Base Amino Acids
19 DNA mrna Transcription Mature mrna Nuclear Membrane Transport to cytoplasm for Protein synthesis (translation) Chain of amino acids anticodon codons mrna Cell Membrane Structure of a trna 19
20 Translation 20
21 21
22 Variations in the Code 1. Wobble Bases The third base in a codon can sometimes vary. trna U G mrna A or G C or U Comparison to genetic code fi no change in amino acids 2. Some organisms use slightly different codes, with one or more changes in codon translation. First seen in mitochondrial DNA. Now known in some nuclear DNA The code has evolved since the last common ancestor (But not much). 22
23 Summary 1. Atoms needed: H,C, O, N, small amounts of P (phosphorus), S (sulfur) 2. Two basic molecules needed for life: proteins, nucleic acids 3. Both are polymers - made of simpler monomers. The monomers function as words or letters of alphabet. Information is the key. Summary (cont.) 4. Proteins and nucleic acids closely linked at fundamental level. Communicate through genetic code. All organisms have almost the same genetic code. It must have originated very early in evolution of life. 5. In present day organisms, protein synthesis must be directed by nucleic acids, but nucleic acid reading or replication requires enzymes (proteins). Chicken-Egg problem 23
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