Land use change: tropical savannas, greenhouse gases, water, agriculture
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1 Land use change: tropical savannas, greenhouse gases, water, agriculture Mila Bristow (CDU), Lindsay Hutley (CDU), Jason Beringer (Monash), Stephen Livesley (U Melb), Stefan Arndt (U Melb)
2
3 North Australian water resources
4 Landscapes of north Australia Tropical savanna woodland and open-forests dominate the north
5
6 Project aims Evaluate the impacts of LUC on ecosystem GHG exchange Evaluate the impacts of LUC on soil C and N stocks and processes at long time scales Evaluate the impacts of plantation afforestation on water resources Assess different LUC scenarios and implications for ecosystem service provision
7 Land use change water use, GHG fluxes and carbon storage
8 Aim 1... Red Dirt Melons farm: savanna to melons Evaluate the impacts of LUC on ecosystem GHG exchange
9 Adelaide River Howard Springs RED DIRT MELONS Daly River EC Towers Rainfall gradient Dry River Sturt Plains
10 Red Dirt Melons: savanna LUC site eddy covariance tower: Aug current soil gas exchange FGGA (CO 2, CH 4 ) and manual (CO 2, CH 4, N 2 O), + soil nutrient and moisture monitoring: Oct 2011 current (3 pre-clearing + 7 post clearing; seasonal) supported with measures of: Veg surveys (C stocks), litter & grasses, CWD, seasonal LAI (hemispherical photos)
11 Aims 1 & 2: Soil fluxes CO 2 and non- CO 2 and drivers, and stocks C & N Evaluate the impacts of LUC on soil C and N stocks and processes at long time scales Temporal and spatial sampling Replicated cleared and uncleared plots NO 3, NH 4 pool size and net nitrification (resin bags) Soil gas diffusivity
12
13 Aim 2: Soil C & N Evaluate the impacts of LUC on soil C and N stocks and processes at long time scales Soil C & N Soil moisture Soil physical changes
14 Video
15 Before After
16 Aim 3: afforestation... Evaluate the impacts of plantation afforestation on water resources
17 Afforestation study Area Douglas-Daly study area ~ 200 km south of Darwin 4 8% of catchment suitable for agriculture Khaya (mahogany) plantations <1% total catchment area ~ 13,000ha, potentially increasing to 50,000ha Douglas-Daly marked in black with research sites established at the DDRF and within the Stray Creek subcatchment, marked in pink.
18 Aim 3: afforestation... Accessing ground water? Water use compared with other land uses Contrasting mahogany with savanna and with pasture they are replacing
19 Tree ecophysiology... to model
20 Methods: 3PG Growth is modified by species dependent variables: temperature, VPD, fertility, stand age, frost and soil water. no parameterisations of 3PG for mahogany no comprehensive surveys of the growth and physiological response to these environmental variables conducted via a combination of literature review and expert knowledge... first pass
21 Predicted Height (m) Predicted DBH (cm) Results: growth I R Re Re L wx /(1 e0 / r) L e R / r R L /(1 e / r) e t t t ES () t E E 1 2( e / E )( t t ) 1 t t wx 0 e e wx 0 0 S1 S1 S 2 0 S 2 S1 S Observed DBH (cm) D D( L) D e 0 (ln2) L/ L 0 Drain ( ) ( )(1 k t t V e ) D 0 Soil fc L F LAI ( t1 t2) LMA Observed Height (m)
22 Results: measured tree water use
23 Water balance components (all units are mm y -1 ) African mahogany plantation Tropical savanna Improved pasture Rainfall Canopy Transpiration Understory transpiration n/a 392 n/a Interception Soil Evaporation Total evapotranspiration Runoff/drainage ΔSoil
24 Aim 3: prelim results afforestation Evaluate the impacts of plantation afforestation on water resources tree water use was higher in mahogany trees compared with native savanna vegetation annual water use (evapotranspiration) was similar to savanna, less than pasture it replaces First pass... impacts of mahogany plantations on water resources is deemed to be low
25 From this... to this...
26 To this...
27 Over next year.. Ongoing ecosystem scale CO 2 flux measurements Fire, cultivation, conversion to melons Ongoing monitoring of soil flux, and physical and chemical changes Leaf, tree and stand scale measures in mahogany trees to improve afforestation modelling
28 Thanks... Questions?? Like to thank our research partners for allowing us access to their farms & plantations: Red Dirt Melon Farm, African Mahogany Australia, and Northern Tropical Timbers
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