Interim report of survey on soil degradation in National Forest Inventory by monitoring forest floor cover, through FAO Japan Fund Project.
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1 Interim report of survey on soil degradation in National Forest Inventory by monitoring forest floor cover, through FAO Japan Fund Project. Jacinto Samuel García Carreón Ramón Cardoza Vázquez Soil Forest Division
2 Country profile 65% is arid and semiarid land, the coast are tropical and the mountains are temperate. Rangeland (bushland, savannahs, chaparrals, schrubland, grassland). Temperate Forest Tropical Perennial Forest Tropical Decidus Forest.
3 Introduction How works water cycle in an undisturbed forest?
4 Importance of forest floor cover The understory, herbs, litter and duff, protect soil for the raindrop impact. The forest floor cover its more important than forest canopy cover for water quality, water infiltration and soil erosion process. Forest canopy cover it isn t a enough indicator for monitoring health forest and soil conservation process. Some studies in forest plantations in Chile, demonstrated that the forest floor cover, reduce soil erosion after forest harvest (without canopy).
5 Trust for Public Land and the American Water Works Association, 2002,
6 Goal Measure forest floor cover (percent and among), in some differents forest in México. Determine the best method by accuracy and cost-effective for measure forest floor cover. Try to take measures instead of estimate.
7 Methods, Sites and Materials We evaluate four methods, three methods for measure forest floor cover and one method for quantify understory and forest floor cover biomass. Expert Judment (Method 1) Photo Floor (Method 2) Densitometer (Method 4) Biomass quantify (Method 3)
8 Field Method s Method 3 Biomass Method 1 Expert Judgement Method 4 Densitometer Method 2 (Photo cover)
9 Expert Judgement (Method 1) Visual assessment of forest floor cover
10 This method is used to determine protective functions and to take note of evidence of surface soil erosion. This method records: Forest floor cover Gullies Rills Pedestals Debris And other material to protect soil of raindrop splash, flowing, etc.
11 Soil Erosion types
12 Photo Floor (Method 2) Forest canopy and forest structure assessment (canopy structure from the ground, lower 80 cm).
13
14
15 Sample Point results
16 Method 4 (Densitometer) Line-point transect method of sampling
17 Method 3 Biomass quantity (dry matter)
18 Sample design 25 plots at 50m of long distance. Sampling total area is of hectars.
19 Sites Temperate forest (Pine) bushland Tropical deciduos forest Temperate forest (Abies) México City Crassulasian Srhubland Tropical perennial forest
20 Sites Temperate Tropical Arid Land Parameter Molinillos; Durango Estado de México Tomatlán, Jalisco Selva Lacandona Altiplano Potosino Tehuacán, Puebla Structure Trees, Shrub and herbs Trees, Shrub and herbs Trees, Shrub and herbs Trees, Shrub and herbs Shrubs (short), herbs Shrubs (tall), herbs Vegetation type Oak Pine Forest Oak Pine and douglas fir, Forest Tropical deciduos forest Tropical perennial forest Chaparral Shrubland Dominant species Pinus sp, Quercus sp. Pinus sp, Quercus sp., Abies sp. Cordia elaeagnoides, Enterolobium cyclocarpum Swietenia sp. Terminalia sp Larrea tridentata y Lophophora Williamsii Bursera sp., Acacia sp., Cactaceae family Canopy cover basal area m2/ha (not for specific site) Management Forest production management Conservation Rangeland Conservation Conservation Conservation Soils Feozems Andosoles Regosoles Ultisoles Calcisoles Regosoles
21 Temperate Forest (Molinillos, Durango, México)
22 Centimetros C Climograma de El Salto, Estado de Durango Rainfall (cm) Rainfall plus storage moisture Evapotranspiration Temperature C ENE FEB MAR ABR MAY JUN JUL AGO SEP OCT NOV DIC Meses Dias humedos:
23 Temperate forest (humid) Villa Victoria, Estado de México, México.
24 Centimetros C Climograma de Villa Victoria, Estado de México Rainfall (cm) Evapotranspiration Rainfall plus storage moisture Temperature C ENE FEB MAR ABR MAY JUN JUL AGO SEP OCT NOV DIC Meses Dias humedos: 270 0
25 Tropical deciduos forest
26 Centimetros C Climograma de Tomatlán, Estado de Jalisco Rainfall (cm) Evapotranspiration Rainfall plus storage moisture Temperature C ENE FEB MAR ABR MAY JUN JUL AGO SEP OCT NOV DIC Meses Dias humedos: 60 0
27 Tropical perennial forest
28 Centimetros C Climograma de Chajul, Estado de Chiapas Rainfall (cm) Evapotranspiration Rainfall plus storage moisture Temperature C ENE FEB MAR ABR MAY JUN JUL AGO SEP OCT NOV DIC Meses Dias humedos: 240 0
29 Arid Vegetation (Larrea tridentata)
30 Centimetros C Climograma de Matehuala, S.L.P Rainfall (cm) Evapotranspiration Rainfall plus storage moisture Temperature C ENE FEB MAR ABR MAY JUN JUL AGO SEP OCT NOV DIC Meses Dias humedos: 0 0
31 Semiarid vegetation (Crassulasian plants)
32 Centimetros C Climograma de Zapotitlán de Salinas, Puebla Rainfall (cm) Evapotranspiration Rainfall plus storage moisture Temperature C ENE FEB MAR ABR MAY JUN JUL AGO SEP OCT NOV DIC Meses Dias humedos: 30 0
33 Materials
34 Results
35 Analysis of variance (Floor Cover Percent) The analysys of variance showed significative difference only on 3 of the 6 sites. The sites with significative difference between methods are: Real de Catorce, SLP (Chaparral, bushland, Larrea tridentata) Tomatlán, Jal. (Tropical deciduos forest) Zapotitlán, Pue. (Crassulasian Srhubland) In temperate forest and tropical perennials forest, the method are not significantly different, at α =0.05. It isn t posible to compare biomass method vs others, because it doesn t measure the same factor.
36 Forest floor cover % % of forest floor cover measure by differents methods Expert Judment (Method 1) Floor Photo (Method 2) Densitometer (Method 4) Temperate Forest Dgo. Temperate Forest EdoMex Tropical Perennial Forest Chis. Kind of forest Tropical Deciduos Forest Jal. Semiarid Land Pue. Arid Land S.L.P.
37 Analysis of variance (Cost) The analysis of variance showed significative difference in all methods. Expert judment and Densitometer are not significantly different, only in one site (Abies forest) are different. The cheapest method was Densitometer (Method 4), and the most expensive method was biomass.
38 Average cost (USD) Average cost (USD) for diferent method to evaluate forest soil cover Expert Judment Floor photo Biomass Densitometer Perennial Forest Temperate Fores (Pine) Temperate Fores (Abies) Tropical Deciduos Forest Crasulasian Srhubland (tall) Chaparral (bushland) Kind of forest
39 Total cost USD Average total cost per method Site Measures (only one plot) Transportation Expert Judgement Floor photo Biomass Densitometer Method
40 Total cost by Site USD Total cost by site Site Measures (only one plot) Transportation Perennial Forest 8.81 Temperate Fores (Pine) Temperate Fores (Abies) Kind of Forest Tropical Deciduos Forest Crasulasian Srhubland (tall) 8.70 Chaparral (bushland)
41 Conclusions The best methods to measure forest floor cover was Densitometer (Method 4) and Floor Photo (Method 2). The cheapest method was densitometer. Expert Judment is the most subjetive, and it depends too much for the people experience and criteria. The most expensive thing is the travel to arrive at the site, so we need to collect the most data as posible.
42 Recomendations We think that is good mixed the densitometer and photo floor method, and add biomass. Reduce de number of samples for the biomass method. Cuantify the litter layer width. Correlated the forest floor cover with measures variables in the Forest National Inventory
43 It s a good method for evaluate forest restauration process.
44 Next steps Mexico s National Forest Inventory, is going to measure forest floor cover and erosion evidence in about 6,000 sites. Mexico s National Forest Inventory, is going to take soil samples at different deep in about 1,000 sites.
45 Acknowledgements Japan Goverment, Forestry Agency, for found and advice the study. Food and Agriculture Organization, by select to Mexico, found and advice. Chapingo s University, for take to implement the methods. Colleagues from Mexico s National Forestry Agency, Soils Division.
46 Thanks
47
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