Chapter 3: Biological Molecules
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2 Nearly all biological molecules can be grouped into one of four general categories (Table 3.2): Category General Function 1) Carbohydrates Energy source Structural material 2) Lipids Energy storage Structural material 3) Proteins Structural material Catalyze cell processes 4) Nucleic Acids Store genetic material Transfer genetic material
3 Why is Carbon so Important in Biological Molecules? Answer: Carbon is versatile Can form many covalent bonds resulting in molecules with complex structures (chains, rings, branching) C C C C Organic: Molecules with a carbon skeleton Inorganic: Molecules without a carbon skeleton Functional Groups: Determine characteristics of molecules
4 Functional Groups (Table 3.1) A) Methyl Group Non-polar (hydrophobic) Lipids B) Hydroxyl Group Polar (hydrophilic) Carbohydrates C) Carboxyl Group Acidic (H + dissociates) Fatty acids / amino acids D) Amino Group Basic (H + bonds) Amino acids / Nucleic acids
5 How are Organic Molecules Synthesized? Answer: They are synthesized by a modular approach Sub-units are added one to another Single sub-unit = monomer ( one part ) Long chains of monomers = polymer ( many parts ) Biological molecules subtract or add water as they are joined together or broken apart
6 Dehydration Synthesis: To form by removing water Hydrolysis: To break apart with water
7 What Are Carbohydrates? Molecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (1:2:1) Composed of water-soluble sugar molecules: Monosaccharide = Single sugar (e.g. glucose) Disaccharide = Two sugars (e.g. sucrose) Polysaccharide = Many sugars (e.g. starch / glycogen) Important as: 1) Energy source for most organisms 2) Structural support (plants / insects)
8 Carbohydrates - Monosaccharides: Backbone of 3-7 carbons = (CH 2 O) n Fold up into rings in solution: (e.g. glucose) Monosaccharide Types: 1) 6-C Backbone (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) 2) 5-C Backbone (C 5 H 10 O 5 ) Glucose (most common) Ribose / Deoxyribose Fructose (corn sugar) Galactose (milk sugar) RNA DNA
9 Carbohydrates - Disaccharides: Two sugar molecules linked (dehydration synthesis): (Figure 3.1) Short-term energy storage Disaccharide Types: 1) Sucrose = Glucose + Fructose 2) Lactose = Glucose + Galactose 3) Maltose = Glucose + Glucose
10 Carbohydrates - Polysaccharides: Multiple sugar molecules linked together 1) Long term energy storage: A) Starch ( ,000 glucose molecules) Found in roots and seeds (plants) (Figure 3.2)
11 Carbohydrates - Polysaccharides: Multiple sugar molecules linked together 1) Long term energy storage: A) Starch ( ,000 glucose molecules) Found in roots and seeds (plants) B) Glycogen ( ,000 glucose molecules - many branches) Found in skeletal muscle and liver (animals)
12 Carbohydrates - Polysaccharides: Multiple sugar molecules linked together 2) Structural Material: A) Cellulose (Plants - composes cell wall) Not digestible by most animals (fiber in diet) Starch (Digestible) Cellulose (Indigestible)
13 Carbohydrates - Polysaccharides: Multiple sugar molecules linked together 2) Structural Material: A) Cellulose (Plants - composes cell wall) Not digestible by most animals (fiber in diet) B) Chitin (Exoskeleton - insects / crabs / spiders) Nitrogen functional groups attached to glucose sub-units (Figure3.4)
14 What Are Lipids? Molecules composed almost entirely of carbon and hydrogen with non-polar carbon-carbon bonds (Hydrophobic) Types of Lipids: 1) Oils & Fats: Composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen Form Chains: Function: Energy Storage 3 fatty acid sub-units (CH 2 w/ COOH) & Glycerol Fats / Oils = 9.3 Calories / gram
15 Fat & Oil Formation: Chapter 3: Biological Molecules Dehydration synthesis of 3 fatty acids and a glycerol
16 Why are fats solid at room temperature and oils liquid at room temperature? Answer: Variation in Fatty Acid Structure Saturated Fatty Acids: Carbon chains have single bonds Saturated with hydrogen Form straight chains Unsaturated Fatty Acids: Double bonds present in C chains Not saturated with hydrogen Form kinked chains
17 What Are Lipids? Molecules composed almost entirely of carbon and hydrogen with non-polar carbon-carbon bonds (Hydrophobic) Types of Lipids: 1) Oils & Fats 2) Waxes: Similar in structure of saturated fats (solid at room temp.) Functions: 1) Form waterproof outer covering 2) Structural material
18 What Are Lipids? Molecules composed almost entirely of carbon and hydrogen with non-polar carbon-carbon bonds (Hydrophobic) Types of Lipids: (Figure 3.6) 1) Oils & Fats 2) Waxes: 3) Phospholipids: Similar in structure to fats / oils except 1 of 3 fatty acids replaced by phosphate group Found in plasma membrane of cells
19 What Are Lipids? Molecules composed almost entirely of carbon and hydrogen with non-polar carbon-carbon bonds (Hydrophobic) Types of Lipids: 1) Oils & Fats 2) Waxes: 3) Phospholipids: 4) Steroids: 4 rings of carbon with functional groups attached Cholesterol Hormones
20 What Are Proteins? Molecules composed of 1 or more chains of amino acids Amino Acids: A central carbon with four bonds: 1) An amine group (-NH2) 3) A hydrogen 2) A carboxyl group (COOH) 4) A variable group (R)
21 Amino Acids: 20 unique amino acids Chapter 3: Biological Molecules Amino acid characteristics depend on variable (R) groups Hydrophilic Hydrophobic Disulfide Bonds Amino acids attached via dehydration synthesis: (Figure 3.10)
22 Protein Structure Dictates Protein Function! Levels of Protein Structure: 1) Primary 2) Secondary 3) Tertiary 4) Quaternary Sequence of amino acids Hydrogen bonds between AAs Disulfide bonds between AAs Hydrophilic / phobic interactions between AAs Hydrogen bonds between peptide chains (2 or more) (Hemoglobin) Helix Pleated Sheet
23 Functions of Proteins (Table 3.3): 1) Catalyze Chemical Reactions (e.g. amylase) 2) Structure (e.g. keratin) 3) Energy Storage (e.g. albumin) 4) Transport (e.g. hemoglobin) 6) Hormones (e.g. insulin) 5) Movement (e.g. muscle fibers) 7) Poisons (e.g. venom)
24 The Story Behind Hair...
25 What Are Nucleic Acids? Molecules composed of nucleotides: 1) 5-carbon sugar 2) Phosphate group 3) Nitrogen-containing base (Variable)
26 Nucleic Acid Types (based on sugar in nucleotide): 1) Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Sequence of nucleotides housing the genetic code for an organism 2) Ribonucleic Acid (RNA) A copy of the genetic code which directs the synthesis of proteins
27 Other Functions of Nucleotides: Chapter 3: Biological Molecules camp ATP Cyclic Nucleotides Intracellular messengers Nucleotides with Extra Phosphate Groups Energy transfer molecules Coenzymes Assist enzyme action
Disaccharides consist of two monosaccharide monomers covalently linked by a glycosidic bond. They function in sugar transport.
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