Anatomy & Physiology Intro

Transcription

1 Anatomy & Physiology Intro BME 100 Introduction to Biomedical Engineering (Dr. John Gallagher s material used with permission)

2 Two part discussion Anatomy Organization Systems Components Physiology Organization Systems Homeostasis Overview

3 Anatomy vs. Physiology Anatomy: components Physiology: functions & processes Analogy: aerospace engineering Jet Engine Anatomy Jet Engine Physiology

4 Anatomy The study of external and internal structures The physical relationships among body parts Temnein (Gr.)= cut Leonardo da Vinci

5 Organization Atoms Molecules and Macromolecules, such as proteins Organelles Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organism

6 The Systems

7

8 Planes Frontal Think front! Transverse Trans = across Sagittal Especially mid-sagittal Oblique Any Diagonal

9 Quadrants Surrounding the Umbilicus RUQ: Gall Bladder, Rt kidney RLQ: Appendix, Rt ovary LUQ: Lt liver lobe, stomach, Lt kidney LLQ: Small intestine, Lt ovary Superficial: Toward the skin Deep: Farther inside

10 Anatomic Positions

11 Anatomic Positions

12 Body Cavities

13 More on Body Cavities

14 More on Body Cavities

15 Cell Anatomy Cells are the smallest living structure Cell = functional unit of the body Cytology = The Study of Cells Smallest: Granule cell in cerebellum: 4 µ RBC: 5-7 µ = mm Largest: Anterior horn cell in spinal cord: 135 µ Ovum: 120 µ = 0.12 mm Longest: Pseudounipolar cell (toe to brainstem) Cell membrane Cytoplasm = cytosol + organelles Organelles

16 Tissues Tissue = A collection of cells that perform related functions, and are similar in structure, or a mass of like cells Histology = The study of tissues The Four Primary Tissue Types Epithelial ( Epi = upon) Protection: covering or lining inside and out Permeability control: selective secretion and absorption Sensation: touch receptors etc. Connective Supports, protects, binds tissues Structural framework for body Transport of fluids and dissolved materials Support and protection for organs Energy storage (fat) Muscular Smooth, cardiac & skeletal Nervous Neurons: Transmit electrical impulses Neuroglia: Supportive cells of the nervous system

17 Bones: Skeletal System Support Storage of minerals and lipid Blood cell proliferation (red marrow) Protection (heart, etc.) Leverage, Movement Bones are very active!!

18 Joints Articulations: where bones come together Fibrous Almost no movement Cartilaginous Union by cartilage Synovial Lots of movement!

19 Muscles Made up of many tissue types. Approx. 650 Muscles in the body Skeletal = Striated = Voluntary 40 % of weight Cardiac (involuntary) Smooth (involuntary, nonstriated) Uniform fibre type, internal organs

20 Central Nervous System Brain Brain Stem Cerebellum Diencephalon Cerebral Hemispheres Spinal Cord Meninges Cerebro-Spinal Fluid Spinal Cord Spinal Nerves

21 Peripheral Nervous System Sensory Receptors input Motor Endings output Cranial Nerves 4 Plexuses Cervical (Neck) Brachial (to Arm) Lumbar (lower back) Sacral (to Leg)

22 Autonomic Nervous System It is all efferent! Sympathetic- Fight or Flight Thoracolumbar output Heart Rate, Respiration Vasoconstriction Postganglionic axons release NE (Adrenergic) Parasympathetic Rest and Repose Craniosacral output Digestion, housekeeping Postganglionic axons release Ach (Cholinergic)

23 Blood Distribution: nutrients, wastes, hormones, etc. Prevention of fluid loss hemostasis, osmosis Maintenance of ph Disease / infection fighting Heating / Cooling

24 Heart Size of a Fist grams Double Pump Oxygenated and deoxygenated blood Pulmonary circuit Systemic Circuit

25 Lymph & Immune Systems Lymph System Includes, vessels, fluid, and nodes or nonsecreting "glands". Lymphatic vessels convey fluid from the periphery to the veins. The fluid, lymph (=clear water), is what seeps out of the blood Lymphatic organs or tissues ("glands") are filtering areas and arenas of lymphocyte maturation and competency. Immune System The primary defense against disease Centered around the activity of lymphocytes (& other cells)

26 Respiratory 1 Functions: Gas Transport Gas Exchange O 2 and CO 2 Acid-Base Balance CO 2 + H 2 O H 2 CO 2 Functions: CO 3 H H + + HCO - 3 Moistening and warming/cooling Particulate/pathogen removal

27 Digestive The function of the system as a whole is processing food in such a way that nutrients can be absorbed and residues eliminated. Ingestion Propulsion Mechanical digestion and segmentation Chemical and enzymatic digestion Secretion Absorption Compaction Excretion and elimination (defecation)

28 Regulate fluid balance (fluid volume) of the body Excrete organic waste products and conserve nutrients, etc Stabilize ph Regulate electrolyte concentrations in the blood Urinary System

29 To-do: reproductive

30 BMES Student Chapter Biomedical Engineering Society Conferences, Guest Speakers, Competitions, etc. First meeting in two weeks Online poll: decide meeting time Contact Person: Nika Zolfaghari

31 Extra Office Hour Right after class in ENG 326 (upstairs) Questions about projects, class, tutorials