THE SPINAL CORD AND THE INFLUENCE OF ITS DAMAGE ON THE HUMAN BODY
|
|
- Ronald Melton
- 2 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 THE SPINAL CORD AND THE INFLUENCE OF ITS DAMAGE ON THE HUMAN BODY
2 THE SPINAL CORD. A part of the Central Nervous System The nervous system is a vast network of cells, which carry information in the form of nerve electrical impulses to and from all parts of the body. It is the base for all bodily activities. In human and vertebrates, the brain and the spinal cord compose a unique, continuous organ called the central nervous system (CNS). Its basic units of communication are the nerve cells (neurons), which consist of a bulbous cell body, and an axon that extends from the cell body. An axon carries signals to other cells. To date, any lesion of the spinal cord will lead to irreversible damage.
3 THE SPINAL CORD THE SPINAL CORD Nerve fibre tracts Two major systems of nerve cells operate in the spinal cord to relay information from the brain to the body and vice-versa. The descending pathway sends commands from the brain to the body to control the muscles (motor pathway) and to supervise the vegetative (autonomic) nervous system, which is in charge of controlling the heart, intestines and other organs. In contrast, the ascending pathway transmits signals from the skin, muscles, and internal organs to the brain (sensory pathway). The descending and the ascending pathways are formed by over 20 million axons, organized into spinal tracts (bundles of nerve fibres). The names of different tracts reflect where they begin and end. For example, the corticospinal tract (also called the pyramidal tract) connects the motor cortex (motor centrum of the brain) with the spinal cord. Glial Several types of cells and neighbouring structures help neurons to carry out spinal cord functions. Three types of support cells, known collectively as the glia (oligodendrocytes, microglia and astrocytes), produce substances that influence neuronal survival and axonal growth during CNS development. Furthermore, glia provide the structural integrity of the adult CNS. The oligodendrocytes are e.g. the myelin sheaths of axons, which act as an insulating layer and are essential for the transmission of nerve signals. The spinal cord is also a highly vascularised structure, as the neurons of the central nervous system have a very high rate of metabolism and rely upon blood glucose for energy. Segments of the Spinal Cord Nerves are the connection between the brain and different areas of the body. They protrude from each segment of the spinal cord and connect to specific regions of the body. The segments of the cervical region control signals to the neck, arms and hands. Nerves in the thoracic region relay signals to the torso and to some parts of the arms. Those in the lumbar region control signals to the hips and legs. Fibres protruding from the sacral segments control signals to the toes and to some parts of the legs.
4 The Lesion SPINAL CORD INJURY. Spinal cord injury usually results from trauma to the vertebral column. A displaced bone or disc then compresses the spinal cord (contusion). Spinal cord injury can occur without obvious vertebral fractures and one can have spinal fractures without spinal cord injury. It can also result from loss of blood flow to the spinal cord (spinal cord stroke ) or from infections. However, in most injuries the spinal cord is compressed and the extent of the damage depends primarily on the force of the compression, and to a lesser extent its duration. Secondary Damage In addition to immediate mechanical trauma, ongoing secondary damage continues to spread through spinal cord tissue, which progressively enlarges the lesion longitudinally through the spinal cord and thus increases the extent of functional impairment. As a result, the destruction can encompass several spinal segments above and below the initial lesion site. As so much damage arises after the initial injury, clarifying how that secondary destruction occurs and blocking those processes is critical to maintain as many functions as possible. Within minutes of the trauma, small bleeding from broken blood vessels appears and the spinal cord swells. This also causes an
5 SPINAL CORD INJURY SPINAL CORD INJURY abnormal delivery of nutrients and oxygen to cells, causing many of them to starve to death. Meanwhile damaged cells, axons and blood vessels release toxic chemicals that destroy intact neighbouring cells ( excitotoxicity ). The Consequences The remaining status quo is a complex, enlarged condition of disrepair. Axons that have been damaged become useless stumps and their severed terminals disintegrate. Intact axons are rendered useless by loss of their insulating myelin, which is essential for the conduction of a nerve signal. Damaged neurons, glial cells and axonal fibres are removed from the body s own system, and form a fluid-filled cavity or cyst. In the healthy spinal cord, many axons secrete minute amounts of the neurotransmitter glutamate at their synapses. When this chemical binds to its receptors on target neurons, it stimulates those cells to fire impulses. But when spinal neurons, axons, or astrocytes are injured, they release a flood of glutamate. The high levels overexcite neighbouring neurons, inducing them to admit waves of ions that then trigger a series of destructive events in the cells including the production of free radicals. These highly reactive molecules can attack and kill membranes and other components of formerly healthy neurons. Such excitotoxicity, also seen after stroke, was thought to be lethal to neurons alone, but new results suggest it kills the myelin producing oligodendrocytes as well. This effect may help explain why even intact axons become demyelinated, and are thus unable to conduct impulses, after spinal cord trauma. In parallel, glial cells proliferate abnormally, creating dense cell clusters constituting one component of the glial scar. Together the cyst and scar pose a formidable barrier to any damaged axons that might try to regrow and connect to cells they once innervated. An additional problem arises from the fact that the cord environment contains an over-abundance of molecules that actively inhibit axonal regeneration some of which lie in the myelin itself. Many other inhibitory molecules have now been found as well, including some produced by astrocytes and others that reside in the extracellular matrix. A few axons may remain intact, myelinated and able to carry signals up or down the spinal cord, but often their numbers are too small to convey useful directives to the brain or muscles.
6 SPINAL CORD INJURY SPINAL CORD INJURY Extent of impairment The types of disability associated with spinal cord injury vary greatly depending on the severity of the injury, the segment of the spinal cord at which the injury occurs (lesion height), and which nerve fibres are damaged. In spinal cord injury, the destruction of nerve fibres that carry motor signals from the brain to the torso and limbs leads to muscle paralysis. Destruction of sensory nerve fibres can lead to loss of sensations such as touch, pressure and temperature. Largely unknown is that the spinal cord controls not only the muscles, but also the bladder, bowel, sexual function, blood pressure, skin blood circulation, regulating body temperature / sweating and many other functions. lead to many secondary complications, including, in order of occurrence: pressure sores, increased susceptibility to infections (respiratory and urinary system) and autonomic dysreflexia. Autonomic dysreflexia leads to a potentially life-threatening, increase in blood pressure or even cardiac arrest, sweating, and other autonomic reflexes in reaction to bowel impaction or some other stimuli. Medical intervention and skilled supportive care or years of experience is necessary to treat and to prevent these complications. Please find more information and a glossary with technical terms on People with injuries above C4 (4th cervical vertebra) may require a ventilator in order to breathe. In this case a paralysis in all four extremities the arms and legs - is induced. This is called tetraplegia. People with an injury between TH2 and TH8 (2nd and 8th thoracic vertebra) can use their arms and hands, but may have a poor trunk control. In this case only the legs are paralyzed (paraplegia). People with injuries at lumbar level L1-L5 experience reduced control of their legs. The sacral nerves, S1 to S5, are responsible for bowel, bladder and sexual function as well as controlling the foot musculature. Because of the fact that the spinal cord below the injury site still has a normal reflex circuitry, which become uncontrolled as it is disconnected from the brain, other serious consequences like exaggerated reflexes and spasticity can arise. Spinal cord injuries can
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY CENTRE FOR BRAIN REPAIR A layman's account of our scientific objectives What is Brain Damage? Many forms of trauma and disease affect the nervous system to produce permanent neurological
The Anatomy of Spinal Cord Injury (SCI)
The Anatomy of Spinal Cord Injury (SCI) What is the Spinal Cord? The spinal cord is that part of your central nervous system that transmits messages between your brain and your body. The spinal cord has
Spinal cord injury Copyright 2007 MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research
pinal ord njury /background Spinal cord injury Copyright 2007 MRC Centre for Regenerative Medicine, Institute for Stem Cell Research /02 Table of contents Page 01. What is a spinal cord injury? 03 02.
Spinal Cord Injury Education. An Overview for Patients, Families, and Caregivers
Spinal Cord Injury Education An Overview for Patients, Families, and Caregivers Spinal Cord Anatomy A major component of the Central Nervous System (CNS) It is 15 to 16 inches long, and weighs 1 to 2 ounces
Nursing. Management of Spinal Trauma. Content. Objectives. Objectives
7 cervical vertebrae Content 12 thoracic vertebrae Nursing 5 sacral vertebrae Management of Spinal Trauma Kwai Fung Betty Siu Ward Manager O&T Dept TKOH Date : 22nd April 2007 5 lumbar vertebrae 4 coccygeal
Contact your Doctor or Nurse for more information.
A spinal cord injury is damage to your spinal cord that affects your movement, feeling, or the way your organs work. The injury can happen by cutting, stretching, or swelling of the spinal cord. Injury
Brain & Mind. Bicester Community College Science Department
B6 Brain & Mind B6 Key Questions How do animals respond to changes in their environment? How is information passed through the nervous system? What can we learn through conditioning? How do humans develop
Nervous System: Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves (Chapter 13) Lecture Materials for Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. Suffolk County Community College
Nervous System: Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves (Chapter 13) Lecture Materials for Amy Warenda Czura, Ph.D. Suffolk County Community College Primary Sources for figures and content: Eastern Campus Marieb,
Causes of Spinal Cord Injury
CHAPTER 2 Spinal Cord Injury Causes of Spinal Cord Injury Spinal cord injury (SCI) happens for a wide variety of reasons. Injuries due to trauma are the most common. Figure 2.1 lists the results of a recent
Nerve Cell Flashcards
1. What does the word innervates mean? Refers to a nerve supplying a muscle or organ. For example, The phrenic nerve innervates the diaphragm muscle. 2. 3 parts of the Nervous System 1. Central Nervous
Autonomic Nervous System Dr. Ali Ebneshahidi
Autonomic Nervous System Dr. Ali Ebneshahidi Nervous System Divisions of the nervous system The human nervous system consists of the central nervous System (CNS) and the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS).
Biology Slide 1 of 38
Biology 1 of 38 2 of 38 35-2 The Nervous System What are the functions of the nervous system? 3 of 38 35-2 The Nervous System 1. Nervous system: a. controls and coordinates functions throughout the body
Integration and Coordination of the Human Body. Nervous System
I. General Info Integration and Coordination of the Human Body A. Both the and system are responsible for maintaining 1. Homeostasis is the process by which organisms keep internal conditions despite changes
Transverse Sections of the Spinal Cord
Transverse Sections of the Spinal Cord The spinal cord is perhaps the most simply arranged part of the CNS. Its basic structure, indicated in a schematic drawing of the eighth cervical segment (Figure
Engage: Brainstorming Body Systems. Record the structures and function of each body system in the table below.
Engage: Brainstorming Body s Record the structures and function of each body system in the table below. Body Nervous Circulatory Excretory Immune Digestive Respiratory Skeletal Muscular Endocrine Integumentary
D.U.C. Assist. Lec. Faculty of Dentistry General Physiology Ihsan Dhari. The Autonomic Nervous System
The Autonomic Nervous System The portion of the nervous system that controls most visceral functions of the body is called the autonomic nervous system. This system helps to control arterial pressure,
North Bergen School District Benchmarks
Grade: 10,11, and 12 Subject: Anatomy and Physiology First Marking Period Define anatomy and physiology, and describe various subspecialties of each discipline. Describe the five basic functions of living
Chetek-Weyerhaeuser High School
Chetek-Weyerhaeuser High School Anatomy and Physiology Units and Anatomy and Physiology A Unit 1 Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology (6 days) Essential Question: How do the systems of the human
Traumatic injuries SPINAL CORD. Causes of Traumatic SCI SYMPTOMS. Spinal Cord trauma can be caused by:
Traumatic injuries SPINAL CORD Jennie Trkulja RN, BScN, ENC (c) Causes of Traumatic SCI Spinal Cord trauma can be caused by: MVC (most injuries) Gunshots Falls Stabbings Assaults Industrial accidents Sports
Student Academic Learning Services Page 1 of 8 Nervous System Quiz
Student Academic Learning Services Page 1 of 8 Nervous System Quiz 1. The term central nervous system refers to the: A) autonomic and peripheral nervous systems B) brain, spinal cord, and cranial nerves
Chapter 15 Anatomy and Physiology Lecture
1 THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Chapter 15 Anatomy and Physiology Lecture 2 THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) regulates the activity of smooth muscles, cardiac muscles, and certain
Chapter 7: The Nervous System
Chapter 7: The Nervous System I. Organization of the Nervous System Objectives: List the general functions of the nervous system Explain the structural and functional classifications of the nervous system
Chapter 15. Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) and Visceral Reflexes. general properties Anatomy. Autonomic effects on target organs
Chapter 15 Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) and Visceral Reflexes general properties Anatomy Autonomic effects on target organs Central control of autonomic function 15-1 Copyright (c) The McGraw-Hill Companies,
Diagram 2(i): Structure of the Neuron
Diagram 2(i): Structure of the Neuron Generally speaking, we can divide the nervous system into different parts, according to location and function. So far we have mentioned the central nervous system
Report #14 CATASTROPHIC INJURIES: Paralysis, Amputation, Burns
Report #14 CATASTROPHIC INJURIES: Paralysis, Amputation, Burns Overview: A catastrophic injury or illness usually occurs suddenly and without warning. Injuries may be considered catastrophic when they
Chapter 7: The Nervous System
Chapter 7: The Nervous System Objectives Discuss the general organization of the nervous system Describe the structure & function of a nerve Draw and label the pathways involved in a withdraw reflex Define
Nervous System: PNS and CNS
Nervous System: PNS and CNS Biology 105 Lecture 10 Chapter 8 Outline I. Central Nervous System vs Peripheral Nervous System II. Peripheral Nervous System A. Somatic Nervous System B. Autonomic Nervous
Introduction to Animal Systems
Human Body Systems Introduction to Animal Systems Recurring Themes in Biology 1. Correlation between structure and function( seen at many levels) 2. Life is organized at many levels from Smallest ----
Chapter 9 Nervous System
Chapter 9 Nervous System Nervous System function: The nervous system is composed of neurons and neuroglia. at the ends of peripheral nerves gather information and convert it into nerve impulses. When sensory
Reflex Physiology. Dr. Ali Ebneshahidi. 2009 Ebneshahidi
Reflex Physiology Dr. Ali Ebneshahidi Reflex Physiology Reflexes are automatic, subconscious response to changes within or outside the body. a. Reflexes maintain homeostasis (autonomic reflexes) heart
Introduction to Psychology, 7th Edition, Rod Plotnik Module 3: Brain s Building Blocks. Module 3. Brain s Building Blocks
Module 3 Brain s Building Blocks Structure of the Brain Genes chains of chemicals that are arranged like rungs on a twisting ladder there are about 100,000 genes that contain chemical instructions that
Lecture One: Brain Basics
Lecture One: Brain Basics Brain Fractured Femur Bone Spinal Cord 1 How does pain get from here to here 2 How does the brain work? Every cell in your body is wired to send a signal to your brain The brain
If you or a loved one have suffered because of a negligent error during spinal surgery, you will be going through a difficult time.
If you or a loved one have suffered because of a negligent error during spinal surgery, you will be going through a difficult time. You may be worried about your future, both in respect of finances and
Module 1: The Somato-Motor System: Tendon Tap reflex
Module 1: The Somato-Motor System: Tendon Tap reflex Module Objectives: 1. Describe the anatomic pathway of a tendon tap reflex. 2. Explain how a tendon tap reflex assessment assists in diagnosis of a
REGENERATION AND REPAIR OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
REGENERATION AND REPAIR OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM Lawrence P. Schramm, Ph.D. Department of Biomedical Engineering The Johns Hopkins University PURPOSES OF THIS LECTURE Consider: the effects of injury
Spinal Cord Injury. North American Spine Society Public Education Series
Spinal Cord Injury North American Spine Society Public Education Series What Is a Spinal Cord Injury? A spinal cord injury is a condition that results from damage or trauma to the nerve tissue of the spine.
Human Anatomy & Physiology Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves and Somatic Reflexes 13-1
Human Anatomy & Physiology Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves and Somatic Reflexes 13-1 Spinal Cord, Spinal Nerves and Somatic Reflexes Spinal cord Spinal nerves Somatic reflexes 13-2 Overview of Spinal Cord Information
Questions on The Nervous System and Gas Exchange
Name: Questions on The Nervous System and Gas Exchange Directions: The following questions are taken from previous IB Final Papers on Topics 6.4 (Gas Exchange) and 6.5 (Nerves, hormones and homeostasis).
Lumbar Laminectomy and Interspinous Process Fusion
Lumbar Laminectomy and Interspinous Process Fusion Introduction Low back and leg pain caused by pinched nerves in the back is a common condition that limits your ability to move, walk, and work. This condition
Chapter 15. Sympathetic Nervous System
Chapter 15 Sympathetic Nervous System Somatic versus Autonomic Pathways Somatic efferent innervation ACh Myelinated fiber Somatic effectors (skeletal muscles) Autonomic efferent innervation ACh ACh or
Promising Treatments for SCI: What s on The Horizon. SCI: A Devastating Injury. Case: Mr. MC 9/21/2015. Epidemiology: Costs:
Promising Treatments for SCI: What s on The Horizon Shawn Song, MD SCI Fellow University of Washington/VA Puget Sound Healthcare System SCI: A Devastating Injury Epidemiology: Incidence of ~12,000 patients/year.
III./8.4.2: Spinal trauma. III./8.4.2.1 Injury of the spinal cord
III./8.4.2: Spinal trauma Introduction Causes: motor vehicle accidents, falls, sport injuries, industrial accidents The prevalence of spinal column trauma is 64/100,000, associated with neurological dysfunction
Anatomy & Physiology Bio 2401 Lecture. Instructor: Daryl Beatty Nervous System Introduction Part 1
Anatomy & Physiology Bio 2401 Lecture Instructor: Daryl Beatty Nervous System Introduction Part 1 Nervous System Introduction Chapter 11 Section A Sequence 4.1 DB Nervous system 1 Intro Presentations 4.2,
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Consists of: 12 pairs of cranial nerves 31 pairs of spinal nerves The autonomic nervous system
Peripheral nervous system (PNS) Consists of: 12 pairs of cranial nerves 31 pairs of spinal nerves The autonomic nervous system Nerves and neurons Cranial nerves There are 12 pairs They are numbered according
ICD-9-CM coding for patients with Spinal Cord Injury*
ICD-9-CM coding for patients with Spinal Cord Injury* indicates intervening codes have been left out of this list. OTHER DISORDERS OF THE CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (340-349) 344 Other paralytic syndromes
Module 1: The Brain and the Central Nervous System (CNS)
Module 1: The Brain and the Central Nervous System (CNS) By the end of this unit, the learner will be able to: Describe the anatomy of the brain and the central nervous system Identify regions of the brain
Overactive bladder is a common condition thought to. women, and is a serious condition that can lead to. significant lifestyle changes.
Overactive bladder is a common condition thought to FADE UP TO WIDE SHOT OF FEMALE MODEL WITH TRANSPARENT SKIN. URINARY BLADDER VISIBLE IN PELVIC REGION affect over 16 percent of adults. It affects men
CHAPTER 32 QUIZ. Handout 32-1. Write the letter of the best answer in the space provided.
Handout 32-1 QUIZ Write the letter of the best answer in the space provided. 1. All of the following are signs and symptoms in patients with spinal injuries except A. paralysis. C. hyperglycemia. B. priapism.
How drugs effect the central nervous system
DRUGS AND THE BRAIN Most of the psychological and behavioural effects of psychoactive drugs is due the interaction they have with the nerve cells in the CNS (which includes the brain and peripheral nervous
Parts of the Brain. Chapter 1
Chapter 1 Parts of the Brain Living creatures are made up of cells. Groups of cells, similar in appearance and with the same function, form tissue. The brain is a soft mass of supportive tissues and nerve
Spinal Cord Injury: Basic Facts... 1. Spinal Column Anatomy: The Basics... 3. ASIA/ISCoS Exam and Grade... 8. Glossary of Terms You May Hear...
Table of Contents Spinal Cord Injury: Basic Facts... 1 Spinal Column Anatomy: The Basics... 3 Levels of Injury... 4 ASIA/ISCoS Exam and Grade... 8 Glossary of Terms You May Hear... 9 Questions Families
Webinar title: Know Your Options for Treating Severe Spasticity
Webinar title: Know Your Options for Treating Severe Spasticity Presented by: Dr. Gerald Bilsky, Physiatrist Medical Director of Outpatient Services and Associate Medical Director of Acquired Brain Injury
3) Cerebral Cortex & Functions of the 4 LOBES. 5) Cranial Nerves (Nerves In the Cranium, i.e., Head)
Lecture 5 (Oct 8 th ): ANATOMY and FUNCTION OF THE NERVOUS SYSTEM Lecture Outline 1) Basic Divisions (CNS vs. PNS, Somatic vs. Autonomic) and Directional Terms 2) The Brain (Hindbrain/ Midbrain/ Forebrain)
Understanding How Existing and Emerging MS Therapies Work
Understanding How Existing and Emerging MS Therapies Work This is a promising and hopeful time in the field of multiple sclerosis (MS). Many new and different therapies are nearing the final stages of
Chapter 15. The Autonomic Nervous. The Autonomic Nervous System. Autonomic Motor Pathways. ANS vs. SNS
The Autonomic Nervous System Chapter 15 The subconscious involuntary nervous system Regulates activity of smooth muscle, cardiac muscle & certain glands The Autonomic Nervous System 1 2 ANS vs. SNS Somatic
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Somatic efferent and ANS Somatic Efferent Control is over skeletal muscles. External environment This division of the PNS responds to some change in the external environment. single
Exercise and FES cycle fact sheet
Exercise and FES cycle fact sheet FES = Functional Electrical Stimulation. An electrical current is passed through paralysed muscle causing it to contract. The electrical current uses the peripheral nerves
Nervous Tissue Dr. Archana Rani Associate Professor Department of Anatomy KGMU UP, Lucknow
13.01.2015 Nervous Tissue Dr. Archana Rani Associate Professor Department of Anatomy KGMU UP, Lucknow Introduction Property of irritability and conductivity Respond to various types of stimuli Distributed
Multiple Sclerosis. Matt Hulvey BL A - 615
Multiple Sclerosis Matt Hulvey BL A - 615 Multiple Sclerosis Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an idiopathic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS) MS is characterized by demyelination (lesions)
Vertebrate Body Organization
Vertebrate Body Organization Digestive tube suspended in coelom from mouth to anus Body supported by internal skeleton of jointed bones Vertebrae and Cranium protects nervous system Diaphragm divides coelom
Parts of the Nerve Cell and Their Functions
Parts of the Nerve Cell and Their Functions Silvia Helena Cardoso, PhD [ 1. Cell body] [2. Neuronal membrane] [3. Dendrites] [4. Axon] [5. Nerve ending] 1. Cell body The cell body (soma) is the factory
31.1 The Neuron. BUILD Vocabulary. Lesson Objectives
Name Class Date 31.1 The Neuron Lesson Objectives Identify the functions of the nervous system. Describe the function of neurons. Describe how a nerve impulse is transmitted. BUILD Vocabulary A. The chart
Autonomic Nervous System
CHAPTER 4 Autonomic Nervous System Autonomic Dysreflexia What is Dysreflexia? Autonomic dysreflexia (or hyperreflexia) is a complication which occurs in people with spinal cord injuries at or above the
THE PRINCIPLES & PRACTICES ASSOCIATED WITH CARING FOR THE SKIN OF A SPINAL CORD INJURED PATIENT
NATIONAL SPINAL INJURIES CENTRE STOKE MANDEVILLE HOSPITAL HANDOUT PREPARED FOR PATIENTS, CARERS & COMMUNITY STAFF BY SPINAL OUTPATIENT SERVICES THE PRINCIPLES & PRACTICES ASSOCIATED WITH CARING FOR THE
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM. c. CNS (central nervous system) control: voluntary (but has involuntary components; e.g. reflexes)
page 1 INTRODUCTION A. Divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System 1. Somatic nervous system (voluntary) a. tissues innervated: skeletal muscle b. action: always excitatory (cause muscle contraction) c.
Name: Teacher: Olsen Hour:
Name: Teacher: Olsen Hour: The Nervous System: Part 1 Textbook p216-225 41 In all exercises, quizzes and tests in this class, always answer in your own words. That is the only way that you can show that
Chapter 15. Neurotransmitters of the ANS
Chapter 15 Neurotransmitters of the ANS Neurotransmitters and Receptors How can the same ANS neurons create different effects on different target tissue? Variety of neurotransmitters Secondly, different
Anatomy of the Spine. Figure 1. (left) The spine has three natural curves that form an S-shape; strong muscles keep our spine in alignment.
1 2 Anatomy of the Spine Overview The spine is made of 33 individual bony vertebrae stacked one on top of the other. This spinal column provides the main support for your body, allowing you to stand upright,
AP Biology I. Nervous System Notes
AP Biology I. Nervous System Notes 1. General information: passage of information occurs in two ways: Nerves - process and send information fast (eg. stepping on a tack) Hormones - process and send information
What is the basic component of the brain and spinal cord communication system?
EXPLORING PSYCHOLOGY David Myers The Biology of Mind Chapter 2 Neural Communication Neurons How Neurons Communicate How Neurotransmitters Influence Us The Nervous System The Peripheral Nervous System The
Brain Power. Counseling and Mental Health
Brain Power Counseling and Mental Health TEA COPYRIGHT Copyright Texas Education Agency, 2012. These Materials are copyrighted and trademarked as the property of the Texas Education Agency (TEA) and may
3. The neuron has many branch-like extensions called that receive input from other neurons. a. glia b. dendrites c. axons d.
Chapter Test 1. A cell that receives information and transmits it to other cells via an electrochemical process is called a(n) a. neuron b. hormone c. glia d. endorphin Answer: A difficulty: 1 factual
Serious Law LLP The Guide to Spinal Injury
Serious Law LLP The Guide to Spinal Injury Contents About this guide 2 What is the spine? 3 The spinal column 3 The spinal cord 5 Types of spinal injury 7 Spinal shock 7 Incomplete spinal cord injury 7
The Central Nervous System
A fact sheet for patients and carers Spinal strokes This fact sheet provides information on spinal strokes. Our fact sheets are designed as general introductions to each subject and are intended to be
Understanding. Spinal Cord Injury. Tasha, injured in 1997.
Understanding Spinal Cord Injury Tasha, injured in 1997. What Is Spinal Cord Injury? The spinal cord is the part of the central nervous system that contains the body s longest nerve fibers. It serves as
Dr. RAJENDRAN S INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL EDUCATION
Page 1 of 7 Dr. RAJENDRAN S INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL EDUCATION AIIMS NOVEMBER 2012 - QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS PHYSIOLOGY This contains only 3 out of 7 questions. For complete questions with explanatory answers,
U N IT 10 NE RVOUS SYS TE M REVIEW 1. Which of the following is controlled by the somatic nervous system? A. rate of heartbeat B.
U N IT 10 NE RVOUS SYS TE M REVIEW 1. Which of the following is controlled by the somatic nervous system? A. rate of heartbeat B. contraction of skeletal muscles C. increased blood flow to muscle tissue
Biology 141 Anatomy and Physiology I
Fall 2016 Biology 141 Anatomy and Physiology I COURSE OUTLINE Faculty Name: Enter Faculty Name Here Program Head: Enter Program Head Here Dean s Review: Dean s Signature: Date Reviewed: / / Revised: Fall
Review Article: The Amelioration and Cure of Spinal Cord Damage. The Aim of the International Spinal Research Trust
Paraplegia 29 (1991) I H-148 1991 International Medical Society of Paraplegia Paraplegia Review Article: The Amelioration and Cure of Spinal Cord Damage. The Aim of the International Spinal Research Trust
Animal Systems: The Musculoskeletal System
Animal Systems: The Musculoskeletal System Tissues, Organs, and Systems of Living Things Cells, Cell Division, and Animal Systems and Plant Systems Cell Specialization Human Systems The Digestive The Circulatory
1 REVISOR 5223.0070. (4) Pain associated with rigidity (loss of motion or postural abnormality) or
1 REVISOR 5223.0070 5223.0070 MUSCULOSKELETAL SCHEDULE; BACK. Subpart 1. Lumbar spine. The spine rating is inclusive of leg symptoms except for gross motor weakness, bladder or bowel dysfunction, or sexual
Slide 1. Slide 2. Slide 3. Slide 4. Slide 5. Ch. 3 Cells and Tissues. Body Tissues. Epithelial Tissues. Epithelium Characteristics
Slide 1 Ch. 3 Cells and Tissues Tissues. Slide 2 Body Tissues Tissues Groups of cells with similar structure and function Four primary types Epithelial tissue (epithelium) Connective tissue Muscle tissue
Developed and Created by Shepherd Center. Illustrations by Eric Jablonowski. Design by Edward Tharp
1 Developed and Created by Shepherd Center Illustrations by Eric Jablonowski Design by Edward Tharp Copyright 1989-2012 by Shepherd Center. All Rights Reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced
CHAPTER 9 BODY ORGANIZATION
CHAPTER 9 BODY ORGANIZATION Objectives Identify the meaning of 10 or more terms relating to the organization of the body Describe the properties of life Describe the function for the structures of the
the progressive decline in function and performance which accompanies advancing years
Ageing: the progressive decline in function and performance which accompanies advancing years The survival rate against age can be shown in the following graph: Percentage Survival verses Age Percentage
Slide 4: Forebrain Structures. Slide 5: 4 Lobes of the Cerebral Cortex. Slide 6: The Cerebral Hemispheres (L & R)
Slide 1: [Film Clip: The Brain #2- Phineas Gage] Integrated Bodily Communications Within Brain (Hemispheres and structures) The remaining Nervous System Endocrine System (Hormonal communication) Our bodies-
The brain structure and function
The brain structure and function This information is an extract from the booklet Understanding brain tumours. You may find the full booklet helpful. We can send you a copy free see page 5. Contents Introduction
The Motor System: Lecture 1 Spinal motor system
The Motor System: Lecture 1 Spinal motor system Reza Shadmehr Traylor 410, School of Medicine, shadmehr@jhu.edu NOTE: All slides and lecture notes for the motor lectures of Dr. Shadmehr are available at:
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY ONLINE COURSE - SESSION 2 ORGANIZATION OF THE BODY
ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY ONLINE COURSE - SESSION 2 ORGANIZATION OF THE BODY Human beings are arguably the most complex organisms on this planet. Imagine billions of microscopic parts, each with its own identity,
ANIMATED NEUROSCIENCE
ANIMATED NEUROSCIENCE and the Action of Nicotine, Cocaine, and Marijuana in the Brain Te a c h e r s G u i d e Films for the Humanities & Sciences Background Information This program, made entirely of
A Definition of Multiple Sclerosis
English 182 READING PRACTICE by Alyx Meltzer, Spring 2009 Vocabulary Preview (see bolded, underlined words) gait: (n) a particular way of walking transient: (adj) temporary; synonym = transitory remission:
Andrew Rosen - Chapter 3: The Brain and Nervous System Intro:
Intro: Brain is made up of numerous, complex parts Frontal lobes by forehead are the brain s executive center Parietal lobes wave sensory information together (maps feeling on body) Temporal lobes interpret
Animal Tissues. I. Epithelial Tissue
Animal Tissues There are four types of tissues found in animals: epithelial tissue, connective tissue, muscle tissue, and nervous tissue. In this lab you will learn the major characteristics of each tissue
Tissue Slides for Studying
Tissue Slides for Studying Simple squamous single layer of flat cells substances pass easily through line air sacs line blood vessels line lymphatic vessels Surface of simple squamous Simple cuboidal single
Introduction to Animals
Introduction to Animals Unity and Diversity of Life Q: What characteristics and traits define animals? 25.1 What is an animal? WHAT I KNOW SAMPLE ANSWER: Animals are different from other living things
Chapter 3 The Anatomy of the Nervous System
Chapter 3 The Anatomy of the Nervous System Systems, Structures, and Cells That Make Up Your Nervous System 1 General Layout of the Nervous System Central Nervous System (CNS) Brain (in the skull) Spinal
Class 10 NCERT Science Text Book Chapter 7 Control and Coordination
Class 10 NCERT Science Text Book Chapter 7 Control and Coordination Question 1: What is the difference between a reflex action and walking? A reflex action is a rapid, automatic response to a stimulus.
Myelopathy Paresis and Paralysis in Cats
Myelopathy Paresis and Paralysis in Cats (Disorder of the Spinal Cord Leading to Weakness and Paralysis in Cats) Basics OVERVIEW Myelopathy any disorder or disease affecting the spinal cord; a myelopathy
Musculoskeletal System
CHAPTER 3 Impact of SCI on the Musculoskeletal System Voluntary movement of the body is dependent on a number of systems. These include: The brain initiates the movement and receives feedback to assess