Human Body Systems. Primary Tissues. Biology Content Standards LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION

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1 Human Body Systems Anatomy deals with the structure of the body and its parts, in other words, what are things called? Mrs. Bailey Physiology studies the functions of these parts, in other words, how do Biology Content Standards 4. Anatomy and Physiology Broad Concept: There is a relationship between the organization of cells into tissues, and tissues into organs. The structure and function of organs determine their relationships within body systems of an organism. Homeostasis allows the body to perform its normal functions. 4.8 Recognize that the body s systems interact to maintain homeostasis. Describe the basic function of a physiological feedback loop. these things work? 1 2 LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION Primary Tissues 1. Epithelium 2. Connective 3. Muscle 3 4. ervous 4 1

2 Epithelial Tissue 2 Types: Covering/Lining Glandular Connective Tissue 1. Most abundant tissue in the body. 2. Supports epithelial tissue and connects it to other tissues. 5 7 Muscle Tissue 1. Skeletal striated voluntary 2. Cardiac striated involuntary 3. Smooth involuntary 9 Nervous Tissue Forms the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. 13 2

3 BODY SYSTEMS Integumentary System Skeletal System Muscular System ervous System Endocrine System Cardiovascular System Lymphatic System Respiratory System Digestive System Urinary System Integumentary System - Major Structures Skin, Hair, ails, Oil glands, Sweat glands Reproductive System Integumentary System - Major Functions Protection Skeletal System - Major Structures Bones, Cartilage, Ligaments, Tendons Sensation Regulate Body Temperature

4 Skeletal System Major Functions Protection Muscular System - Major Structures Skeletal muscles Support Movement Stores minerals Blood cell formation Muscular System - Major Functions 1. Movement Nervous System - Major Structures Brain, Spinal cord, erves 2. Maintain posture 3. Stabilize joints 4. Generate heat

5 Nervous System - Major Functions Recognizes and coordinates the body s responses to changes in its internal and external environments. 22 Endocrine System - Major Structures Hypothalamus Pituitary Thyroid Parathyroids Adrenals Pancreas Ovaries Testes 23 Endocrine System Major Functions 1. Controls growth and development Circulatory System - Major Structures Heart, Blood, Blood Vessels 2. Controls metabolism 3. Maintains homeostasis

6 Circulatory System - Major Functions Brings O 2, nutrients, and hormones to cells Fights infection Removes cell waste Helps regulate body temperature 26 Lymphatic/Immune Systems - Major Structures White blood cells, Thymus, Spleen, Lymph nodes, Lymph vessels 27 Lymphatic/Immune Systems - Major Functions Protection from disease. Respiratory System - Major Structures Lungs, Bronchial tree, Trachea, Pharynx, Larynx, ose Collects fluid lost from blood vessels and returns the fluid to the circulatory system

7 Respiratory System - Major Functions Digestive System - Major Structures Mouth, Pharynx, Esophagus, Stomach, Small and Large Intestines, Liver, Pancreas Provides O 2 to cells. Removes excess CO 2 from cells Digestive System - Major Functions Converts macromolecules from food into smaller molecules that can be used by cells for energy and for repair and growth Eliminates waste. 32 Excretory System - Major Structures Skin, Lungs, Kidneys, Ureters, Bladder, Urethra 33 7

8 Excretory System - Major Functions Eliminates waste products to maintain homeostasis. Reproductive System - Major Structures Female: Ovaries, Fallopian tubes, Uterus, Vagina, Breasts Male: Testes, Vas deferens, Prostate, Seminal vesicles, Penis Reproductive System - Major Functions Produces reproductive cells In females, nurtures and protects developing embryo. 36 HOMEOSTASIS The relatively constant states maintained by the body Examples: 1. Thermoregulation 2. Regulation of blood O 2 /CO 2 level 3. Glucoregulation 4. Osmoregulation 37 8

9 HOMEOSTATIC CONTROL MECHANISMS SE SOR I TEGRATOR EFFECTOR detects some physiological parameter sums up information from sensors constantly when significant changes occur target whose activity is altered in order to compensate to bring parameter back into its normal range 38 Negative feedback - a reaction in which the system responds in such a way as to reverse the direction of change. Since this tends to keep things constant, it allows the maintenance of homeostasis. Example: When the concentration of CO 2 in the body increases, the lungs are signaled to increase their activity and expel more CO 2. Positive feedback - the response is to amplify the change in the variable. This has a de-stabilizing effect, so does not result in homeostasis. Positive feedback is less common in naturally occurring systems than negative feedback, but it has its applications. Example: Labor contractions. 39 Thermoregulation Keeping a constant body temperature The body s enzymes work best at 37 C (body temperature)! The temperature of the body is monitored by the hypothalamus. If you are too cold or too hot the hypothalamus sends nerve impulses to the skin. Thermoregulation SE SOR Temperature receptors in skin I TEGRATOR Hypothalamus EFFECTOR Muscles or Sweat Glands