Tissue Review Slides for Human Anatomy
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1 Tissue Review Slides for Human Anatomy
2 Classification of Lining Epithelial Two Major criteria used in classification 1. The number of cell layers Simple: Single layer of cells Stratified: More than one layer of cells Pseudostratified: Single layer that appears stratified 2. Cell shape of the most superficial layer Squamous: Cells are flattened Cuboidal: Cells are cubed shaped Columnar: Tall rectangular shaped cells Transitional: Cells are able to undergo changes in shape caused by stretching stretch Pseudostratified
3 Epithelial Classification Scheme Epithelial Tissues Simple Stratified Pseudostratified Ciliated Nonciliated Squamous Cuboidal Columnar Ciliated Nonciliated Squamous Keratinized Nonkeratinized Columnar Cuboidal Transitional
4 Structural Classification of Exocrine Glands Classified by: 1. Number of cells: Either unicellular (goblet cells) or multicellular (most others). 2. Branching pattern of ducts: Simple: Ducts do not branch. Compound: Ducts branch. 3. Shape of their secretory portions of glands: Tubular if the secretory portion is the same diameter as the duct. Alveolar (acinar) if the secretory portion is like a round ball. Tubuloalveolar if it s a combination of the 2. Simple Compound
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6 Epithelial Tissue Review Slides
7 Test Your Knowledge stretch
8 Test Your Knowledge Simple Squamous Pseudostratified Columnar Stratified Squamous (nonkaratinized) Simple Cuboidal stretch Stratified Columnar Transitional Simple Columnar Stratified Cuboidal
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10 Simple Columnar Epithelium
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12 Simple Squamous Epithelium
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14 These cells come off the stratified squamous epithelial tissue on the inner surface of the cheek. These cells show the irregular, flat shape characteristic of typical "squamous cells." The nucleus (A) is centrally located, the cell membrane (C) is very thin, and the cell is filled with cytoplasm (B). Simple Squamous Epithelium
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16 This piece of frog skin allows us to observe the irregular shape of and close knit nature of the cells that make up simple squamous epithelial tissue. A - cell membrane B - nucleus, C - cytoplasm Simple Squamous Epithelium
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18 Simple Squamous Epithelium
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20 Simple Squamous Epithelium
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22 Simple Squamous Epithelium At the left, simple squamous tissue (A) line the walls of blood vessels; at the right it makes up the lung alveoli (A) wall. In both cases the cells are very thin. Locations: Capillary walls, alveoli of the lungs, covering visceral organs, lining body cavities Function: diffusion and filtration
23 LM 150x LM 450x Plasma membrane Nucleus of simple squamous cell Cytoplasm
24 LM 150x Simple Squamous Epithelium LM 450x Peritoneum Plasma membrane Nucleus of simple squamous cell Cytoplasm Surface view of simple squamous epithelium of mesothelial lining of peritoneum
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26 Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
27 LM 500x LM 100x
28 Simple Cuboidal Blood capillary with red blood cells Connective tissue Kidney Connective tissue LM Lumen of tubule Nucleus of simple cuboidal cell 500x LM 100x Sectional view of simple cuboidal epithelium of urinary tubules
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30 Simple Cuboidal Epithelium In kidney tissue we find the kidney's tubules cut such that they appear as rings of cells around empty spaces. These cuboidal cells (A) that line these tubules are as wide as they are tall as they are deep - cuboidal. The nuclei (B) are easily observed. Locations: lining kidney tubules, salivary ducts, pancreatic ducts Functions: secretion, excretion, and absorption
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32 Simple Cuboidal Epithelium, Thyroid Gland Follicle
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34 Simple Squamous Epithelium
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36 Nonciliated simple columnar epithelium Microvilli Nonciliated simple columnar epithelium Mucus in goblet cell Absorptive cell Basement membrane Connective tissue
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38 Simple Columnar Epithelium
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40 Colorized scanning EM of simple columnar epithelium lining the uterine tube Cilia Columnar Cells Basement Membrane
41 LM 1500x LM 500x
42 Nonciliated simple columnar epithelium Microvilli Mucus in goblet cell Lumen of jejunum Small intestine Nucleus of absorptive cell Nucleus of goblet cell Basement membrane Connective tissue 500x Sectional view of nonciliated simple columnar epithelium of lining of jejunum of small intestine LM LM 1500x Nonciliated simple columnar epithelium
43 LM 640x LM 500x
44 Ciliated simple columnar epithelium Uterine tube Cilia Lumen of uterine tube LM LM 500x 640x Cilia Nucleus of ciliated simple columnar cell Ciliated simple columnar epithelium Connective tissue Sectional view of ciliated simple columnar epithelium of uterine tube
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46 Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
47 LM 630x LM 400x
48 Pseudostratified columnar epithelium Cilia LM 630x Mucus in goblet cell Cilia Lumen of trachea Trachea Nucleus of ciliated columnar cell Nucleus of goblet cell Nucleus of basal cell Connective tissue Sectional view of pseudostratified columnar epithelium of trachea Pseudostratifie d ciliated columnar epithelium LM 400x
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50 Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium: lines most of the penile urethra.
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52 Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium
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54 Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
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56 Simple Columnar Epithelium
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58 Simple Columnar Epithelium The villi of the small intestine are lined by a single layer of columnar cells (A) - thus the name simple columnar epithelium. Note these cells are not as wide as they are tall with the darkly stained nuclei (B) located at the base of the cells. The cell membranes (C) are very thin but easily identified. Locations: lining most of the digestive tract Function: protection, secretion and absorption
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60 Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium, Ciliated
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62 Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium, Ciliated Basement membrane (A). The columnar cells of this tissue all begin at the basement membrane; only a few reach the surface. The nuclei (C) appear at various levels giving the tissue a stratified appearance. The cilia (B) are easily seen. The mucus producing goblet cells are not visible in this micrograph. Locations: This is a respiratory epithelium being found in such places as the nasal septum, trachea, and bronchi. Function: trap and move "pollutants" to the throat where they are swallowed.
63 LM 630x LM 400x
64 Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium Lumen of vagina Nonkeratinized surface cell Nucleus LM 630x Vagina Nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium Connective tissue LM 400x Sectional view of nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium of lining of vagina
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66 Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous
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68 Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium
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70 Simple Columnar Epithelium
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72 Psuedostratified Columnar Epithelium, Ciliated G = Goblet Cell
73 LM 630x LM 400x
74 Transitional epithelium Urinary bladder Lumen of urinary bladder Rounded surface cell in relaxed state Nucleus of transitional cell LM 630x LM 400x Sectional view of transitional epithelium of urinary bladder in relaxed (empty) state Transitional epithelium Connective tissue
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76 Transitional Epithelium
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78 Transitional Epithelium At the left observe the ureter is lined by transitional epithelium (A). At the right the epithelium is more highly magnified. Note that the cells at the exposed surface (A) are large and rounded. They are also larger than the cells at the attached surface (B). (Compare this tissue to Stratified Squamous which has squamous cells at its exposed surface.) Locations: ureter, urinary bladder Function: distention
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80 Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
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82 Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Thyroid Gland: The layered spaces are the lumens of follicles whose walls
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84 Ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium
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86 Simple Columnar Epithelium : Gall Bladder Simple columnar epithelium lines the gall bladder. Note the underlying connective tissue with blood vessels. Bar = 100 µm
87 LM 630x
88 Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Blood vessel Thyroid gland Thyroid follicle Hormoneproducing (epithelial) cell Stored precursor of hormone LM 630x Sectional view of endocrine gland (thyroid gland)
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90 Transitional Epithelium: Urinary Bladder
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92 Simple Squamous Epithelium
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94 Transitional Epithelium : Urinary Bladder The expandible stratified epithelium of the bladder is referred to as transitional epithelium. Bar = 50 Microns.
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96 Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
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98 Simple Columnar Epithelium
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100 Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium with pale goblet cells.
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102 Surface view of cilia with scanning EM scope
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104 Transitional Epithelium
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106 Simple squamous epithelium: Kidney (Glomerulus) Simple squamous epithelium (arrow) lines the glomerulus. This is an H & E section and nuclei are blue. Bar = 50 Microns.
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108 Nonkeratinized Stratified Epithelium: Vagina Note that the connective tissue underlying the epithelium (lightly stained area in middle) extends into the epithelium as "peg-like" structures.
109 LM 630x LM 400x
110 Stratified columnar epithelium Pharynx Lumen of pharynx Nucleus of stratified columnar cell Sectional view of stratified columnar epithelium of lining of pharynx LM LM 630x 400x Stratified columnar epithelium Connective tissue
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112 Stratified Columnar Epithelium Esophageal Gland
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114 Stratified Columnar Epithelium Duct of parotid salivary gland. The basal layer of cells are cuboidal cells and the layer nearest the apical surface includes columnar cells. The large droplets are mucus, in Goblet cells.
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116 Simple Columnar Epithelium with goblet (G) cells in the Jejunum
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119 LM 640x LM 380x
120 Esophagus Stratified cuboidal epithelium Lumen of duct LM 640x Nuclei of stratified cuboidal cells Nucleus of cuboidal cell Lumen of duct 380x Sectional view of stratified cuboidal epithelium of the duct of an esophageal gland LM Stratified cuboidal epithelium Connective tissue
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122 Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium Sweat gland ducts are examples of stratified cuboidal epithelium...usually however there are only two layers of cells.
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124 Simple Squamous Epithelium
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126 Ciliated Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium: Trachea The pseudostratified columnar epithelium of the trachea is ciliated and has goblet cells.
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128 Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium: Esophagus. Surface is moist and living. Surface cells are squamous and still nucleated.
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130 Stratified Squamous Epithelium with beginning surface keratinization
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132 Thickly cornified stratified squamous epithelium. The cells in the bright red layer and in the pale layers above it are completely flattened and dead, and have lost their nuclei. This is keratinized stratified squamous epithelium from the sole of the foot. It extends the length of the blue line on the left. Notice the multiple layers of clear, dead, enucleated cells.
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134 Simple Cuboidal Epithelium Pancreatic Duct
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136 Stratified Squamous Epithelum Keratinized: Thin Skin
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138 Stratified Squamous Epithelium
139 Connective Tissue
140 Adult Connective Tissue Adult connective tissue is placed into the following categories: Fibrous connective tissue (a.k.a. connective tissue proper). Supporting connective tissue (cartilage and bone) Fluid connective tissue (blood and lymph)
141 Name The Cells/Fibers Frequently Found in Connective Tissue
142 Name The Cells/Fibers Frequently Found in Connective Tissue Macrophage Collagen fiber Elastic fiber Ground substance Blood vessel Adipocyte Reticular fiber Fibroblast Eosinophil Mast cell Neutrophil Plasma cell
143 Adult Connective Tissue Classification Scheme Mature Connective Tissues Fibrous CT (CT Proper) Dense CT Fibers densely packed Dense Regular Dense Irregular Elastic Lose CT Fibers create loose open framework Adipose Areolar Reticular Supporting CT Cartilage Solid, rubbery matrix Hyaline cartilage Fibrocartilage Elastic cartilage Fluid CT Fluid matrix Blood Bone Lymph Solid,crystaline matrix Compact Spongy
144 Adult Connective Tissue Classification Scheme Mature Connective Tissues Fibrous CT (CT Proper) Dense CT Fibers densely packed Dense Regular Dense Irregular Elastic Lose CT Fibers create loose open framework Adipose Areolar Reticular Supporting CT Cartilage Solid, rubbery matrix Hyaline cartilage Fibrocartilage Elastic cartilage Fluid CT Fluid matrix Blood Bone Lymph Solid,crystaline matrix Compact Spongy
145 Types of Dense CT 1. Dense regular 2. Dense irregular 3. Elastic 1 2 3
146 Types of Loose CT 1 1. Areolar CT 2. Reticular Tissue 3. Adipose Tissue 3 2
147 Name the tissue and find fibroblast nuclei and collagen fibers
148 Dense Irregular CT
149 LM 630x LM 200x
150 Adipose Tissue Heart Plasma membrane Cytoplasm LM Fat-storage area Nucleus 630x Fat LM 200x Blood vessel Sectional view of adipose tissue showing adipocytes of white fat and details of an adipocyte
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152 Adipose Tissue Plasma membrane Cytoplasm Fat-storage area Nucleus Blood vessel Adipose tissue
153 Find: fat cells and little blood vessels
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156 Brown Fat
157 LM 640x LM 400x
158 LM 640x Reticular fiber Lymph node LM 400x Sectional view of reticular connective tissue of a lymph node Nucleus of reticular cell Reticular fiber
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160 Reticular CT
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162 Areolar CT
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164 Areolar CT In the watery matrix (ground substance) observe the nuclei of fibroblasts (A), collagen fibers (B) and elastic fibers (C). Locations: beneath the skin and around blood vessels, muscles and nerves Functions: binds one tissue to another (as skin connects to muscle), protection and nourishment to the organs and structures it binds, and stores "body fluid"
165 LM 400x LM 200x
166 Dense Regular Connective Tissue LM 400x Collagen fiber Tendon Skeletal muscle LM 200x Sectional view of dense regular connective tissue of a tendon Nucleus of fibroblast Collagen fiber
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168 Dense Regular CT
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170 Dense Regular Connective Tissue: Tendon
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172 Dense Regular Connective Tissue The micrograph above is at very low magnification. To the left, at a much higher magnification, the fibroblasts (A) are more clearly observed between the parallel collagenous fibers (B). Locations: tendons and ligaments Functions: strong flexible support
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174 Dense Regular Connective Tissue: Tendon
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176 Dense Regular Connective Tissue: Tendon
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178 Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
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180 Dense Irregular Connective Tissue: Dermis of the Skin
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184 Reticular Connective Tissue Description: Network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance; reticular cells lie on the network Location: lymphoid organs Function: fibers form soft internal skeleton that supports other cell types. Note: Lymphocytes (mass of cells) Reticular fibers (branch-like material)
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186 Reticular Connective Tissue
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188 Elastic Connective Tissue Elastic lamellae (sheets of elastic material) Nucleus of fibroblast
189 LM 400x LM 50x
190 Aorta Elastic Connective Tissue LM 400x Elastic lamellae (sheets of elastic material) Nucleus of fibroblast Heart LM 50x Sectional view of elastic connective tissue of aorta
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192 Elastic Connective Tissue: Aorta
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194 Elastic ConnectiveTissue
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196 This section of aorta shows a tremendous number of elastic fibers (A). The fibroblasts are not visible. The light pink in this tissue is smooth muscle. Location: large arteries, bronchial tubes Function: Elastic fibers can stretch l 1/2 times their length and then recoil. These fibers will provide elasticity to tissues. Elastic CT
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198 Adipose Connective Tissue The slide on the right shows adipose at a low magnification. The cells appear empty. At the left observe that the nucleus (A) is pushed to the side of the cell giving the cell the appearance of a signet ring. Cells are filled with fat globules (B). Locations/functions: -- Anywhere there is an empty space in the body fat is stored as a source of energy and may provide insulation. --The kidneys are correctly positioned and cushioned by adipose tissue. --The eye is cushioned in the orbit by adipose.
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200 Adipose Connective Tissue
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202 Loose Areolar Connective Tissue (Fibroblast)
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204 Reticular Connective Tissue Observe that the reticular fibers (A) form a network or lattice in this spleen tissue. Do not confuse this tissue with the elastic connective tissue seen previously which has fibers that are parallel. Locations: spleen, lymph nodes, liver Function: gives support to soft organs
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206 Reticular Connective Tissue
207 Adult Connective Tissue Classification Scheme Connective Tissues Fibrous CT (CT Proper) Dense CT Fibers densely packed Dense Regular Dense Irregular Elastic Lose CT Fibers create loose open framework Adipose Areolar Reticular Supporting CT Cartilage Solid, rubbery matrix Hyaline cartilage Fibrocartilage Elastic cartilage Fluid CT Fluid matrix Blood Bone Lymph Solid,crystaline matrix Compact Spongy
208 Supporting Connective Tissue Supporting CT provides the majority of the structural support of the human body. 2 types: 1. Cartilage 2. Bone 1 2
209 Cartilage 3 Three types (classified based on fiber differences): 1. Hyaline Cartilage 2. Elastic Cartilage 3. Fibrocartilage. 2 1
210 Cartilage Review Slides
211 Name the tissue type and find: Cells with nuclei Thick collagen fibers Areas composed mostly of ground substance
212 Fibrocartilage from an intervertebral disk
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214 Hyaline Cartilage At the left the bracket indicates the hyaline cartilage. At the right this tissue is more highly magnified. The chondrocytes (A) are located in lacunae (C). The matrix (B) contain collagen fibers that are so fine they are not visible in tissue preparations. Locations: "C" rings in the trachea, nose, articular ends of bones, fetal skeleton Function: precursor to bone, support
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216 Hyaline Cartilage
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218 Hyaline Cartilage
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220 Hyaline Cartilage: Articular Cartilage
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222 Hyaline Cartilage
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224 Hyaline Cartilage
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226 Fibrocartilage
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228 Elastic Cartilage Elastic cartilage is contained within the bracket at the left. This tissue is more highly magnified at the right. The chondrocytes (A) are contained in lacunae (C). The matrix (B) contains abundant elastic fibers.these fibers give great flexibility to this tissue. Locations: ear, auditory canal, epiglottis Functions: flexible support
229 LM 640x LM 400x
230 Elastic Cartilage Lacuna containing chondrocyte LM 640x Auricle of ear Elastic fiber in ground substance LM Sectional view of elastic cartilage of auricle of ear 400x Nucleus of chondrocyte Elastic fiber in ground substance Lacuna containing chondrocyte
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232 Elastic Cartilage
233 LM 400x LM 200x
234 Fibrocartilage Nucleus of chondrocyte LM 400x Vertebra Lacuna containing chondrocyt e Intervertebral disc Collagen fibers in ground substance Nucleus of chondrocyte LM 200x Sectional view of fibrocartilage of intervertebral disc
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236 Fibrocartilage
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238 Fibrocartilage Slide if of intervertebral disc tissue. This cartilage type is recognized by chondrocytes (A) oriented in rows. Even when the tissue is highly magnified the lacunae, which hold the chondrocytes, can be difficult to see or are not visible. The matrix (B) contains numerous fine collagen fibers. These fibers give the tissue durability. Locations: pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs Functions: supports, withstands compression
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240 Elastic Cartilage
241 Adult Connective Tissue Classification Scheme Connective Tissues Fibrous CT (CT Proper) Dense CT Fibers densely packed Dense Regular Dense Irregular Elastic Lose CT Fibers create loose open framework Adipose Areolar Reticular Supporting CT Cartilage Solid, rubbery matrix Hyaline cartilage Fibrocartilage Elastic cartilage Fluid CT Fluid matrix Blood Bone Lymph Solid,crystaline matrix Compact Spongy
242 Adult Connective Tissue Classification Scheme Connective Tissues Fibrous CT (CT Proper) Dense CT Fibers densely packed Dense Regular Dense Irregular Elastic Lose CT Fibers create loose open framework Adipose Areolar Reticular Supporting CT Cartilage Solid, rubbery matrix Hyaline cartilage Fibrocartilage Elastic cartilage Fluid CT Fluid matrix Blood Bone Lymph Solid,crystaline matrix Compact Spongy
243 LM 400x LM 100x
244 Canaliculi Central (haversian) canal Femur Lacuna Lamella LM 400x LM 100x Sectional view of several osteons (haversian systems) of femur (thigh bone)
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246 Compact Bone In the compact bone micrograph at the left, several complete osteons are visible. In the center of the osteon is the central canal (A) which hold the blood vessels and a nerve. These canals are surrounded by concentric rings of inorganic matrix, the lamellae (B). Between the lamellae are bone cells, the osteocytes (C) located in lacunae. Nutrients diffuse from cell to cell through the canaliculi (D). Location: skeleton Function: framework, protection
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248 Compact Bone
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250 Compact Bone
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252 Compact Bone
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254 Spongy Bone
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256 Spongy Bone
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258 Spongy Bone
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260 Compact Bone Shows Volkmann s and Haversian canals
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263 Adult Connective Tissue Classification Scheme Connective Tissues Fibrous CT (CT Proper) Dense CT Fibers densely packed Dense Regular Dense Irregular Elastic Lose CT Fibers create loose open framework Adipose Areolar Reticular Supporting CT Cartilage Solid, rubbery matrix Hyaline cartilage Fibrocartilage Elastic cartilage Fluid CT Fluid matrix Blood Bone Lymph Solid,crystaline matrix Compact Spongy
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266 Lymph Vessel
267 LM 630x
268 Blood White blood cell (leukocyte) Blood plasma Platelet Blood in blood vessels LM 630x Blood smear (all enlargements are 1500x) Red blood cell (erythrocyte)
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270 Blood Smear: Neutrophils (green), Monocyte (blue) Notice the horseshoe shaped nucleus of the monocyte. Bar = 50 Microns
271 Connective Tissue Disorders Scurvy Lipomas Keloids Rickets Marfan Syndrome Scleroderma
272 Characteristics of Muscle Tissue Muscle tissue consists of muscle cells (fibers or myofibers) specialized to contract and therefore provide motion, maintain posture, and generate heat There are three major types: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac. Will discuss in greater detail when covering the muscular system
273 LM 400x
274 Skeletal muscle Skeletal muscle fiber (cell) Nucleus Striations LM 400x Longitudinal section of skeletal muscle tissue Skeletal muscle fiber
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276 Skeletal Muscle
277 Name the tissue and find: Muscle cells, muscle cell nuclei, and collagen fibers
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280 Cardiac Muscle
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282 Smooth Muscle
283 LM 500x
284 Cardiac Muscle Tissue Nucleus Cardiac muscle fiber (cell) Heart LM 500x Longitudinal section of cardiac muscle tissue Intercalated disc Striations Cardiac muscle fibers
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287 LM 500x
288 Smooth Muscle Tissue Smooth muscle Smooth muscle fiber (cell) Artery Nucleus of smooth muscle fiber LM 500x Longitudinal section of smooth muscle tissue Smooth muscle fiber
289 Nervous Tissue
290 Nervous Tissue
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294 Nervous Tissue The nerves that carry the stimuli that cause your body's muscles to contract at MOTOR neurons. Their structure is different from sensory neurons. The cell body or perikaryon (A) is filled with chromatophilic substances which pick up the stain in this micrograph. The cell's axon can not be distinguished from its dendrites in the micrograph. B marks the axon and dendrite threads. The "C's" mark the neuroglia cells (dark spots) and the neurofibrils.
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296 Nervous Tissue
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298 Nervous Tissue
299 You've made it! These cells seem happy for you. Go back and spend some more time studying all the beautiful tissues of your body
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