National Mission Project on Pedagogy(Main Phase)

Transcription

1 National Mission Project on Pedagogy(Main Phase) Course Name : Fluid Mechanics Principal Developer : Dr. G L Asawa Checklist of Action verb used in the Objective Course Level Objective Knowledge:Define:--Fluid mechanics deals with the study of fluids either in motion (fluid dynamics) or at rest (fluid statics). Knowledge:Define:--Almost everything on this planet is either a fluid itself or surrounded by a fluid. Fluid mechanics is, therefore, a subject that is important in everyday life as well as in modern technology. 1 Module Name:- Fluid and Flow Kinematics Analysis:Analyze:-- To introduce the concept of fluid mechanics, definition of fluid and continuum approach of fluid mechanics, methods of analysis of flow problems etc. Knowledge:Define:-- To study surface tension and phenomenon resulting due to surface tension and adhesive force,i.e., capillary action.. Knowledge:Define:-- To study the velocity field, existence of velocity field based on the conservation of mass, acceleration of flow etc. Knowledge:Define:-- To study the space time relationship, i.e, kinematics of fluid like deformation of element, rotation of fluid element, circulation, and vorticity. 1.1 Unit Name:- Unit-1 Introduction to Fluid Mechanics 1.2 Unit Name:- Unit-2 Properties of Fluid 1.3 Unit Name:- Unit-3 Surface Tension and Capillary Rise 1.4 Unit Name:- Unit-4 Velocity Field and Acceleration of Flow 1.5 Unit Name:- Unit-5 Timelines, Streamlines, Pathlines and Streaklines

2 1.6 Unit Name:- Unit-6 Kinematics of Fluid Elements 1.7 Unit Name:- Unit-7 Stream Function and Velocity Potential 2 Module Name:- Hydrostatics Knowledge:Define:-- To check the stability of a floating body in a liquid once the body is subjected to a small tilt. 2.1 Unit Name:- Unit-1 Basic equation of hydrostatics 2.2 Unit Name:- Unit-2 Manometers 2.3 Unit Name:- Unit-3 Hydrostatic force on submerged plane surfaces 2.4 Unit Name:- Unit-4 Hydrostatic force on submerged curved surfaces 2.5 Unit Name:- Unit-5 Buoyancy 2.6 Unit Name:- Unit-6 Stability of floating body 3 Module Name:- Fluid Dynamics Knowledge:Define:--This module deals with the behavior of fluid in motion resulting due to forces acting on the fluid. These forces are gravitational force, pressure force, viscous force, surface tension, forces due to turbulence etc. Point to point fluid dynamics deals with the differential approach; however, integral approach is used to have the gross behavior of the fluid mass. Following are the objectives of this module: Analysis:Differentiate:-- Derivation of differential momentum equation for fluid flow considering the different forces acting on the fluid mass. This equation will be extended to obtain the Navier- Stokes equation and the Euler s equation. Knowledge:Define:-- Derivation of Euler s equation along a streamline and integration of this equation along the stream line to deduce the Bernoulli s equation.

3 Knowledge:Define:-- Applications and limitations of Bernoulli s equation for solving the fluid flow problems. 3.1 Unit Name:- Unit-1 Differential Momentum Equation 3.2 Unit Name:- Unit-2 Euler s equations in streamline coordinates 3.3 Unit Name:- Unit-3 Bernoulli s Equation 3.4 Unit Name:- Unit-4 Precautions in using Bernoulli s equation 3.5 Unit Name:- Unit-5 Basic equations in integral form Analysis:Differentiate:--Differential momentum equation provides the information of flow-field from point to point. However, in most of the problems, one is interested in the gross behavior of the fluid rather than knowing point to point information of the fluid. Thus, basic equations of fluid flow in integral form are required. Basic laws for a system from physics, mechanics and thermodynamics like conservation of mass, Newton s second law, angular momentum principle etc. are discussed in these units. Our task is to develop the mathematical formulation of these laws for a control volume, which allows us to convert from a system analysis to a control volume analysis. The Reynolds transport equation expresses the rate of change of the property for a system, in terms of variations of this property associated with a control volume. Mathematical formulation of momentum equation for application to a control volume in different from of reference is described in theses units. 3.6 Unit Name:- Unit-6 Momentum equation Analysis:Differentiate:--Differential momentum equation provides the information of flow-field from point to point. However, in most of the problems, one is interested in the gross behavior of the fluid rather than knowing point to point information of the fluid. Thus, basic equations of fluid flow in integral form are required. Basic laws for a system from physics, mechanics and thermodynamics like conservation of mass, Newton s second law, angular momentum principle etc. are discussed in these units. Our task is to develop the mathematical formulation of these laws for a control volume, which allows us to convert from a system analysis to a control volume analysis. The Reynolds transport equation expresses the rate of change of the property for a system, in terms of variations of this property associated with a control volume. Mathematical formulation of momentum equation for application to a control volume in different from of reference is described in theses units. 4 Module Name:- Dimension Analysis and Modelling Knowledge:Define:--This module introduces the concepts related to dimensional analysis that is required for elegant presentation of the information obtained from experimental investigations. In addition, it also discusses the need of physical modeling and modeling criteria. The sequence of topics to be covered in four units/lecture hours is as follows: Analysis:Point out:--significance of the important (from civil engineering points of view) dimensionless numbers

4 Knowledge:Define:--Concept of physical similarity between prototype and model Evaluation:Critique:--Modelling criteria 4.1 Unit Name:- Unit Unit Name:- Unit Unit Name:- Unit Unit Name:- Unit-4 5 Module Name:- Incompressible Viscous Flow Comprehension:Extend:--This module introduces the concepts related to real fluid, i.e., viscous flows that are incompressible in nature. Based on the extent of viscous effects, a real fluid flow can be analyzed as either viscous flow or inviscid flow (when viscous effects are negligible), dealt earlier in module 1. Knowledge:Define:--The sequence of topics for incompressible viscous flow is to be covered in six units/lecture hours as per the following sequence: Distinction between the two types of viscous flows, viz., laminar and turbulent Dissipation of energy through viscous shear Steady laminar flow between parallel plates Instability of laminar flow Introduction to turbulent flow and the relevant governing equation starting from the Navier-Stokes equations to the Reynolds equations Concept of mixing length theory Logarithmic velocity distribution in turbulent flow and its approximate power law form. Incompressible viscous flow in pipes starting from the introduction of flow establishment Steady laminar flow in circular pipes Turbulent flow in pipes: velocity distribution and frictional head loss in circular pipes 5.1 Unit Name:- Unit Unit Name:- Unit Unit Name:- Unit Unit Name:- Unit-4

5 Knowledge:Define:--The velocity variation in laminar flow was all through parabolic. However, in turbulent flow, the shear stress comprises of that due to viscous effects and also due to turbulence. Close to a boundary, the turbulent shear is negligible while far away from the boundary viscous shear is negligible. Therefore, theoretically speaking, the velocity at a section varies differently in different regions. The effect of the boundaries (being hydrodynamically rough or smooth) on the velocity variation also forms the objective of this unit. The logarithmic velocity variation in turbulent flow is usually approximated by a power-law equation which is simple to work with. 5.5 Unit Name:- Unit Unit Name:- Unit-6 Evaluation:Estimate:--What all has been learnt about pipe flows in this module is applied for different kinds of problems associated with flow in circular pipelines, viz., estimation of frictional head loss or length of pipeline or discharge or diameter for known relevant parameters are introduced and illustrated. Methods of solving problems associated with flow in non-circular conduits, using the theory developed for circular pipes would, then, be dealt with. For non-circular conduits, however, shear stress is not constant over the wetted perimeter but an integrated average value around the wetted perimeter and that the pipe radius R is replaced with the term A/P known as hydraulic radius Rh and defined as the ratio of cross-sectional area A and wetted perimeter P. With this modification, one may compute the head loss in non-circular conduits using the equations developed for circular conduits. 6 Module Name:- Boundary Layer and External Flow 6.1 Unit Name:- Unit-1 Boundary layer 6.2 Unit Name:- Unit-2 Different measures of boundary layer thickness Analysis:Differentiate:--Different measures of boundary layer thickness, introduction of governing equations of boundary layer theory and boundary layer on a flat plate: Blasius solution for laminar boundary layer flows constitutes the objective of this unit. 6.3 Unit Name:- Unit-3 Approximate Solutions and von Karman Integral Momentum Equation Knowledge:Define:--Approximate solutions of boundary layer equations including derivation of von-karman Integral Momentum Equation constitute the objectives of this unit. 6.4 Unit Name:- Unit-4 Boundary layer separation Knowledge:Define:--This unit deals with the boundary layer separation in detail and suggests methods to control the boundary layer separation. 6.5 Unit Name:- Unit-5 Forces on immersed body

6 7 Module Name:- Pipe Flow (including unsteady flow in Pipes) Analysis:Analyze:--This module deals with flow through pipes and introduces the concept of energy and hydraulic grade line, minor losses in pipe flow. It deals with analysis of flow for pipes in series and parallel and pipe network. In addition, it also deals with water hammer and surge tank. The sequence of topics to be covered in six units /lecture hours is as follows: Introduction to hydraulic and energy grade line with application to siphon pipes. Types of minor losses in pipe flow. Flow thought pipes in series and parallel including the equivalent size of compound pipe. Three reservoir network problem, flow through a closed loop and analysis of flow through pipe in presence of pumps. Introduction to water hammer in pipe flow with gradual and sudden valve closure, exposure to rigid and elastic theories for water hammer analysis Pressure regulations using surge tank with exposure to governing equations 7.1 Unit Name:- Unit-1 Energy and hydraulic grade line for a pipeline 7.2 Unit Name:- Unit-2 Minor losses in pipe Knowledge:Define:--Introduction to various types of minor losses in pipes constitute the objective of this unit. 7.3 Unit Name:- Unit-3 Multiple Pipe Systems Knowledge:Define:--Flow thought pipes in series and parallel constitute the objective of this unit. Equivalent size of compound pipe is also included. 7.4 Unit Name:- Unit-4 Discharge through branched pipes (Three reservoir network) Comprehension:Explain:--This unit deals with the explanation of three reservoir network problem and pipe network including Hardy Cross method. It also deals with the flow through pipe in presence of pumps in pipeline. 7.5 Unit Name:- Unit-5 Water Hammer 7.6 Unit Name:- Unit-6 Surge Tanks Knowledge:Define:--Surge tank and its governing equations constitute the objectives of this module.