Biochemistry Of Light Reactions
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1 Biochemistry Of Light Reactions 3() ADP + 3() P i 3() ATP + 3() H O (h) Noncyclic Photophosphorylation 1() photons (i) Cyclic Photophosphorylation PS II (P8) (b) (f) e - electron (d) e - PS I e - electron e - acceptor (P7) acceptor H + + NADP + NADPH + H + photons (a) e - H O O + H + photons (e) NADP + Reduction of NADP + (g) Oxidation of water (c) Noncyclic Electron Transport (j) 9 to 1 photons absorbed H O O + H + H + + NADP + NADPH + H + 3() ADP + 3() P i 3() ATP + 3() H O H O + NADP + + 3() ADP + 3() P i O + NADPH + H + + 3() ATP + 3() H O Copyright G. Bonan
2 Biochemistry Of The Calvin Cycle ATP ADP + P i 3 CO + 3 H O Carboxylation PGA [ ] H + + NADPH 3 [ ] Reduction NADP + 3 RuBP 3 [ ] Regeneration 3 ADP + 3 P i PGaldehyde [ ] 1 PGaldehyde 1 [ ] 3 ATP Copyright G. Bonan
3 Stomatal Gas Exchange Leaf Cuticle Guard Cell High CO CO Dry Air H O Guard Cell Photosynthetically Active Radiation Chloroplast light CO + H O CH O + O + H O Low CO Moist Air Stomata Open: High Light Levels Moist Leaf Warm Temperature Moist Air Moderate CO High Leaf Nitrogen Stomata Close (Smaller Pore Opening): Low Light Levels Dry Leaf Cold Temperature Dry Air High CO Low Leaf Nitrogen Copyright G. Bonan
4 Net Photosynthesis (µmol m - s -1 ) Net Photosynthesis (µmol m - s -1 ) Net Photosynthesis (µmol m - s -1 ) Environmental Controls Of Photosynthesis For Jack Pine Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density (µmol m - s -1 ) Foliage Water Potential (MPa) CO Concentration (ppm) Temperature ( C) 8 7 C 3 C Vapor Pressure Deficit (kpa) Foliage Nitrogen (g m - ) Copyright G. Bonan
5 CO Flux Photosynthesis Net Respiration Net CO Flux C C C Temperature ( C) Copyright G. Bonan
6 Environmental Controls Of Stomatal Conductance For Jack Pine Stomatal Conductance (mmol CO m - s -1 ) Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density (µmol m - s -1 ) Temperature ( C) Stomatal Conductance (mmol CO m - s -1 ) C C Foliage Water Potential (MPa) Vapor Pressure Deficit (kpa) Copyright G. Bonan
7 Net Photosynthesis (µmol CO m - s -1 ) Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density.9 Photosynthesis.8 Transpiration Stomatal Conductance (mmol CO m - s -1 ) Transpiration (mmol H O m - s -1 ) Net Photosynthesis (µmol CO m - s -1 ) Foliage Water Potential Stomatal Conductance (mmol CO m - s -1 ) Transpiration (mmol H O m - s -1 ) Copyright G. Bonan
8 Maximum Photosynthesis (µmol CO m - s -1 ) Herbaceous Woody savanna grass temperate deciduous semi-arid shrub tropical rainforest Mediterranean shrub boreal conifer tundra ever. shrub desert annual tundra tropical swamp tundra decid. shrub 1 3 Maximum Leaf Conductance (mmol H O m - s -1 ) Copyright G. Bonan
9 Photosynthesis (µmol CO m - s -1 ) Light Response Curve W j W c W j Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density (µmol photons m - s -1 ) Copyright G. Bonan
10 J max (µmol m - s -1 ) Fruit tree Crop (monocot) Herb Shrub Temperate broadleaf Vegetable deciduous tree Tropical tree Temperate needleleaf evergreen tree Crop (dicot) V max (µmol m - s -1 ) Desert annual and perennial Copyright G. Bonan
11 Maximum Net Photosynthesis (nmol CO g -1 s -1 ) Maximum Net Photosynthesis (nmol CO g -1 s -1 ) Leaf Nitrogen (mg N g -1 ) Leaf Nitrogen (mg N g -1 ) Specific Leaf Area (cm g -1 ) Specific Leaf Area (cm g -1 ) Copyright G. Bonan
12 Leaf Respiration (nmol CO g -1 s -1 ) Leaf Respiration (nmol CO g -1 s -1 ) Leaf Nitrogen (mg N g -1 ) broadleaf forb broadleaf shrub broadleaf tree needleleaf tree Leaf Respiration (nmol CO g -1 s -1 ) Leaf Life-Span (months) 1 3 Specific Leaf Area (cm g -1 ) Leaf Life-Span (months) Copyright G. Bonan
13 The Carbon Balance Of A Tree Photosynthesis Respiration µg CO g -1 s -1 1 PPFD (µmol m - s -1 ) µg CO g -1 s Temperature ( C) Growth Respiration µg CO g -1 s -1 Foliage Maintenance. -1 µg CO g -1 s -1 µg CO g -1 s Foliage Water Potential (MPa) 1 3 Vapor Pressure Deficit (Pa) µg CO g -1 s -1 µg CO g -1 s -1 1 Ambient CO (ppm) 1 Foliage Nitrogen (%) µg CO g -1 s -1 µg CO g -1 s -1.1 Temperature ( C) Sapwood Maintenance -1 Temperature ( C).3 Root Maintenance -1 Temperature ( C) Net Carbon = Photosynthesis - Growth Respiration - Maintenance Respiration Copyright G. Bonan
14 Stomatal Profiles In Crop Canopies Sorghum Tobacco Height (cm) 7 1 Height (cm) Stomatal Conductance (mmol H O m - s -1 ) Stomatal Conductance (mmol H O m - s -1 ) Copyright G. Bonan
15 Percent Of Full Solar Radiation 7 Oak Forest Height (meters) Leaf Area Index Aspen Forest 1 Height (meters) LAI Radiation 1 3 Cumulative Leaf Area Index Percent Of Full Solar Radiation Height (meters) 1 8 Height (meters) 1 8 LAI Radiation Leaf Area Index Cumulative Leaf Area Index Copyright G. Bonan
16 Sunlit Leaf Area Index Zenith Angle = 3 random horizontal vertical Leaf Area Index Sunlit Leaf Area Index Zenith Angle = Random: Leaf Orientation And Extinction Coefficient K =. /cosz Horizontal: K = 1 K = 1 Vertical: cos Z π cosz Leaf Area Index Copyright G. Bonan
17 Photosynthetically Active Radiation (%) Relative Photosynthetic Capacity (%) Canopy Depth (m) Relative Nitrogen Content (%) Foliage Nitrogen (g m - ) Relative Photosynthetic Capacity (%) Photosynthetic Capacity (µmol m - s -1 ). 8 1 Photosynthetically Active Radiation (%) young jack pine old jack pine old black spruce old aspen 8 1 Photosynthetically Active Radiation (%) Canopy Photosynthetic Capacity (µmol m - s -1 ) Foliage Nitrogen (g m - ) black spruce aspen black spruce old jack young pine jack pine Normalized Difference Vegetation Index Copyright G. Bonan
18 Respiration (µmol g -1 hr -1 ) Foliage Stem Root 1 1 Temperature ( C) Copyright G. Bonan
19 Annual Carbon Balance Of Alpine Pine Seedlings Carbon Dioxide Uptake (mg CO ) Shoot Respiration Photosynthesis Root Respiration Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Copyright G. Bonan
20 Flowering Date Of Spring Wildflowers In Relation To Topography 1 m Average Flowering Date: April 18 m Average Flowering Date: April 1 3. m North-Facing South-Facing South-Facing North-Facing Copyright G. Bonan 8-Feb-3 1-Feb-3 -Feb-3 1-Mar-3 8-Mar-3 1-Mar-3 -Mar-3 9-Mar-3 -Apr-3 1-Apr-3 19-Apr-3 -Apr-3 3-May-3 Cumulative Degree-Hours Above. C
21 Copyright G. Bonan
22 Copyright G. Bonan
23 Relative Diameter Increment Douglas Fir Growth And Cone Crop Number Of Cones Shoot Biomass (g) California Buckeye Shoot Growth And Fruiting Non-flowering Flowering Fruiting Shoot weight Shoot leaf area Shoot Leaf Area (cm ) Copyright G. Bonan
24 1 Chinese chestnut Sweet birch Height (mm) 1 1 Sumac Gray birch White pine Red maple Sweet birch Honey locust Yellow poplar N. red oak Mortality 3 1 Gray birch Sumac Yellow poplar Red maple White pine Honey locust Chinese chestnut N. red oak Seed Weight (mg) Seed Weight (mg) Copyright G. Bonan
25 Annual: Senecio vulgaris 1 Flower Buds Flowers Biomass Allocation (%) 8 Leaves Hypocotyl Roots Stems Seeds Receptacles Dead Leaves Seedling August September October Mature Biomass Allocation (%) 1 8 Perennial: Solidago speciosa Woody Site Foliage Flower Stem Seedling 1 Jun Jul 7 Jul 17 Aug 7 Sep 1 Sep Oct Mature Copyright G. Bonan
26 Foliage Biomass (kg) Branch Biomass (kg) 3 1 Jack Pine Black Spruce Aspen 1 1 Stem Biomass (kg) Stem Diameter (cm) Stem Diameter (cm) Stem Diameter (cm) Copyright G. Bonan
27 Leaf Area And Sapwood Area For Scots Pine Leaf Area (m ) Cool and Wet (.1 m per cm ) Warm and Dry (.9 m per cm ) Sapwood Area (cm ) Copyright G. Bonan
28 Growth, Maturity, and Longevity Of Broadleaf Deciduous Trees Typical Maturity (years) Typical Longevity (years) Average Typical Longevity (years) Shade intolerant Shade tolerant Slow Moderately Slow Moderately Fast Very Fast Typical Growth Rate Copyright G. Bonan
29 1 Disturbance Disturbance 7 C C-S C-S-R Competition Stress 1 Disturbance Stress C-R S S-R R 7 Competition 7 1 Stress Annual herbs Biennial herbs Trees and shrubs Lichens Perennial herbs and ferns Bryophytes Copyright G. Bonan Competition 1
30 Geographical Distribution Of Trees Percent Of Land Needleleaf evergreen Broadleaf evergreen 3 1 Latitude (degrees North) -1-3 Percent Of Land Needleleaf deciduous 7 3 Broadleaf deciduous 1 Latitude (degrees North) -1-3 Copyright G. Bonan
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CHAPTER 9 - LEAVES AND PLANTS... 1 9.1 INTRODUCTION...2 9.2 CARBON ASSIMILATION... 2 9.2.1 Light reactions... 3 9.2.2 Dark reactions... 5 9.2.
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