Temperature Thermal Expansion Ideal Gas Law Kinetic Theory Heat Heat Transfer Phase Changes Specific Heat Calorimetry
|
|
- Deirdre Wheeler
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1
2 Temperature Thermal Expansion Ideal Gas Law Kinetic Theory Heat Heat Transfer Phase Changes Specific Heat Calorimetry
3 Zeroeth Law Two systems individually in thermal equilibrium with a third system (such as a thermometer) are in thermal equilibrium with each other. That is, there is no flow of heat within a system in thermal equilibrium
4 1st Law of Thermo The change of internal energy of a system due to a temperature or phase change is given by (next chapter): Temperature Change: Q = mct Phase Change: Q = ml Q is positive when the system GAINS heat and negative when it LOSES heat.
5 2nd Law of Thermo Heat flows spontaneously from a substance at a higher temperature to a substance at a lower temperature and does not flow spontaneously in the reverse direction. Heat flows from hot to cold. Alternative: Irreversible processes must have an increase in Entropy; Reversible processes have no change in Entropy. Entropy is a measure of disorder in a system
6 3rd Law of Thermo It is not possible to lower the temperature of any system to absolute zero.
7 Temperature is measured by a thermometer. Kelvin is the Absolute Scale. 9 T( F) T( C) T( C) T ( F) 32 9 T( K) T( C)
8
9 What is "room temperature" (68 degrees F) in Celsius and Kelvin? 5 T( C) T ( F) C T( K) T( C) K Do book quiz 2!
10 30 is HOT. 20 is NICE. 10 is CHILLY. Zero is ICE!
11 Thermal Expansion of Solids: Linear L L T Coefficients determined experimentally! 0
12 Thermal Expansion: Volume V V T ~ 3 0
13 Thermal Expansion: Linear
14 Thermal Expansion: Linear The coefficient of linear expansion of steel is 12 x 10-6 / C. A railroad track is made of individual rails of steel 1.0 km in length. By what length would these rails change between a cold day when the temperature is -10 C and a hot day at 30 C? L L T 6 3 L (12 x10 / C)(10 m)(30 C ( 10 C)) 0 L.48m
15 L L T What change in temperature is needed to fill the gap, 1.3 x 10-3 m? 0 brass 19x10 C 23x10 C AL 3 Lbrass LAl 1.3x10 m 3 1.3x10 m T L L brass brass Al Al C
16 Thermal Expansion When the temperature of a metal ring increases, does the hole become larger? Smaller? Or stay same?
17
18 Circle Expansion The coefficient of linear expansion of aluminum is 23 x 10-6 /C. A circular hole in an aluminum plate is cm in diameter at 0 C. What is the diameter of the hole if the temperature of the plate is raised to 100 C? L L T 0 6 (23x10 / C)(2.725 cm)100 C 6.3x10 3 cm d 2.731cm
19 Fluids: Liquids & Gases Fluids are substances that are free to flow. Atoms and molecules are free to move. They take the shape of their containers. Cannot withstand or exert shearing forces. Liquids: Incompressible (density constant) Gases: Compressible (density depends on pressure) Parameters to describe Fluids: Density: = mass/volume Pressure: P = Force/Area [P] = N/m 2 = 1 Pascal (Pa)
20 Liquid Units There are 1000 liters in 1 cubic meter! 1 liter = 10-3 m 3 = 10 3 cm 3 1 liter of water has a mass of 1 kg and a weight of 9.8N. 1kg 1000kg H2 0 liter m 3
21 Density Density of C: water = 1g/cm 3 = 1000 kg/m 3 = 1kg/liter Density of 0 C: m V Air = 1.29x10-3 g/cm 3 = 1.29 kg/m 3 Density depends on temperature! Most substances EXPAND upon heating. How does that change their densities? m V m V REDUCES DENSITY!
22 Water: The Exception C: water =1000 kg/m 3 0 C: ice = 917 kg/m 3
23 Increasing the Pressure Does increasing the external pressure increase or decrease the boiling temperature of water? Increases! Boiling happens when vapor pressure in the liquid exceeds the external vapor pressure - now greater due to the increased pressure so the boiling temperature increases!
24 The absolute Pressure P of an ideal gas is directly proportional to the absolute (Kelvin) temperature T and the number of moles n of the gas and inversely proportional to the volume V of the gas: P V = nrt n = # moles R = 8.31 J/(mol-K) Universal Gas Constant
25 Thermometer, Liquid in Glass A common type of thermometer is a liquid-in-glass The material in the capillary tube expands as it is heated The liquid is usually mercury or alcohol
26 Barometers Measuring Air Pressure Fluid in the tube adjusts until the weight of the fluid column balances the atmospheric force exerted on the reservoir. 10.3m Not to Scale!!! Mercury Barometer atm x Pa Water Barometer 760mm
27 The Atmosphere At sea level, the atmosphere has a density of about 1.29 kg/m 3. The average density up to 120 km is about 8.59 x10-2 kg/m 3.
28 The Atmosphere A square meter extending up through the atmosphere has a mass of about 10,000 kg and a weight of about 100,000 N. 1 N/m 2 is a Pascal atm x Pa psi
29 Pressure in a fluid is due to the weight P Force Area of a fluid. P mg ( V) g A A ( Ah) g A gh Pressure depends on Depth!
30 Measuring Pressure 5 1atm 1.013x10 Pa Why is the pressure at X equal to atmospheric pressure? P gh Because if it didn t, the mercury would be pushed out of the dish! P mercury gh h h P mercury g 2 101,300 N/ m 13, 600 kg / m x9.8 m / s 3 2 mercury water 13.6 water 1000 kg / m 3 h 760mm
31 Measuring Pressure Can a barometer be made with Water instead of Mercury? P h water P water gh g h 2 101,300 N/ m 1000 kg / m x9.8 m / s 3 2 mercury water 13.6 water 1000 kg / m 3 h 10.3m (Notice: 10.3m is just 13.6 x 760mm!)
32 Absolute vs. Gauge Pressure Absolute Pressure: P P gh 0 Guage Pressure: P0 gh Guage pressure is what you measure in your tires Absoulte pressure is the pressure at B and is what is used in PV = nrt
33 P V = nrt n = # moles R = 8.31 J/(mol-K) Universal Gas Constant Note: PV is units of Energy!
34 Atomic Units The Basics Atomic Number: # protons Atomic Mass: # atomic mass units (u) Atomic Mass Unit: 1/12 mass of C-12 atom amu = u = 1.66 x kg Atomic Mass of C = u (1% is C-13) Mass of 1 C = (12.011u) (1.66 x kg/u)
35 Moles and Avogadro s Number N A = x mol -1 Mole (mol) = # atoms or molecules (particles) as are in 12 grams of Carbon-12: 1 mole = x particles Avogadro s Number: the number of particles in one mole: N A = x mol -1 # moles n contained in a sample of N particles: n = N/ N A # particles in a sample is: N = n N A
36 More on Moles The mass / mol for any substance has the same numerical value as its atomic mass: mass/mol C-12 = 12 g / mol mass/mol Li = g / mol n = mass / (mass/mole) = mass / atomic mass n = mass / atomic mass
37 Q: How many moles are in 1 kg of Sodium? mass/mole = atomic mass Na: g / mol n = mass / (mass/mole) = 1000 g / ( g/mol) = 43.5 moles Q: How many atoms in 1 kg of Sodium? # particles in a sample is: N = n N A N = (43.5mol) x mol -1 = 2.62 x atoms
38 P V = nrt n = # moles R = 8.31 J/(mol-K) Universal Gas Constant PV = Nkt N= # particles k =1.38 x J/K Boltzmann s Constant Note: PV is units of Energy!
39 The only interaction between particles are elastic collisions (no sticky - no loss of KE) This requires LOW DENSITY Excellent Approximation for O, N, Ar, room temperature and pressures State is described by the Ideal Gas Law Non Ideal are Van der Waals gases
40 Ideal Gas Problem An ideal gas with a fixed number of molecules is maintained at a constant pressure. At 30.0 C, the volume of the gas is 1.50 m 3. What is the volume of the gas when the temperature is increased to 75.0 C? PV nrt 1 1 PV nrt 2 2 V V T 1 1 T 2 2 V T V T K 1.5m m 3 303K
41 Heat flows from HOT to COLD Conduction (solids) Convection (liquids & gases) Radiation (solids, gases, plasma)
42
43 Energy transferred via molecular collisio
44 Heat energy is transferred in solids by collisions between free electrons Good Conductors: Most Metals (free electrons!) Bad Conductors: Organic & Inert Materials and vibrating atoms. Good Insulators: Air, Water, Wood Good Conductors are BAD Insulators
45 The heat Q conducted during a time t through a material with a thermal conductivity k. dt/dx is the Temperature Gradient. dt P ka dx
46 Some Thermal Conductivities
47 Temperature Gradient The quantity dt / dx is called the temperature gradient Q t ka dt dx dt T T h dx L c
48 Compound Slab: R values For a compound slab containing several materials of various thicknesses (L 1, L 2, ) and various thermal conductivities (k 1, k 2, ) the rate of energy transfer depends on the materials and the temperatures at the outer edges: i A Th T Li ki c Substances are rated by their R values R = L / k and the rate becomes A T h i T For multiple layers, the total R value is the sum of the R values of each layer Wind increases the energy loss by conduction in a home R i c
49 Conduction Problem T L T h c ka A bar of gold is in thermal contact with a bar of silver of the same length and area as shown. One end of the compound bar is maintained at 80.0 C while the opposite end is at 30.0 C. When the energy transfer reaches steady state, what is the temperature at the junction? Ignore thermal expansion of the metals.
50 In the same room, at the same temperature, the tile floor feels cooler than wood floor. How can they be the same temperature?
51 Hot Air rises, expands and cools, and then sinks back down causing convection currents that transport heat energy. Hot air rises because fast moving molecules tend to migrate toward regions of least obstruction - UP - into regions of lesser density! Rising air cools because a decrease in density reduces number of collisions & speeds decrease. As the air cools, it becomes denser, sinking down, producing a convection current.
52 Uneven heating on the earth and over water cause convection currents in the atmosphere, resulting in WINDS. Global wind patterns (Trade Winds, Jet Streams) are due to convection current from warmer regions (equator) to cooler regions (poles) plus rotation of Earth. Convection Currents in the Ocean (Gulf Stream) transport energy throughout the oceans. Air & Ocean Convection causes the WEATHER.
53 Convection between water and land causes the Winds.
54 Sea Breeze
55 High Pressure Dry Warm Weather Low Pressure Stormy Weather
56
57
58 Electromagnetic Radiation is emitted and absorbed via atomic excitations. All objects absorb and emit EM waves.
59 Electromagnetic Radiation is emitted and absorbed via atomic excitations. All objects absorb and emit EM waves.
60 Frequency ~ Temperature When an object it heated it will glow first in the infrared, then the visible. Most solid materials break down before they emit UV and higher frequency EM waves. Long Short
61 Stefan s Law P = σaet 4 P is the rate of energy transfer, in Watts σ = x 10-8 W/m 2. K 4 A is the surface area of the object e is a constant called the emissivity e varies from 0 to 1 The emissivity is also equal to the absorptivity T is the temperature in Kelvins
62 A good absorber reflects little and appears Black A good absorber is also a good emitter.
63 P 4 e T A Radiant heat makes it impossible to stand close to a hot lava flow. Calculate the rate of heat loss by radiation from 1.00 m 2 of 1200C fresh lava into 30.0C surroundings, assuming lava s emissivity is 1. The net heat transfer by radiation is: P e A( T T ) P e A( T T ) (5.67 x10 J / smk )1 m (( K) ( K) ) P 266kW
64 How do fur coats keep you warm? Fur is filled with air. Convection currents are slow because the convection loops are so small.
Chapter 18 Temperature, Heat, and the First Law of Thermodynamics. Problems: 8, 11, 13, 17, 21, 27, 29, 37, 39, 41, 47, 51, 57
Chapter 18 Temperature, Heat, and the First Law of Thermodynamics Problems: 8, 11, 13, 17, 21, 27, 29, 37, 39, 41, 47, 51, 57 Thermodynamics study and application of thermal energy temperature quantity
More informationTemperature. Temperature
Chapter 8 Temperature Temperature a number that corresponds to the warmth or coldness of an object measured by a thermometer is a per-particle property no upper limit definite limit on lower end Temperature
More informationGas Laws. The kinetic theory of matter states that particles which make up all types of matter are in constant motion.
Name Period Gas Laws Kinetic energy is the energy of motion of molecules. Gas state of matter made up of tiny particles (atoms or molecules). Each atom or molecule is very far from other atoms or molecules.
More informationTEACHER BACKGROUND INFORMATION THERMAL ENERGY
TEACHER BACKGROUND INFORMATION THERMAL ENERGY In general, when an object performs work on another object, it does not transfer all of its energy to that object. Some of the energy is lost as heat due to
More informationEXPERIMENT 15: Ideal Gas Law: Molecular Weight of a Vapor
EXPERIMENT 15: Ideal Gas Law: Molecular Weight of a Vapor Purpose: In this experiment you will use the ideal gas law to calculate the molecular weight of a volatile liquid compound by measuring the mass,
More informationThermodynamics AP Physics B. Multiple Choice Questions
Thermodynamics AP Physics B Name Multiple Choice Questions 1. What is the name of the following statement: When two systems are in thermal equilibrium with a third system, then they are in thermal equilibrium
More informationConvection, Conduction & Radiation
Convection, Conduction & Radiation There are three basic ways in which heat is transferred: convection, conduction and radiation. In gases and liquids, heat is usually transferred by convection, in which
More informationName: Class: Date: 10. Some substances, when exposed to visible light, absorb more energy as heat than other substances absorb.
Name: Class: Date: ID: A PS Chapter 13 Review Modified True/False Indicate whether the statement is true or false. If false, change the identified word or phrase to make the statement true. 1. In all cooling
More information= 1.038 atm. 760 mm Hg. = 0.989 atm. d. 767 torr = 767 mm Hg. = 1.01 atm
Chapter 13 Gases 1. Solids and liquids have essentially fixed volumes and are not able to be compressed easily. Gases have volumes that depend on their conditions, and can be compressed or expanded by
More informationA. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) = the idea that particles of matter are always in motion and that this motion has consequences.
I. MOLECULES IN MOTION: A. Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT) = the idea that particles of matter are always in motion and that this motion has consequences. 1) theory developed in the late 19 th century to
More informationThe Gas Laws. Our Atmosphere. Pressure = Units of Pressure. Barometer. Chapter 10
Our Atmosphere The Gas Laws 99% N 2 and O 2 78% N 2 80 70 Nitrogen Chapter 10 21% O 2 1% CO 2 and the Noble Gases 60 50 40 Oxygen 30 20 10 0 Gas Carbon dioxide and Noble Gases Pressure Pressure = Force
More informationChapter 10 Temperature and Heat
Chapter 10 Temperature and Heat What are temperature and heat? Are they the same? What causes heat? What Is Temperature? How do we measure temperature? What are we actually measuring? Temperature and Its
More informationCHAPTER 12. Gases and the Kinetic-Molecular Theory
CHAPTER 12 Gases and the Kinetic-Molecular Theory 1 Gases vs. Liquids & Solids Gases Weak interactions between molecules Molecules move rapidly Fast diffusion rates Low densities Easy to compress Liquids
More informationName Class Date. In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes each statement or best answers each question.
Assessment Chapter Test A Chapter: States of Matter In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes each statement or best answers each question. 1. The kinetic-molecular
More informationPractice Test. 4) The planet Earth loses heat mainly by A) conduction. B) convection. C) radiation. D) all of these Answer: C
Practice Test 1) Increase the pressure in a container of oxygen gas while keeping the temperature constant and you increase the A) molecular speed. B) molecular kinetic energy. C) Choice A and choice B
More informationGases. Macroscopic Properties. Petrucci, Harwood and Herring: Chapter 6
Gases Petrucci, Harwood and Herring: Chapter 6 CHEM 1000A 3.0 Gases 1 We will be looking at Macroscopic and Microscopic properties: Macroscopic Properties of bulk gases Observable Pressure, volume, mass,
More informationES 106 Laboratory # 2 HEAT AND TEMPERATURE
ES 106 Laboratory # 2 HEAT AND TEMPERATURE Introduction Heat transfer is the movement of heat energy from one place to another. Heat energy can be transferred by three different mechanisms: convection,
More informationChemistry 13: States of Matter
Chemistry 13: States of Matter Name: Period: Date: Chemistry Content Standard: Gases and Their Properties The kinetic molecular theory describes the motion of atoms and molecules and explains the properties
More informationTHE KINETIC THEORY OF GASES
Chapter 19: THE KINETIC THEORY OF GASES 1. Evidence that a gas consists mostly of empty space is the fact that: A. the density of a gas becomes much greater when it is liquefied B. gases exert pressure
More informationTemperature Measure of KE At the same temperature, heavier molecules have less speed Absolute Zero -273 o C 0 K
Temperature Measure of KE At the same temperature, heavier molecules have less speed Absolute Zero -273 o C 0 K Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases 1. Large number of atoms/molecules in random motion 2.
More information13.1 The Nature of Gases. What is Kinetic Theory? Kinetic Theory and a Model for Gases. Chapter 13: States of Matter. Principles of Kinetic Theory
Chapter 13: States of Matter The Nature of Gases The Nature of Gases kinetic molecular theory (KMT), gas pressure (pascal, atmosphere, mm Hg), kinetic energy The Nature of Liquids vaporization, evaporation,
More informationHeat Energy FORMS OF ENERGY LESSON PLAN 2.7. Public School System Teaching Standards Covered
FORMS OF ENERGY LESSON PLAN 2.7 Heat Energy This lesson is designed for 3rd 5th grade students in a variety of school settings (public, private, STEM schools, and home schools) in the seven states served
More informationIDEAL AND NON-IDEAL GASES
2/2016 ideal gas 1/8 IDEAL AND NON-IDEAL GASES PURPOSE: To measure how the pressure of a low-density gas varies with temperature, to determine the absolute zero of temperature by making a linear fit to
More informationPhys222 W11 Quiz 1: Chapters 19-21 Keys. Name:
Name:. In order for two objects to have the same temperature, they must a. be in thermal equilibrium.
More informationGases and Kinetic-Molecular Theory: Chapter 12. Chapter Outline. Chapter Outline
Gases and Kinetic-Molecular heory: Chapter Chapter Outline Comparison of Solids, Liquids, and Gases Composition of the Atmosphere and Some Common Properties of Gases Pressure Boyle s Law: he Volume-Pressure
More informationGases. States of Matter. Molecular Arrangement Solid Small Small Ordered Liquid Unity Unity Local Order Gas High Large Chaotic (random)
Gases States of Matter States of Matter Kinetic E (motion) Potential E(interaction) Distance Between (size) Molecular Arrangement Solid Small Small Ordered Liquid Unity Unity Local Order Gas High Large
More informationWhat Is Heat? What Is Heat?
What Is Heat? Paul shivered inside the wood cabin. It was cold outside, and inside the cabin it wasn t much warmer. Paul could hear the rain beating down on the roof. Every few minutes there would be a
More informationChapter 4: Transfer of Thermal Energy
Chapter 4: Transfer of Thermal Energy Goals of Period 4 Section 4.1: To define temperature and thermal energy Section 4.2: To discuss three methods of thermal energy transfer. Section 4.3: To describe
More informationStatistical Mechanics, Kinetic Theory Ideal Gas. 8.01t Nov 22, 2004
Statistical Mechanics, Kinetic Theory Ideal Gas 8.01t Nov 22, 2004 Statistical Mechanics and Thermodynamics Thermodynamics Old & Fundamental Understanding of Heat (I.e. Steam) Engines Part of Physics Einstein
More informationPHYS-2010: General Physics I Course Lecture Notes Section XIII
PHYS-2010: General Physics I Course Lecture Notes Section XIII Dr. Donald G. Luttermoser East Tennessee State University Edition 2.5 Abstract These class notes are designed for use of the instructor and
More informationRusty Walker, Corporate Trainer Hill PHOENIX
Refrigeration 101 Rusty Walker, Corporate Trainer Hill PHOENIX Compressor Basic Refrigeration Cycle Evaporator Condenser / Receiver Expansion Device Vapor Compression Cycle Cooling by the removal of heat
More information2. Room temperature: C. Kelvin. 2. Room temperature:
Temperature I. Temperature is the quantity that tells how hot or cold something is compared with a standard A. Temperature is directly proportional to the average kinetic energy of molecular translational
More informationTHE IDEAL GAS LAW AND KINETIC THEORY
Chapter 14 he Ideal Gas Law and Kinetic heory Chapter 14 HE IDEAL GAS LAW AND KINEIC HEORY REIEW Kinetic molecular theory involves the study of matter, particularly gases, as very small particles in constant
More informationHEAT UNIT 1.1 KINETIC THEORY OF GASES. 1.1.1 Introduction. 1.1.2 Postulates of Kinetic Theory of Gases
UNIT HEAT. KINETIC THEORY OF GASES.. Introduction Molecules have a diameter of the order of Å and the distance between them in a gas is 0 Å while the interaction distance in solids is very small. R. Clausius
More informationLecture Notes: Gas Laws and Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT).
CHEM110 Week 9 Notes (Gas Laws) Page 1 of 7 Lecture Notes: Gas Laws and Kinetic Molecular Theory (KMT). Gases Are mostly empty space Occupy containers uniformly and completely Expand infinitely Diffuse
More information7. 1.00 atm = 760 torr = 760 mm Hg = 101.325 kpa = 14.70 psi. = 0.446 atm. = 0.993 atm. = 107 kpa 760 torr 1 atm 760 mm Hg = 790.
CHATER 3. The atmosphere is a homogeneous mixture (a solution) of gases.. Solids and liquids have essentially fixed volumes and are not able to be compressed easily. have volumes that depend on their conditions,
More information1.4.6-1.4.8 Gas Laws. Heat and Temperature
1.4.6-1.4.8 Gas Laws Heat and Temperature Often the concepts of heat and temperature are thought to be the same, but they are not. Perhaps the reason the two are incorrectly thought to be the same is because
More informationoil liquid water water liquid Answer, Key Homework 2 David McIntyre 1
Answer, Key Homework 2 David McIntyre 1 This print-out should have 14 questions, check that it is complete. Multiple-choice questions may continue on the next column or page: find all choices before making
More informationExam 4 Practice Problems false false
Exam 4 Practice Problems 1 1. Which of the following statements is false? a. Condensed states have much higher densities than gases. b. Molecules are very far apart in gases and closer together in liquids
More information= 800 kg/m 3 (note that old units cancel out) 4.184 J 1000 g = 4184 J/kg o C
Units and Dimensions Basic properties such as length, mass, time and temperature that can be measured are called dimensions. Any quantity that can be measured has a value and a unit associated with it.
More information1. The Kinetic Theory of Matter states that all matter is composed of atoms and molecules that are in a constant state of constant random motion
Physical Science Period: Name: ANSWER KEY Date: Practice Test for Unit 3: Ch. 3, and some of 15 and 16: Kinetic Theory of Matter, States of matter, and and thermodynamics, and gas laws. 1. The Kinetic
More information7. Gases, Liquids, and Solids 7.1 Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter
7. Gases, Liquids, and Solids 7.1 Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter The Kinetic Molecular Theory of Matter is a concept that basically states that matter is composed
More informationStates of Matter CHAPTER 10 REVIEW SECTION 1. Name Date Class. Answer the following questions in the space provided.
CHAPTER 10 REVIEW States of Matter SECTION 1 SHORT ANSWER Answer the following questions in the space provided. 1. Identify whether the descriptions below describe an ideal gas or a real gas. ideal gas
More informationThermochemistry. r2 d:\files\courses\1110-20\99heat&thermorans.doc. Ron Robertson
Thermochemistry r2 d:\files\courses\1110-20\99heat&thermorans.doc Ron Robertson I. What is Energy? A. Energy is a property of matter that allows work to be done B. Potential and Kinetic Potential energy
More informationChapter 10: Temperature and Heat
Chapter 10: Temperature and Heat 1. The temperature of a substance is A. proportional to the average kinetic energy of the molecules in a substance. B. equal to the kinetic energy of the fastest moving
More informationThe First Law of Thermodynamics
The First aw of Thermodynamics Q and W are process (path)-dependent. (Q W) = E int is independent of the process. E int = E int,f E int,i = Q W (first law) Q: + heat into the system; heat lost from the
More informationCHEM 120 Online Chapter 7
CHEM 120 Online Chapter 7 Date: 1. Which of the following statements is not a part of kinetic molecular theory? A) Matter is composed of particles that are in constant motion. B) Particle velocity increases
More informationTemperature. PJ Brucat
PJ Brucat Temperature - the measure of average kinetic energy (KE) of a gas, liquid, or solid. KE is energy of motion. KE = ½ mv 2 where m=mass and v=velocity (speed) 1 All molecules have KE whether solid,
More informationCLASSICAL CONCEPT REVIEW 8
CLASSICAL CONCEPT REVIEW 8 Kinetic Theory Information concerning the initial motions of each of the atoms of macroscopic systems is not accessible, nor do we have the computational capability even with
More informationWhat is Energy? What is the relationship between energy and work?
What is Energy? What is the relationship between energy and work? Compare kinetic and potential energy What are the different types of energy? What is energy? Energy is the ability to do work. Great, but
More informationName Date Class STATES OF MATTER. SECTION 13.1 THE NATURE OF GASES (pages 385 389)
13 STATES OF MATTER SECTION 13.1 THE NATURE OF GASES (pages 385 389) This section introduces the kinetic theory and describes how it applies to gases. It defines gas pressure and explains how temperature
More informationReview Chapter 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16. Conceptual Physics, 10e (Hewitt) Chapter 10
Review Chapter 10, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16 Conceptual Physics, 10e (Hewitt) Chapter 10 23) What prevents satellites such as a space shuttle from falling? A) gravity B) the absence of air drag C) Nothing; they're
More informationForms of Energy. Freshman Seminar
Forms of Energy Freshman Seminar Energy Energy The ability & capacity to do work Energy can take many different forms Energy can be quantified Law of Conservation of energy In any change from one form
More informationThe Ideal Gas Law. Gas Constant. Applications of the Gas law. P = ρ R T. Lecture 2: Atmospheric Thermodynamics
Lecture 2: Atmospheric Thermodynamics Ideal Gas Law (Equation of State) Hydrostatic Balance Heat and Temperature Conduction, Convection, Radiation Latent Heating Adiabatic Process Lapse Rate and Stability
More informationGas Laws. vacuum. 760 mm. air pressure. mercury
Gas Laws Some chemical reactions take place in the gas phase and others produce products that are gases. We need a way to measure the quantity of compounds in a given volume of gas and relate that to moles.
More informationESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper.
Test 1 General Chemistry CH116 Summer, 2012 University of Massachusetts, Boston Name ESSAY. Write your answer in the space provided or on a separate sheet of paper. 1) Sodium hydride reacts with excess
More informationEnergy and Energy Transformations Test Review
Energy and Energy Transformations Test Review Completion: 1. Mass 13. Kinetic 2. Four 14. thermal 3. Kinetic 15. Thermal energy (heat) 4. Electromagnetic/Radiant 16. Thermal energy (heat) 5. Thermal 17.
More informationTemperature. Number of moles. Constant Terms. Pressure. Answers Additional Questions 12.1
Answers Additional Questions 12.1 1. A gas collected over water has a total pressure equal to the pressure of the dry gas plus the pressure of the water vapor. If the partial pressure of water at 25.0
More informationLecture 30 - Chapter 6 Thermal & Energy Systems (Examples) 1
Potential Energy ME 101: Thermal and Energy Systems Chapter 7 - Examples Gravitational Potential Energy U = mgδh Relative to a reference height Increase in elevation increases U Decrease in elevation decreases
More informationAZ State Standards. Concept 3: Conservation of Energy and Increase in Disorder Understand ways that energy is conserved, stored, and transferred.
Forms of Energy AZ State Standards Concept 3: Conservation of Energy and Increase in Disorder Understand ways that energy is conserved, stored, and transferred. PO 1. Describe the following ways in which
More informationScience Standard Articulated by Grade Level Strand 5: Physical Science
Concept 1: Properties of Objects and Materials Classify objects and materials by their observable properties. Kindergarten Grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 PO 1. Identify the following observable properties
More information5. Which temperature is equal to +20 K? 1) 253ºC 2) 293ºC 3) 253 C 4) 293 C
1. The average kinetic energy of water molecules increases when 1) H 2 O(s) changes to H 2 O( ) at 0ºC 3) H 2 O( ) at 10ºC changes to H 2 O( ) at 20ºC 2) H 2 O( ) changes to H 2 O(s) at 0ºC 4) H 2 O( )
More informationChapter 17: Change of Phase
Chapter 17: Change of Phase Conceptual Physics, 10e (Hewitt) 3) Evaporation is a cooling process and condensation is A) a warming process. B) a cooling process also. C) neither a warming nor cooling process.
More informationBoyles Law. At constant temperature the volume occupied by a fixed amount of gas is inversely proportional to the pressure on the gas 1 P = P
Boyles Law At constant temperature the volume occupied by a fixed amount of gas is inversely proportional to the pressure on the gas 1 or k 1 Boyles Law Example ressure olume Initial 2.00 atm 100 cm 3
More informationCurrent Staff Course Unit/ Length. Basic Outline/ Structure. Unit Objectives/ Big Ideas. Properties of Waves A simple wave has a PH: Sound and Light
Current Staff Course Unit/ Length August August September September October Unit Objectives/ Big Ideas Basic Outline/ Structure PS4- Types of Waves Because light can travel through space, it cannot be
More information1. At which temperature would a source radiate the least amount of electromagnetic energy? 1) 273 K 3) 32 K 2) 212 K 4) 5 K
1. At which temperature would a source radiate the least amount of electromagnetic energy? 1) 273 K 3) 32 K 2) 212 K 4) 5 K 2. How does the amount of heat energy reflected by a smooth, dark-colored concrete
More informationF321 MOLES. Example If 1 atom has a mass of 1.241 x 10-23 g 1 mole of atoms will have a mass of 1.241 x 10-23 g x 6.02 x 10 23 = 7.
Moles 1 MOLES The mole the standard unit of amount of a substance (mol) the number of particles in a mole is known as Avogadro s constant (N A ) Avogadro s constant has a value of 6.02 x 10 23 mol -1.
More informationPartnerships Implementing Engineering Education Worcester Polytechnic Institute Worcester Public Schools
Partnerships Implementing Engineering Education Worcester Polytechnic Institute Worcester Public Schools Supported by: National Science Foundation Weather: 4.H.3 Weather and Classical Instruments Grade
More informationPhysics 1114: Unit 6 Homework: Answers
Physics 1114: Unit 6 Homework: Answers Problem set 1 1. A rod 4.2 m long and 0.50 cm 2 in cross-sectional area is stretched 0.20 cm under a tension of 12,000 N. a) The stress is the Force (1.2 10 4 N)
More informationEnergy Transport. Focus on heat transfer. Heat Transfer Mechanisms: Conduction Radiation Convection (mass movement of fluids)
Energy Transport Focus on heat transfer Heat Transfer Mechanisms: Conduction Radiation Convection (mass movement of fluids) Conduction Conduction heat transfer occurs only when there is physical contact
More informationCHEMISTRY. Matter and Change. Section 13.1 Section 13.2 Section 13.3. The Gas Laws The Ideal Gas Law Gas Stoichiometry
CHEMISTRY Matter and Change 13 Table Of Contents Chapter 13: Gases Section 13.1 Section 13.2 Section 13.3 The Gas Laws The Ideal Gas Law Gas Stoichiometry State the relationships among pressure, temperature,
More informationUNIT 6a TEST REVIEW. 1. A weather instrument is shown below.
UNIT 6a TEST REVIEW 1. A weather instrument is shown below. Which weather variable is measured by this instrument? 1) wind speed 3) cloud cover 2) precipitation 4) air pressure 2. Which weather station
More informationThe Three Heat Transfer Modes in Reflow Soldering
Section 5: Reflow Oven Heat Transfer The Three Heat Transfer Modes in Reflow Soldering There are three different heating modes involved with most SMT reflow processes: conduction, convection, and infrared
More informationCHEMISTRY GAS LAW S WORKSHEET
Boyle s Law Charles Law Guy-Lassac's Law Combined Gas Law For a given mass of gas at constant temperature, the volume of a gas varies inversely with pressure PV = k The volume of a fixed mass of gas is
More informationMULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question.
Sample Mid-Term 3 MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the one alternative that best completes the statement or answers the question. 1) If you double the frequency of a vibrating object, its period A) is quartered.
More informationKINETIC THEORY AND THERMODYNAMICS
KINETIC THEORY AND THERMODYNAMICS 1. Basic ideas Kinetic theory based on experiments, which proved that a) matter contains particles and quite a lot of space between them b) these particles always move
More informationAS1 MOLES. oxygen molecules have the formula O 2 the relative mass will be 2 x 16 = 32 so the molar mass will be 32g mol -1
Moles 1 MOLES The mole the standard unit of amount of a substance the number of particles in a mole is known as Avogadro s constant (L) Avogadro s constant has a value of 6.023 x 10 23 mol -1. Example
More informationChapter 10 Temperature and Heat
Chapter 10 Temperature and Heat GOALS When you have mastered the contents of this chapter, you will be able to achieve the following goals: Definitions Define each of the following terms, and use it an
More informationChapter Test B. Chapter: Measurements and Calculations
Assessment Chapter Test B Chapter: Measurements and Calculations PART I In the space provided, write the letter of the term or phrase that best completes each statement or best answers each question. 1.
More informationKINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF MATTER
KINETIC MOLECULAR THEORY OF MATTER The kinetic-molecular theory is based on the idea that particles of matter are always in motion. The theory can be used to explain the properties of solids, liquids,
More informationHeat Transfer and Energy
What is Heat? Heat Transfer and Energy Heat is Energy in Transit. Recall the First law from Thermodynamics. U = Q - W What did we mean by all the terms? What is U? What is Q? What is W? What is Heat Transfer?
More informationDetermining Equivalent Weight by Copper Electrolysis
Purpose The purpose of this experiment is to determine the equivalent mass of copper based on change in the mass of a copper electrode and the volume of hydrogen gas generated during an electrolysis reaction.
More informationPreview of Period 5: Thermal Energy, the Microscopic Picture
Preview of Period 5: Thermal Energy, the Microscopic Picture 5.1 Temperature and Molecular Motion What is evaporative cooling? 5.2 Temperature and Phase Changes How much energy is required for a phase
More information(1) The size of a gas particle is negligible as compared to the volume of the container in which the gas is placed.
Gas Laws and Kinetic Molecular Theory The Gas Laws are based on experiments, and they describe how a gas behaves under certain conditions. However, Gas Laws do not attempt to explain the behavior of gases.
More informationCHAPTER 2 Energy and Earth
CHAPTER 2 Energy and Earth This chapter is concerned with the nature of energy and how it interacts with Earth. At this stage we are looking at energy in an abstract form though relate it to how it affect
More informationTopic Page Contents Page
Heat energy (11-16) Contents Topic Page Contents Page Heat energy and temperature 3 Latent heat energy 15 Interesting temperatures 4 Conduction of heat energy 16 A cooling curve 5 Convection 17 Expansion
More informationFUNDAMENTALS OF ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS
FUNDAMENTALS OF ENGINEERING THERMODYNAMICS System: Quantity of matter (constant mass) or region in space (constant volume) chosen for study. Closed system: Can exchange energy but not mass; mass is constant
More informationChapter 4 Practice Quiz
Chapter 4 Practice Quiz 1. Label each box with the appropriate state of matter. A) I: Gas II: Liquid III: Solid B) I: Liquid II: Solid III: Gas C) I: Solid II: Liquid III: Gas D) I: Gas II: Solid III:
More informationModule 2.2. Heat transfer mechanisms
Module 2.2 Heat transfer mechanisms Learning Outcomes On successful completion of this module learners will be able to - Describe the 1 st and 2 nd laws of thermodynamics. - Describe heat transfer mechanisms.
More informationEXPERIMENT 13: THE IDEAL GAS LAW AND THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF GASES
Name Section EXPERIMENT 13: THE IDEAL GAS LAW AND THE MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF GASES PRE-LABORATORY QUESTIONS The following preparatory questions should be answered before coming to lab. They are intended to
More informationKinetic Molecular Theory and Gas Laws
Kinetic Molecular Theory and Gas Laws I. Handout: Unit Notes II. Modeling at the Atomic Scale I. In another unit you learned about the history of the atom and the different models people had of what the
More informationKinetic Theory of Gases. 6.1 Properties of Gases 6.2 Gas Pressure. Properties That Describe a Gas. Gas Pressure. Learning Check.
Chapter 6 Gases Kinetic Theory of Gases 6.1 Properties of Gases 6.2 Gas Pressure A gas consists of small particles that move rapidly in straight lines. have essentially no attractive (or repulsive) forces.
More informationScience Standard 3 Energy and Its Effects Grade Level Expectations
Science Standard 3 Energy and Its Effects Grade Level Expectations Science Standard 3 Energy and Its Effects The flow of energy drives processes of change in all biological, chemical, physical, and geological
More informationUntitled Document. 1. Which of the following best describes an atom? 4. Which statement best describes the density of an atom s nucleus?
Name: Date: 1. Which of the following best describes an atom? A. protons and electrons grouped together in a random pattern B. protons and electrons grouped together in an alternating pattern C. a core
More informationHEAT AND MASS TRANSFER
MEL242 HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER Prabal Talukdar Associate Professor Department of Mechanical Engineering g IIT Delhi prabal@mech.iitd.ac.in MECH/IITD Course Coordinator: Dr. Prabal Talukdar Room No: III,
More informationWEEK 1. Engineering Calculations Processes Process Variables
WEEK 1 Engineering Calculations Processes Process Variables 2.1 Units and Dimensions Units and dimensions are important in science and engineering A measured quantity has a numerical value and a unit (ex:
More informationTake away concepts. What is Energy? Solar Energy. EM Radiation. Properties of waves. Solar Radiation Emission and Absorption
Take away concepts Solar Radiation Emission and Absorption 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Conservation of energy. Black body radiation principle Emission wavelength and temperature (Wein s Law). Radiation vs. distance
More information10.7 Kinetic Molecular Theory. 10.7 Kinetic Molecular Theory. Kinetic Molecular Theory. Kinetic Molecular Theory. Kinetic Molecular Theory
The first scheduled quiz will be given next Tuesday during Lecture. It will last 5 minutes. Bring pencil, calculator, and your book. The coverage will be pp 364-44, i.e. Sections 0.0 through.4. 0.7 Theory
More informationChem 1A Exam 2 Review Problems
Chem 1A Exam 2 Review Problems 1. At 0.967 atm, the height of mercury in a barometer is 0.735 m. If the mercury were replaced with water, what height of water (in meters) would be supported at this pressure?
More informationA drop forms when liquid is forced out of a small tube. The shape of the drop is determined by a balance of pressure, gravity, and surface tension
A drop forms when liquid is forced out of a small tube. The shape of the drop is determined by a balance of pressure, gravity, and surface tension forces. 2 Objectives Have a working knowledge of the basic
More information