The Ecozones ofthe World
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- Chastity Spencer
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1 Jürgen Schultz The Ecozones ofthe World The Ecological Divisions ofthe Geosphere Translated into English by Bridget Ahnert Second Edition with 144 Figures, 22 Tables, and 5 Boxes 4ü Springer
2 Contents General: the treatment ofthe ecozones and global overviews of selected characteristics 1 Distribution 7 2 Climate Solar radiation The growing season and conditions for plant growth 14 3 Relief and drainage Geomorphological processes Drainage and water balance 17 4 Soils Soil fertility Soil water budget Soilunits and soil zones 26 5 Vegetation and animals Structural characteristics of the Vegetation Ecosystem model of ecozone Available supply of organic matter in the ecosystem Primary production Photosynthesis and respiration Primary production from plant Stands Production capacity of the world's plant cover Consumption by animals and secondary production Waste and decomposition Turnover ofminerals 51 6 Land use 55
3 VIII Contents Regional section: The individual ecozones 7 Polar subpolar zone Distribution Climate Temperature, length of day, precipitation Annual temperature changes in the soil and air layer next to the soil Summer solar radiation and heat budget Relief and drainage in periglacial areas Soils Vegetation and fauna in the tundra and polar deserts Distribution of Vegetation Biomass and primary production Animals and animal feed Decomposition and turnover of minerals Model of a tundra ecosystem Landuse 80 Synoptic diagram for the tundra 81 8 Boreal zone Distribution Climate Relief and drainage Soils Vegetation and animals Boreal coniferous forest Peatbogs Forest tundra, polar and forest tree lines Biomass and primary production Decomposition, organic soil matter and mineral reserves Boreal coniferous forest ecosystems Landuse 98 Synoptic diagram for the Boreal zone Temperate midlatitudes Distribution Climate Relief and drainage Soils Vegetation and animals Seasonality in deciduous forests Water budget in forests Biomass and primary production, growth and litter production 112
4 Contents IX Mineral budget in midlatitude deciduous broadleaf and boreal coniferous forests Model of an ecosystem of a deciduous forest Landuse 118 Synoptic diagram for the Temperate midlatitudes Dry midlatitudes Distribution Climate Relief and drainage Soils in the steppes Types of soil in the zone Halomorphic soils Vegetation and animals in the steppes Types of steppes Life-form and adaptation to winter cold and summer drought Animals Biomass, primary production and decomposition Availablesupplyandturnoverofrninerals Landuse Large scale grain cultivation Extensive pasture economy 136 Synoptic diagram for steppes Subtropics with winter rain Distribution Climate Relief and drainage Soils Vegetation and animals Sclerophyllous Vegetation Adaptation to summer drought Animals Fire Biomass and primary production LandUse 152 Synoptic diagram for the Subtropics with winter rain Subtropics with year-round rain Distribution Climate Relief and drainage Soils Vegetation Structural characteristics 161
5 X Contents Available supply and turnover in a semi-evergreen oak forest in the southeastern United States Landuse 165 Synoptic diagram for the Subtropics with year-round rain Dry tropics and subtropics Distribution Climate Relief and drainage Weathering processes andcrusts Aeolian processes Stream erosion andwash denudation Soils Vegetation and animals Vegetation and soil water budget Adaptation to drought and stress Animals in the desert Biomass and primary production Landuse Pastoral nomadism Oasis agriculture 187 Synoptic diagram for tropical thorn savannas and subtropical thorn steppes in the semi-arid Dry tropics and subtropics Tropics with summer rain Distribution Climate Relief and drainage Soils General characteristics of soils in the subtropics and tropics with summer and year-round rain Soil types Vegetation and animals Structural characteristics of savanna Vegetation Animals Savanna fires Biomass and primary production Zoomass and animal feed Decomposition of litter Mineral supplies and turnovers Landuse 210 Synoptic diagram for the Tropics with summer rain Tropics with year-round rain Distribution Climate 216
6 Contents XI 15.3 Relief and drainage Soils Vegetation and animals Structure ofthe tropical rainforest Dynamics ofthe Vegetation Animals Biomass and primary production Animal feed Litter, the litter layer, decomposition and humus Mineral supplies and turnovers Rainforest ecosystem Landuse 230 Synoptic diagram for the Tropics with year-round rain 235 References 237
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