R o y a u m e -U n i: l é v a lu a tio n d e P athways to Work

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1 R é fo r m e d e l a s s u r a n c e in v a lid ité a u R o y a u m e -U n i: l é v a lu a tio n d e P athways to Work S tu a r t A d a m A n to in e B o z io C a rl E m m e rs o n I n s tit u te f o r F is c a l S t u d ie s

2 P la n 1) In v a lid ité e t in a p titu d e a u R o y a u m e -U n i 2) L in te r v e n tio n `P a th w a y s to W o r k 3) L a m e s u r e d e l im p a c t d e la r é fo r m e 4) M e s u r e r le s c o m p o s a n te s d e la r é fo r m e? 5) M e s u r e r le s e ffe ts in d ir e c ts 6) U n e a n a ly s e c o û t-b é n é fic e 7) C o n c lu s io n

3 T is b u t a s c r a tc h I'v e h a d w o r s e Institute for Fiscal Studies

4 P a r t d e la p o p u la tio n e n â g e d e tr a v a ille r r e c e v a n t d e s tr a n s fe r ts p o u r in v a lid ité N o te : S itu a tio n à la fin d e s a n n é e s E dcieds Trans forming dis ability into ability ( ) I n s t it u t e Sf o or uf risccea:l O S tu

5 P a r t d e la p o p u la tio n e n â g e d e tr a v a ille r r e c e v a n t d e s tr a n s fe r ts p o u r in v a lid ité o u chôm age S o u r c e s : A n y a d ik e -D a n e s a n d M c V ic a r ( ), N O M I S.

6 P a r t d e la p o p u la tio n e n â g e d e tr a v a ille r r e c e v a n t d e s tr a n s fe r ts p o u r in v a lid ité o u chôm age S o u r c e s : A n y a d ik e -D a n e s a n d M c V ic a r ( ), N O M I S.

7 P a r t d e la p o p u la tio n e n â g e d e tr a v a ille r r e c e v a n t d e s tr a n s fe r ts p o u r in v a lid ité o u chôm age S o u r c e s : A n y a d ik e -D a n e s a n d M c V ic a r ( ), N O M I S.

8 L e s r é fo r m e s r é c e n te s `P a th w a y s to W o r k s u r le s a llo c a tio n s incapacity benefits In c a p a c ity B e n e f it (I B ) + In c o m e s u p p o r t (IS ) o n g r o u n d s o f d is a b ility M is e e n p la c e p r o g r e s s iv e ( ) E mployment and S upport Allowance (E S A) A llo c a tio n d e b a s e s im ila ir e a u x a llo c a tio n s c h ô m a g e D a n s le s 1 3 p r e m iè r e s s e m a in e s : Work C apacity Assessment (WC A) T e s t m é d ic a l p lu s s tr ic t q u a v e c IB S i p a s d in a p titu d e a u tr a v a il = > s o r tie d e l E S A S i in a p titu d e a u tr a v a il = > p r o g r a m m e s d a c tiv a tio n à l e m p lo i (P a th w a y s to W o r k ) p.w. S i in a p titu d e a u r e to u r à l e m p lo i = > G r o u p e d e s o u tie n p.w. P o u r le s b a s r e v e n u s, le s a llo c a t io n s s o n t m a jo r é e s S e lo n le s c o n d itio n s fa m ilia le s (+ 1 2 c é lib a ta ir e s, c o u p le s ) S e lo n le n iv e a u d h a n d ic a p (+ 5 0 s é v è r e h a n d ic a p )

9 L in te r v e n tio n P a th w a y s to w o r k T e s t m é d ic a l p lu s r a p id e (P ersonal C apability Assessment P C A) 1. D é la is r é d u it d e 6 à 3 m o is (e n th é o r ie ) In d iv id u s a v e c d e fo r ts p r o b lè m e s d e s a n té n e s o n t p a s o b lig é s d e p a r tic ip e r (2 0 25% ) P r o g r a m m e in te n s if d e n tr e tie n s : Work Focused Interviews (WFIs) 2. U n c o n s e ille r p e r s o n n e l u n iq u e (Incapacity B enefit P ersonal Adviser IB P A) P r e m ie r e n tr e tie n P lu s tô t: m o in s d e 8 s e m a in e s a p r è s le d é b u t d e l a llo c a tio n E v a lu a tio n d e l in a p titu d e (S creening tool) E x c lu s io n d e s in d iv id u s s u s c e p tib le s d e r e to u r n e r à l e m p lo i s a n s a id e (l a c c è s à P athways d e v ie n t v o lo n ta ir e ) 5 e n t r e t ie n s s u p p lé m e n t a ir e s (1 p a r m o is ) S u s p e n s io n d e s a llo c a tio n s e n c a s d e m a n q u e m e n t (e n p r a tiq u e p e u d e s u s p e n s io n s ) L e c o n s e ille r p e u t le s s u p p r im e r s i n é c e s s a ir e

10 L in te r v e n tio n P a th w a y s to w o r k 1. P r o g r a m m e s o p tio n n e ls (C hoices) C o n d itio n M a n a g e m e n t P r o g r a m (C M P ), n o u v e a u M is e e n p la c e p a r le s s e r v ic e s d e s a n té (N a tio n a l H e a lth S e r v ic e, N H S ) O b je c tif d a id e r le s p a r tic ip a n ts à g é r e r le u r p r o b lè m e s d e s a n té p o u r q u ils n e s o ie n t p a s u n o b s ta c le à l a c tiv ité. N e w D e a l fo r D is a b le d P e o p le (N D D P ), d é jà d is p o n ib le M is e e n p la c e p a r le s a g e n c e s d e l e m p lo i (J o b C e n tr e P lu s, J C P + ) O b je c tif d a id e r le s p a r tic ip a n ts à s e p r é p a r e r à la r e c h e r c h e d e m p lo i (id e n tifie r le s q u a lific a tio n s e t le s ty p e s d e m p lo is, r é d ig e r u n C V, fa ir e u n e n tr e tie n ) D a u tr e s p r o g r a m m e s s p é c ifiq u e s, d é jà d is p o n ib le W o r k -B a s e d L e a r n in g fo r A d u lts ; T r a in in g fo r W o r k (S c o tla n d ); P r o g r a m m e C e n tr e s ; W o r k T r ia ls ; W o r k P r e p a r a tio n ; W o r k s te p ; A c c e s s to W o r k

11 L in te r v e n tio n P a th w a y s to w o r k 1. In c ita tio n s fin a n c iè r e s R e tu r n to W o r k C r e d it (R T W C ) 4 0 p a r s e m a in e (5 0 % d e l a llo c a tio n ) P o u r c e u x q u i r e p r e n n e n t u n e m p lo i d e p lu s d e 1 6 h p a r s e m a in e (s o u s c o n d itio n d e re s s o u rc e s ) P e n d a n t 1 2 m o is A id e d is c r é tio n n a ir e d u c o n s e ille r F r a is d e d é p la c e m e n t, fr a is p o u r la r e c h e r c h e d e m p lo i e tc.

12 U n e m is e e n p la c e p r o g r e s s iv e N o u v e a u x a llo c a ta ir e s u n iq u e m e n t (flu x ) L e s z o n e s p ilo te s O c t o b r e : 3 d is tr ic ts A v r il : 4 d is tr ic ts L a g é n é r a lis a tio n a u r e s te d u p a y s I: a v e c le s a g e n c e s p u b liq u e s (J C P + ) O c t o b r e : 4 d is tr ic ts A v r il : 6 d is tr ic ts O c t o b r e : 3 d is tr ic ts L a g é n é r a lis a tio n a u r e s te d u p a y s II: a v e c le s e c te u r p r iv é D é c e m b r e : 1 5 d is tr ic ts a v e c «P r o v id e r -le d P a th w a y s» e t E S A A v r il : 1 6 d is t r ic ts

13 L e p r o c e s s u s d é v a lu a tio n d e P athways to Work C o n s o r tiu m d é v a lu a te u r s in d é p e n d a n ts IF S, P S I, N a tc e n, N I E S R C o û t to t a l d e l é v a lu a tio n : d iz a in e d e m illio n s d e liv r e s s te r lin g E x p é r im e n ta tio n 7 d is tr ic ts p ilo te s (c h o is is p a r l a d m in is tr a t io n ) C h o ix d e s g r o u p e s d e c o n tr ô le p a r le s é v a lu a te u r s E v a lu a tio n s Q u a lit a t iv e : v é c u d e s p e r s o n n e ls, d e s a llo c a t a ir e s e tc. Q u a n tita tiv e : e s tim a t io n d im p a c t, a n a ly s e c o û t -b é n é f ic e, m e s u r e d e s e ff e t s d e s u b s titu tio n e t c.

14 L a m e s u r e d e l im p a c t d e P athways M é th o d o lo g ie s D o u b le d iff é r e n c e s P ropensity score matching D onnées D o n n é e s d e n q u ê te (a v a n t e t a p r è s l in tr o d u c tio n d u p r o g r a m m e ) E m p lo i, a llo c a tio n s, s a n té, s a la ir e e tc. U tilis a tio n d e s d o n n é e s a d m in is t r a tiv e s A llo c a tio n s (in v a lid ité, c h ô m a g e e tc.)

15 E x p é r im e n ta tio n T a u x s o r t ie d e l a llo c a tio n in v a lid ité à 6 m o is S o u r c e : d o n n é e s a d m in is t r a t iv e s, D W P

16 E x p é r im e n ta tio n T a u x s o r t ie d e l a llo c a tio n in v a lid ité à 6 m o is S o u r c e : d o n n é e s a d m in is t r a t iv e s, D W P

17 E x p é r im e n ta tio n T a u x s o r t ie d e l a llo c a tio n in v a lid ité à 6 m o is S o u r c e : d o n n é e s a d m in is t r a t iv e s, D W P

18 E x p a n s io n d u p r o g r a m m e T a u x s o r tie d e l a llo c a tio n in v a lid ité à 6 m o is S o u r c e : d o n n é e s a d m in is t r a t iv e s, D W P

19 E x p a n s io n d u p r o g r a m m e T a u x s o r tie d e l a llo c a tio n in v a lid ité à 6 m o is S o u r c e : d o n n é e s a d m in is t r a t iv e s, D W P

20 E x p a n s io n d u p r o g r a m m e T a u x s o r tie d e l a llo c a tio n in v a lid ité à 6 m o is S o u r c e : d o n n é e s a d m in is t r a t iv e s, D W P

21 T a u x d e s o r tie d e l a llo c a tio n in v a lid ité (z o n e s p ilo te s /c o n tr ô le s )

22 T a u x d e s o r tie d e l a llo c a tio n in v a lid ité (z o n e s p ilo te s /c o n tr ô le s )

23 T a u x d e s o r tie d e l a llo c a tio n in v a lid ité (z o n e s p ilo te s /c o n tr ô le s )

24 D é c o m p o s itio n d e l e ffe t (E ffe t a u d e r n ie r e n tr e tie n z o n e s p ilo te s ) N o t e : e s tim a t io n d if fe r e n c e e n d iff e r e n c e à p a r t ir d u n e e s t im a tio n m u lt in o m ia l lo g it S o u r c e : A d a m, S., B o z io, A., E m m e r s o n, C., G r e e n b e r g, G. a n d K n ig h t, G. ( )

25 Q u e l e s t l e ffe t d e P a th w a y s? Im p a c t s u r la s o r tie d e l a llo c a tio n in v a lid ité A u g m e n ta tio n d u t a u x d e s o r t ie d e s in d iv id u s q u i s e r a ie n t s o r tis d u d is p o s itif e n m o in s d u n a n P a s d e f fe t s u r le s lo n g u e s d u r é e s Im p a c t s u r l e m p lo i E ffe t s u r l e m p lo i n o ta b le a p r è s 1 8 m o is (e s tim a t io n im p r é c is e ) + 7 p o in ts d e p o u r c e n ta g e, p o u r u n e b a s e d e 2 5 % d e ta u x d e m p lo i C o m m e n t e x p liq u e r c e s e ffe ts d is tin c ts? L e f fe t s u r l e m p lo i v ie n t d in d iv id u s q u i s e r a ie n t s o r t is d u s y s tè m e d e to u te fa ç o n m a is q u i n a u r a ie n t p a s r e p r is u n e m p lo i s a n s le p ro g ra m m e In c e r t it u d e s u r le m é c a n is m e e n je u

26 Im p a c t d e P a th w a y s s e lo n le s e x e A u d e r n ie r e n tr e tie n, 1 8 m o is I m pa c t (ppt) P -va lue B as e E c ha ntillo n E n e m p lo i 3, , A llo c a ta ir e IB 3, , S a n té r e d u it l a c tiv ité -1 1,9 ** 4 4 9, ,0 ** 5 2 2, A llo c a ta ir e IB -7, , S a n té r e d u it l a c tiv ité -9, , H om m es Fem m es E n e m p lo i ** s ig n if ic a tif à 5 % S o u r c e s : B e w le y, D o r s e t t e t H a ile ( ), t a b le a u 6.1 p a g e 6 2

27 Im p a c t d e P a th w a y s s e lo n le p r o b lè m e d e s a n té A u d e r n ie r e n tr e tie n, 1 8 m o is I m pa c t P -va lue B as e P a s d e p r o b lè m e d e s a n té Em ne en mtapl lo i 1 0,7 * E c ha ntillo n 6 2 3, A llo c a ta ir e IB -2, , S a n té r e d u it l a c tiv ité -1 2,7 ** , P r o b lè m e d e s a n té m e n t a l E n e m p lo i -1, , A llo c a ta ir e IB -7, , S a n té r e d u it l a c tiv ité -8, , * S ig n if ic a tif à 1 0 % ** s ig n if ic a tif à 5 % S o u r c e s : B e w le y, D o r s e tt e t H a ile ( ), ta b le a u 6.5 p a g e 7 2

28 D é c o m p o s itio n d e l im p a c t E ffe t s u r l e m p lo i p lu s fo r t p o u r : L e s fe m m e s L e s m o in s d e 5 0 a n s C e u x a v e c d e s e n fa n ts C e u x q u i n o n t p a s d e p r o b lè m e s d e s a n té m e n ta le o u d e c o m p o rte m e n t E ffe t s u r la d é c la r a tio n d u n é ta t d e s a n té lim ita n t l a p titu d e a u tr a v a il p lu s fo r t p o u r : Les hom m es L e s p e r s o n n e s s a n s p r o b lè m e s d e s a n té m e n ta le

29 M e s u r e r le s e ffe ts in d ir e c ts M é th o d o lo g ie D iff é r e n c e e n d iff é r e n c e s u r le s a u tr e s a llo c a tio n s D onnées D o n n é e s a d m in is tr a t iv e s : National B enefit D atabase Attendance Allowance, B ereavement B enefit, D isability Living Allowance, Incapacity B enefit, Income S upport, Invalid care Allowance, Job S eakers Allowance, P ens ion C redit, R etirement pens ion, S evere D is ability Allowance, W idow s B enefit R é s u lta ts T a u x d e s o r tie d e s b é n é fic ia ir e s d e I B (s to c k, n o n fo r c é s d e p a r tic ip e r à P a th w a y s ), IS e t S D A p lu s é le v é. A u g m e n ta tio n d e c o u r t-te r m e d e s d e m a n d e u r s d e m p lo i d a n s u n e d e s z o n e s p ilo te s (+ 3 p ts d e p o u r c e n t a g e à 6 m o is, O c t o b r e ). P a s d e f fe t n o ta b le d a n s la z o n e p ilo t e d A v r il

30 L a m e s u r e d e s c o m p o s a n te s d e P a th w a y s E v a lu a tio n d u p r o g r a m m e C hoices P a s d e v a r ia t io n e n t r e z o n e s p ilo te s e t z o n e s d e c o n tr ô le A b s e n c e d in s t r u m e n t s c o n v a in c a n t s M é th o d o lo g ie 2 -s te p p r o p e n s ity s c o r e m a tc h in g (L e c h n e r ) D onnées D o n n é e s a d m in is tr a tiv e s s u r 3 a n s d a llo c a tio n s ; h is to r iq u e d e m p lo i; d o n n é e s d u te s t d e s c r e e n in g ; d o n n é e s d e n q u ê te c o m p lé m e n t a ir e s R e fu s d u n e in te r p r é ta tio n c a u s a le H y p o t h è s e id e n t if ia n te : c o n d itio n n e lle m e n t a u x v a r ia b le s o b s e r v é e s, la p a r tic ip a tio n a u x p r o g r a m m e s C h o ic e s e s t e x o g è n e D é b a t d a n s la litt é r a tu r e C h o ix d e n e p a s r e te n ir c e tt e h y p o t h è s e = > in te r p r é ta tio n c a u s a le im p o s s ib le

31 D iffé r e n c e d e m p lo i e n tr e le s in d iv id u s p a r tic ip a n ts à C hoices e t le s n o n p a r tic ip a n ts, e n c o n tr ô la n t p o u r le s o b s e r v a b le s M e s ure de la pa rtic ipa tio n au pro g ra m m e D onnées d e n q u ê te D onnées a d m in is tr a tiv e s E c h a n t illo n c o h é re n t e n tre le s d e u x s o u rc e s E c ha ntill on C ho ic es N o nc ho ic e s D iffe re nc e S.E. T -s ta t U n m a tc h e d * * M a tc h e d * * U n m a tc h e d * * * M a tc h e d * * * U n m a tc h e d * * * M a tc h e d * * * ** s ig n if ic a t if à 5 % *** s ig n ific a t if à 1 % S o u r c e : A d a m, S., B o z io A., a n d E m m e r s o n, C. ( )

32 U n e a n a ly s e c o û t-b é n é fic e O b je c tifs M e s u r e r le s b é n é fic e s /c o û ts n e ts p o u r la s o c ié t é e n d is tin g u a n t c e u x p o u r le s in d iv id u s e t p o u r l E ta t P r is e e n c o m p te d e l e n s e m b le d u s y s t è m e f is c a lo -s o c ia l M é th o d o lo g ie E s tim a t io n d e s e ff e t s d e P a t h w a y s à p a r tir d e s z o n e s p ilo te s e n te r m e s d e s t a t u t s e m p lo i/h e u r e s d e tr a v a il/a llo c a tio n E s tim a t io n p a r m u ltin o m ia l lo g it p u is d o u b le d iffé r e n c e S im u la tio n d e s e ff e t s s u r le s d o n n é e s d e s b é n é fic ia ir e s d e l a llo c a tio n in v a lid ité d u Family R esources S urvey (F R S ) M ic r o -s im u la t io n d u s y s tè m e fis c a l e t s o c ia l a v e c T A X B E N (m o d è le d e m ic r o -s im u la tio n d e l I F S ) E s tim a t io n d e s e ff e t s n e t s p o u r le s in d iv id u s e t p o u r l E t a t V a r ia n t e s s e lo n la d u r é e d e s e ff e ts q u e l o n s u p p o s e

33 Im p a c t e s tim é d e P athways a u d e r n ie r e n tr e tie n 1 8 m o is a p r è s le d é b u t d e l a llo c a tio n Echantillon pilote Outcomes Echantillon FRS Policy No policy Impact (ppt) Policy No policy Impact (ppt) (1) 1-15 hours, no IB 3.9% 2.2% % 1.6% +1.3 (2) hours, no IB 9.3% 7.8% % 6.9% +1.4 (3) 30+ hours, no IB 24.7% 21.7% % 19.3% +2.9 (4) 1-15 hours, IB 0.9% 1.4% % 1.9% 0.6 (5) Not employed, IB 42.7% 44.3% % 49.6% 1.3 (6) Not employed, no IB 18.4% 22.6% % 20.8% 3.6 N o t e : e s tim a t io n d iff e r e n c e e n d iff e r e n c e à p a r t ir d u n e e s tim a tio n m u lt in o m ia l lo g it S o u r c e : A d a m, S., B o z io, A., E m m e r s o n, C., G r e e n b e r g, G. a n d K n ig h t, G. ( )

34 G a in s b r u ts p a r s e m a in e d im p a c t (h o r s R T W C ) Gains pour l individu Revenu disponible Total Gains pour l Etat Reduced IB payments Reduced IS / income-based JSA Reduced Housing Benefit Reduced Council Tax Benefit (Increased Tax Credits) Increased Income Tax Increased Employee NICs Increased Employer NICs Increased indirect taxes Other Total Gains totaux pour la société S o u r c e : A d a m, S., B o z io, A., E m m e r s o n, C., G r e e n b e r g, G. a n d K n ig h t, G. ( ) semaines depuis le début de l allocat ion Un an après le début de l allocat ion (- 1.25) (- 1.27)

35 G a in s fin a n c ie r s n e ts p a r p e r s o n n e Durée de l impact Individus Etat Société (Etat+individus) Gains nets Gains bruts Coût Gains nets Gains bruts Coût Gains nets 70 semaines , semaines 935 1, , ,683 E s t im a t io n w it h 3.5 % d is c o u n t r a t e S o u r c e : A d a m, S., B o z io, A., E m m e r s o n, C., G r e e n b e r g, G. a n d K n ig h t, G. ( )

36 C o û ts e t b é n é fic e s o m is D é p e n s e s lié e s à l e m p lo i T r a n s p o r t, g a r d e d e s e n f a n ts e t c. P e r te d e te m p s T e m p s p a s s é a u t r a v a il T e m p s p a s s é d a n s le s e n tr e tie n s C h a n g e m e n t d e l é ta t d e s a n té T h é o r iq u e m e n t P athways p e u t a m é lio r e r o u d é t é r io r e r la s a n t é Q u a lité d e v ie R e to u r à l e m p lo i p e u t c a u s e r d u s tr e s s o u u n e a m é lio r a tio n R é d u c tio n d e la p e r te s o c ia le d e la fis c a lité C h a n g e m e n t d u tilis a tio n d e s s e r v ic e s d e s a n té, e tc.

37 C o m m e n t g é n é r a lis e r le s r é s u lta ts? O b je c tif: p r é d ir e le s e ff e ts d e la g é n é r a lis a tio n d e la p o lit iq u e M é t h o d o lo g ie D o u b le d iffé r e n c e ; p r é d ic tio n d e l im p a c t p o u r le r e s te d u p a y s In te r a c tio n d e la p o litiq u e a v e c d e s c a r a c té r is tiq u e s d e s in d iv id u s (s e x e, â g e, p r o b lè m e s d e s a n té e tc.) L e s c a r a c té r is tiq u e s in o b s e r v a b le s s o n t la is s é e s d e c ô té. In te r a c tio n d e la p o litiq u e a v e c le ta u x d e s o r tie d e l in v a lid ité p a r lo c a lité R é s u lta ts H o r s d e L o n d r e s, p a s d in d ic a tio n d e c a r a c té r is tiq u e s d iffé r e n te s Im p a c t d e P athways e s t p lu s fo r t d a n s le s lo c a lité s a v e c u n fo r t ta u x d e s o r tie d e l in v a lid ité d a n s le p a s s é L o n d r e s e s t h o r s d u common support

38 L o n d r e s e s t s i s p é c ia le S o u r c e : A d a m, S., B o z io, A., E m m e r s o n, C., G r e e n b e r g, G. a n d K n ig h t, G. ( )

39 C o n c lu s io n : le s z o n e s d ig n o r a n c e E v a lu a tio n d e s z o n e s p ilo te s E ff e t s s u r le s ta u x d e s o r tie d e I B à 6 m o is, p a s d e ffe t à 1 2 m o is E ff e t s s u r le r e t o u r à l e m p lo i à 1 8 m o is D e s e f fe t s p o s it if s s u r la p e r c e p tio n d e s p r o b lè m e s d e s a n té c o m m e d e s o b s ta c le s a u tr a v a il P e u d é lé m e n ts s u r le m é c a n is m e e n je u : P a s d a n a ly s e r o b u s te d e s c o m p o s a n ts d e la r é fo r m e E ffe t e s s e n tie lle m e n t v ia le r e to u r à l e m p lo i d e p e r s o n n e s (fe m m e s ) q u i a u r a ie n t q u itté IB e n m o in s d u n a n m a is s a n s r e to u r n e r e n e m p lo i E v a lu a tio n d e l e x p a n s io n d A v r il E ffe ts s im ila ir e s s u r le ta u x d e s o r tie d e IB à 6 m o is (B e w le y, D o r s e tt a n d S a lis ) P a s d e ffe t s u r l e m p lo i d a n s l e x p a n s io n d A v r il à 1 6 m o is (B e w le y, D o r s e tt a n d S a lis ) D o u te r e n a î t s u r l e ffic a c ité d e la p o litiq u e e n te r m e d e p o litiq u e d e m p lo i

40 B ib lio g r a p h ie A n y a d ik e -D a n e s a n d M c V ic a r ( ), `H a s th e b o o m in in c a p a c ity b e n e fit c la im a n t n u m b e r s p a s s e d its p e a k?, Fiscal S tudies, v o l 2 9, n o 4, D e c e m b e r A d a m, S., B o z io, A., E m m e r s o n, C., G r e e n b e r g, G. a n d K n ig h t, G. ( ), A c o s t-b e n e fit a n a ly s is o f P a th w a y s to W o r k fo r n e w a n d r e p e a t in c a p a c ity b e n e fit c la im a n ts, R e s e a r c h R e p o r t N o 4 9 8, D e p a r tm e n t fo r W o r k a n d P e n s io n s. A d a m, S., B o z io a n d A., E m m e r s o n ( ), C a n w e e v a lu a te th e im p a c t o f th e C h o ic e s p a c k a g e in P a th w a y s to W o r k?, W o r k in g P a p e r N o 6 0, D e p a r tm e n t fo r W o r k a n d P e n s io n s. A d a m, S., E m m e r s o n, C., F r a y n e, C. a n d G o o d m a n, A. ( ), E a r ly q u a n tita tiv e e v id e n c e o n th e im p a c t o f th e P a th w a y s to W o r k p ilo ts, R e s e a r c h R e p o r t N o 3 5 4, D e p a r tm e n t fo r W o r k a n d P e n s io n s. B e w le y, H., D o r s e tt, R. a n d H a ile, G. ( ), T h e im p a c t o f P a th w a y s to W o r k, R e s e a r c h R e p o r t N o 4 3 5, D e p a r tm e n t fo r W o r k a n d P e n s io n s. B e w le y, H., D o r s e tt, R. a n d S a lis, S. ( ), T h e im p a c t o f P a th w a y s o n b e n e fit r e c e ip t in th e e x p a n s io n a r e a s, R e s e a r c h R e p o r t N o 5 5 2, D e p a r tm e n t fo r W o r k a n d P e n s io n s. B e w le y, H., D o r s e tt, R. a n d S a lis, S. ( ), T h e im p a c t o f P a th w a y s to W o r k o n w o r k a n d s e lf-r e p o r te d h e a lth in th e A p r il e x p a n s io n a r e a s, R e s e a r c h R e p o r t N o 6 0 1, D e p a r tm e n t fo r W o r k a n d P e n s io n s. D o r s e tt, R. ( ), `P a th w a y s to W o r k fo r n e w a n d r e p e a t in c a p a c ity b e n e fits c la im a n ts : E v a lu a tio n s y n th e s is r e p o r t, R e s e a r c h r e p o r t N o 5 2 5, D e p a r tm e n t fo r W o r k a n d P e n s io n s. L e c h n e r, M. ( ), S e q u e n tia l m a tc h in g w o r k s, m im e o U n iv e r s ity o f S t. G a lle n S e p t

41 R é fo r m e d e l a s s u r a n c e in v a lid ité a u R o y a u m e -U n i: l é v a lu a tio n d e P athways to Work S tu a r t A d a m A n to in e B o z io C a rl E m m e rs o n I n s tit u te f o r F is c a l S t u d ie s

A n d r e w S P o m e r a n tz, M D

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