GENERAL BIOLOGY I TEST I
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1 GENERAL BIOLOGY I TEST I R E V I E W The Academic Support Daytona State College (Science 59, Page 1 of 15)
2 BE ABLE TO DEFINE Biology The study of life Hypothesis A proposed explanation of a natural phenomenon, must be testable and falsifiable Alternative Hypothesis The opposite of the hypothesis Theory A hypothesis that has stood the test of time, and has a large amount of supporting evidence Testable Quantifiable, measurable Falsifiable Can be disproven Eukaryote Has cells with a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles Prokaryote Cells have no nucleus or membrane bound organelles The Academic Support Daytona State College (Science 59, Page 2 of 15)
3 BE ABLE TO DEFINE Proton Positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom. (Mass = 1 amu) Neutron Non charged particle in the nucleus of an atom. (Mass = 1 amu) Electron Negatively charged particle that orbits the nucleus of an atom. Electron Orbital The area where an electron may be found Hydrophilic Will mix with water (polar) Hydrophobic Repels water (non-polar) DNA Deoxyribonucleic Acid, used for storing information in a cell RNA Ribonucleic Acid, used to carry information to be processed and turned into protein The Academic Support Daytona State College (Science 59, Page 3 of 15)
4 BE ABLE TO DEFINE Nucleotide A nitrogenous base acid + A 5-carbon sugar (deoxyribose or ribose) + a phosphate group, building blocks of DNA and RNA Positive Feedback A cycle in which one signal triggers increase in another, which increases the original signal. System output increases until system crashes. i.e. childbirth Negative Feedback One signal triggers increase of another, which decreases the original signal, Maintains balance. i.e. insulin and glucagon Artificial Selection Selection by humans for specific traits in animals or plants Natural Selection Selection by the environment for certain traits in animals or plants Common Descent All things are descended from a common ancestor, i.e. all species evolved from one organism Solvent What a chemical is dissolved in, usually water Solute What is being dissolved The Academic Support Daytona State College (Science 59, Page 4 of 15)
5 BE ABLE TO DEFINE Photosynthetic Uses photons (sunlight) to make food, i.e. makes glucose via photosynthesis Heterotrophic Uses existing sources of food, i.e. eats other things Isotope An atom of a given element with extra neutrons (extra mass) in its nucleus Trace Element Elements that make up less than.01% of human body weight Atomic Number The number of protons in an atom s nucleus, defines the element Atomic Mass The mass of protons and neutrons in an atom Calorie The heat required to raise one gram of water one degree centigrade. Metric unit of Energy. Kilocalorie 1000 Calories The Academic Support Daytona State College (Science 59, Page 5 of 15)
6 CONCEPT QUESTIONS What are the characteristics that distinguish a living organism from a non-living substance? Order, Evolutionary adaptation, Response to environment, Regulation (or homeostasis), Energy processing, Growth, Development, Reproduction Know the scientific method. Observation, Question, Hypothesis, Prediction, Experiment What did the Pasteur experiment prove? No spontaneous generation Know the order of the hierarchy of life Atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ, organism, population, community, ecosystem, and biosphere. Be able to define each term and give examples The Academic Support Daytona State College (Science 59, Page 6 of 15)
7 THE HIERARCHY OF LIFE Examples (where relevant use plant and animal examples) Define Atom Molecule Organelle Cell Tissue Organ Organism Population Community Ecosystem Biosphere The Academic Support Daytona State College (Science 59, Page 7 of 15)
8 THE HIERARCHY OF LIFE Examples (where relevant use plant and animal examples) Define Atom Oxygen, Hydrogen, Nitrogen Smallest unit of matter Molecule Water (H 2 0) Carbon Dioxide (C0 2 ) Two or more atoms held together by covalent bond(s) Organelle Mitochondria, chloroplast a membrane bound structure; like nucleus, mitochondria, or chloroplast Cell animal cell, plant cell Basic or smallest unit of life Tissue skin or heart muscle tissue A group of cells with one function Organ heart A group of tissues with one function. Organism a single person, a single Zebra a single organism Population number of Zebras in a certain area Organisms of one species in an area. Community All the animals and plants in a forest all populations of all species in one particular area Ecosystem The Ocean, Artic, or Desert Ecosystem all biotic (living) and abiotic (nonliving) factors that interact with the biotic in an area. Biosphere The Earth or maybe northern and southern hemisphere all ecosystems on earth or global ecosystem The Academic Support Daytona State College (Science 59, Page 8 of 15)
9 CONCEPT QUESTIONS How does energy flow through an ecosystem? One way What is the ultimate source of energy for almost all ecosystems? The sun What are an ion, element, and a molecule? Ion: an atom with a different number of electrons, a charged atom Element: A pure substance, made of only one type of atom Molecule: Two or more atoms bound together What part of the atom defines an element? The number of protons Which four elements comprise 96% of the human body? Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen What is a hydrogen bond? A dipole-dipole interaction between Hydrogen and either Oxygen, Nitrogen, or Fluorine. What is an ionic bond? A bond between two atoms, where electrons are transferred from one atom to the other What is a covalent bond? A bond between two atoms, where electrons are shared between both atoms The Academic Support Daytona State College (Science 59, Page 9 of 15)
10 CONCEPT QUESTIONS What is a polar covalent and nonpolar covalent bond? Polar covalent bonds are bonds between two non-metals of different electronegativities. Nonpolar covalent bonds are bonds between two non-metals of the same electronegativities. When differences in electronegativities is very small the bond is considered to be nonpolar. Which carries the partial negative and which carries the partial positive charge in water? Oxygen carries the partial negative, Hydrogen carries the partial positive In addition to oxygen-hydrogen bond, nitrogenhydrogen bond is polar The carbon-hydrogen bond is non-polar The Academic Support Daytona State College (Science 59, Page 10 of 15)
11 CONCEPT QUESTIONS What is the ph scale? A measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions present in a substance, it represents the acidity of the solution. What magnitude of [H] or [OH] does each number represent? ph = -log[h] Therefore each number is a magnitude of ten. How much more acidic is ph 6 than ph 7? 10 times more acidic How much more acidic is ph 4 than ph 7? 1000 times more acidic The Academic Support Daytona State College (Science 59, Page 11 of 15)
12 CONCEPT QUESTIONS Be able to identify whether a molecule is positive or negative based on whether oxygen or hydrogen is attracted to it. If Oxygen is attracted to a molecule then the molecule is positive If Hydrogen is attracted to a molecule then the molecule is negative. What is the order of taxonomy from kingdom to species? Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species; keep piling chocolate on for goodness sake What are the characteristics of the three domains and the characteristics of kingdoms of Eukarya? The Academic Support Daytona State College (Science 59, Page 12 of 15)
13 WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THREE DOMAINS AND THE CHARACTERISTICS OF KINGDOMS OF EUKARYA? Domain = Archaea Domain = Bacteria Example organism Characteristics of Domain (and then kingdom of Eukarya) Kingdom = Protista Kingdom =Animalia Kingdom =Plantae Kingdom =Fungi The Academic Support Daytona State College (Science 59, Page 13 of 15)
14 WHAT ARE THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE THREE DOMAINS AND THE CHARACTERISTICS OF KINGDOMS OF EUKARYA? Example organism Characteristics of Domain (and then kingdom of Eukarya) Domain = Archaea Thermophile or Halophile Live in extreme environments (Salt and Heat for example) Domain = Bacteria E. Coli Prokaryotes, meaning they do not have membrane bound organelles. Also true bacteria have a peptidoglycan cell wall. Paramecium, Human, Sunflower, Mushrooms Paramecium multicellular organisms single celled organisms Kingdom = Protista Kingdom =Animalia Kingdom =Plantae Kingdom =Fungi Cheetah, Whale, Human Oak Tree, Sunflower Mushrooms multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophic organisms that ingest organic materials. multicellular eukaryotic photosynthetic organisms multicellular heterotroph that digests externally The Academic Support Daytona State College (Science 59, Page 14 of 15)
15 Questions Prepared by K. Martin & A. Bhatia (Peer Tutors) & D. Leonard (Learning Specialist) The Academic Support Daytona State College The Academic Support Daytona State College (Science 59, Page 15 of 15)
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