Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA)
|
|
- Naomi Hart
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) Example: (Spector, 987) describes a study of two drugs on human heart rate There are 24 subjects enrolled in the study which are assigned at random to one of three groups (8 subjects to a group) Two of the groups receive the drugs under study, the other is a control group The heart rate of the subjects is measured four times, five minutes apart after administration of the drug Suppose that we are interested in understanding the similarities and differences between the three different different groups Consider the following definitions and methodology One-way Manova: We wish to compare treatment means for h different populations Population : y, y 2,, y n Population h: y h, y h2,, y hnh iid N p (µ, Σ) iid N p (µ h, Σ) Assumptions: Independent random samples from h different populations 2 Homogeneous covariance matrices 3 Normality B
2 One-way Manova, Cont Calculate the summary statistics ȳ i, S i, and the pooled estimate of the covariance matrix S Analogous to the univariate one-way Anova, it is convenient to use the effects model formulation: µ i = µ + τ i, where µ i is the population mean for population i, µ is the overall mean effect, and τ i is the treatment effect of the ith treatment For the one-way model: y ij = µ+τ i +ɛ ij, for i =,, h, j =,, n i, and ɛ ij N p (0, Σ) Note that the above model is over-parameterized; there are an infinite number of ways to define µ and the τ i s such that they add up to µ i Thus, we need to consider a constraint For example, h n i τ i = 0 or τ h = 0 i= Note that the observational equivalent of the effects model is y ij = ȳ + (ȳ i ȳ) + (y ij ȳ i ) where the terms in this model are the equivalent of the overall mean, the treatment effect, and the residual We will move ȳ to the left hand side, square both sides, and sum over all the observations B2
3 One-way Manova, Cont This gives us h n i (y ij ȳ)(y ij ȳ) = i= j= h n i (ȳ i ȳ)(ȳ i ȳ) i= + h n i (y ij ȳ i )(y ij ȳ i ) i= j= The left-hand side of this equation is the total corrected sums of squares and cross products (SSCP), denoted (W) The first term on the right-hand side is the treatment (or between subjects) sum of squares and cross products, denoted (H) The second term is the residual (or within subjects) SSCP, denoted (E) Note: E = (n )S + + (n h )S h = (n h)s Thus, we could consider the Manova table below: Source SSCP df Treatment H h Residual (error) E h i= n i h Total Corrected H + E h i= n i We want to test H 0 : τ = τ 2 = = τ h = 0 To do this, let s consider the relative sizes of E and H + E Define Wilk s Lambda, Λ by Λ = E H + E B3
4 Wilk s Lambda, Cont Properties of Wilk s Lambda: Wilk s Lambda is equivalent to the F-test in the univariate case The exact distribution of Λ can be determined for special cases For some combinations of h and p, the distribution can be shown to be an exact f distribution For large samples sizes, reject H 0 at level α if ( h ) n i p + h ( ) E log > χ 2 ( α,p(h )) 2 E + H i= Testing General Hypotheses: Consider h different treatments, with the ith treatment applied to n i subjects which are observed for p times We can consider this a p dimensional observation on a random sample from each of h different treatment populations Consider the model: y ij = µ + τ i + ɛ ij, for i =,, h and j =,, n i B4
5 Testing General Hypotheses, Cont This model can equivalently be written as the linear model Y = Xβ + ɛ, where n = h i= n i and y Y (n p) = y n, β ((h+) p) = y hn h and X (n (h+)) = µ τ τ h , ɛ (n p) = ɛ ɛ n ɛ hn h, Under this model formulation, we have ˆβ = (X X) X Y Additionally, note that the rows of Y are independent Then, to test a general hypothesis about the parameters in the model, we can write H 0 : CβM = 0 vs H a : CβM 0 Here, C is a matrix of comparisons across groups, while M is a matrix of comparisons across traits B5
6 Testing General Hypotheses, Cont We can compute the general treatment corrected sums of squares and cross products by H = M Y X(X X) C [C(X X) C ] C(X X) X Y M or, for the null hypothesis H 0 : CβM = D, H = (C ˆβM D) [C(X X) C ] (C ˆβM D) Similarly, we can compute the general matrix of residual sums of squares and cross products as E = M Y [I X(X X) X ]Y M = M [Y Y ˆβ (X X) ˆβ]M Then, we can compute the following statistics, all based upon the eigenvalues of HE Wilk s Criterion: Λ = E The degrees of freedom depend upon the rank of C, M, and H+E X Lawley-Hotelling Trace: U = tr(he ) Pillai Trace: V = tr( H H+E ) Roy s Maximum Root: largest eigenvalue of HE B6
7 Profile Analysis We wish to explore possible similarities between the treatment effects This can be particularly useful for longitudinal analysis and for clinical trials Recall that the test of equal means, H 0 : τ = τ 2 = = τ h implies that all treatments have the same average effect Acceptance or rejection of this hypothesis may not provide adequate insight into the nature of the similarities and differences between the treatments Instead, we can break the test into three sequential steps: Are the profiles parallel? (Equivalently, is there no interaction between treatment and time?) If so, are the profiles coincidental? (Are the profiles identical?) If so, are the profiles horizontal? (Are there no differences between any time points?) Alternatively, if we reject the null hypothesis that the profiles are parallel, we could test any of the following: Are there differences among groups within some subset of the total time points? B7
8 Profile Analysis, Cont Are there differences among time points in a particular group (or groups)? Are there differences within some subset of the total time points in a particular group of groups? Parallel Profile: Are the profiles for each population identical except for a mean shift? H 0 : µ µ 2 = µ 2 µ 22 = = µ t µ 2t µ µ 3 = µ 2 µ 32 = = µ t µ 3t for a total of h equations We could write this hypothesis equivalently as [ ] 0 µ µ 4 µ 0 2 µ µ 3 µ = 0 Let s use the space below to show why this is true: Note that this is not the only set of contrasts that we could use for this test B8
9 Profile Analysis, Cont We could also write H 0 as [ ] µ 0 0 τ 0 0 τ 2 τ 3 or as H 0 : LβM = 0 rank(m) = p = 0 Note that rank(l) = h and Note that the choice of L and M are not unique could have chosen [ ] L = and M = and gotten the same test statistic We Coincidental Profiles: Given that the profiles are parallel, are they identical? If we know that the profiles are parallel, then the profiles are identical if the sums of the components of µ i are identical for all of the treatments We can write this test as H 0 : p µ = p µ 2 = = p µ h B9
10 Profile Analysis, Cont Equivalently, we could formulate this test as H 0 : LβM = 0, where [ ] 0 0 L = and M = 0 0 Once again, matrix multiplication will show that this choice of L and M yields the correct comparison Again as before, these choices of L and M are not unique, but other choices will continue to yield the same test Horizontal Profiles: Assuming that we cannot reject the null hypothesis that all h profiles are the same, we can next ask the question, Are all of the elements of the common profile equal? Similarly to previous tests, there are many ways to formulate this test One requires testing H 0 : LβM = 0 where L = [ ] and M = A quick note: if we fail to reject all three hypotheses, then we have failed to reject the null hypotheses of both no difference between treatments and no differences between traits B0
11 Orthogonal Contrasts We might wish to test other contrasts in the treatment mean vectors, as well For example, we might wish to test for linear, quadratic, and cubic effects for the four time periods We could do this by using the contrasts C l = ( 3,,, 3) C q = (,,, ) C c = (, 3, 3, ) We would test these hypotheses using the formulation H 0 : C βm = 0 where 0 0 M = We will now spend some time talking about how to do this using SAS software Please also see the notes in Microsoft Word about how to run this in SAS B
Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA): I. Theory
Gregory Carey, 1998 MANOVA: I - 1 Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA): I. Theory Introduction The purpose of a t test is to assess the likelihood that the means for two groups are sampled from the
More informationMultivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA)
Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) Aaron French, Marcelo Macedo, John Poulsen, Tyler Waterson and Angela Yu Keywords: MANCOVA, special cases, assumptions, further reading, computations Introduction
More informationMultivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA)
Chapter 415 Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOVA) Introduction Multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) is an extension of common analysis of variance (ANOVA). In ANOVA, differences among various
More informationEigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Matrix Factoring, and Principal Components
Eigenvalues, Eigenvectors, Matrix Factoring, and Principal Components The eigenvalues and eigenvectors of a square matrix play a key role in some important operations in statistics. In particular, they
More informationIntroduction to General and Generalized Linear Models
Introduction to General and Generalized Linear Models General Linear Models - part I Henrik Madsen Poul Thyregod Informatics and Mathematical Modelling Technical University of Denmark DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby
More informationProfile analysis is the multivariate equivalent of repeated measures or mixed ANOVA. Profile analysis is most commonly used in two cases:
Profile Analysis Introduction Profile analysis is the multivariate equivalent of repeated measures or mixed ANOVA. Profile analysis is most commonly used in two cases: ) Comparing the same dependent variables
More informationMultivariate Analysis of Variance. The general purpose of multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) is to determine
2 - Manova 4.3.05 25 Multivariate Analysis of Variance What Multivariate Analysis of Variance is The general purpose of multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) is to determine whether multiple levels
More informationChapter 5 Analysis of variance SPSS Analysis of variance
Chapter 5 Analysis of variance SPSS Analysis of variance Data file used: gss.sav How to get there: Analyze Compare Means One-way ANOVA To test the null hypothesis that several population means are equal,
More informationIntroduction to Matrix Algebra
Psychology 7291: Multivariate Statistics (Carey) 8/27/98 Matrix Algebra - 1 Introduction to Matrix Algebra Definitions: A matrix is a collection of numbers ordered by rows and columns. It is customary
More informationQuadratic forms Cochran s theorem, degrees of freedom, and all that
Quadratic forms Cochran s theorem, degrees of freedom, and all that Dr. Frank Wood Frank Wood, fwood@stat.columbia.edu Linear Regression Models Lecture 1, Slide 1 Why We Care Cochran s theorem tells us
More informationMultivariate normal distribution and testing for means (see MKB Ch 3)
Multivariate normal distribution and testing for means (see MKB Ch 3) Where are we going? 2 One-sample t-test (univariate).................................................. 3 Two-sample t-test (univariate).................................................
More informationChapter 6: Multivariate Cointegration Analysis
Chapter 6: Multivariate Cointegration Analysis 1 Contents: Lehrstuhl für Department Empirische of Wirtschaftsforschung Empirical Research and und Econometrics Ökonometrie VI. Multivariate Cointegration
More informationUnit 31 A Hypothesis Test about Correlation and Slope in a Simple Linear Regression
Unit 31 A Hypothesis Test about Correlation and Slope in a Simple Linear Regression Objectives: To perform a hypothesis test concerning the slope of a least squares line To recognize that testing for a
More informationUNDERSTANDING THE TWO-WAY ANOVA
UNDERSTANDING THE e have seen how the one-way ANOVA can be used to compare two or more sample means in studies involving a single independent variable. This can be extended to two independent variables
More informationLeast-Squares Intersection of Lines
Least-Squares Intersection of Lines Johannes Traa - UIUC 2013 This write-up derives the least-squares solution for the intersection of lines. In the general case, a set of lines will not intersect at a
More informationSimilarity and Diagonalization. Similar Matrices
MATH022 Linear Algebra Brief lecture notes 48 Similarity and Diagonalization Similar Matrices Let A and B be n n matrices. We say that A is similar to B if there is an invertible n n matrix P such that
More informationClass 19: Two Way Tables, Conditional Distributions, Chi-Square (Text: Sections 2.5; 9.1)
Spring 204 Class 9: Two Way Tables, Conditional Distributions, Chi-Square (Text: Sections 2.5; 9.) Big Picture: More than Two Samples In Chapter 7: We looked at quantitative variables and compared the
More informationRegression III: Advanced Methods
Lecture 16: Generalized Additive Models Regression III: Advanced Methods Bill Jacoby Michigan State University http://polisci.msu.edu/jacoby/icpsr/regress3 Goals of the Lecture Introduce Additive Models
More information1.5 Oneway Analysis of Variance
Statistics: Rosie Cornish. 200. 1.5 Oneway Analysis of Variance 1 Introduction Oneway analysis of variance (ANOVA) is used to compare several means. This method is often used in scientific or medical experiments
More informationPart 2: Analysis of Relationship Between Two Variables
Part 2: Analysis of Relationship Between Two Variables Linear Regression Linear correlation Significance Tests Multiple regression Linear Regression Y = a X + b Dependent Variable Independent Variable
More informationStatistical Models in R
Statistical Models in R Some Examples Steven Buechler Department of Mathematics 276B Hurley Hall; 1-6233 Fall, 2007 Outline Statistical Models Structure of models in R Model Assessment (Part IA) Anova
More informationPart II. Multiple Linear Regression
Part II Multiple Linear Regression 86 Chapter 7 Multiple Regression A multiple linear regression model is a linear model that describes how a y-variable relates to two or more xvariables (or transformations
More information1 Introduction to Matrices
1 Introduction to Matrices In this section, important definitions and results from matrix algebra that are useful in regression analysis are introduced. While all statements below regarding the columns
More informationSolutions to Math 51 First Exam January 29, 2015
Solutions to Math 5 First Exam January 29, 25. ( points) (a) Complete the following sentence: A set of vectors {v,..., v k } is defined to be linearly dependent if (2 points) there exist c,... c k R, not
More informationNotes on Applied Linear Regression
Notes on Applied Linear Regression Jamie DeCoster Department of Social Psychology Free University Amsterdam Van der Boechorststraat 1 1081 BT Amsterdam The Netherlands phone: +31 (0)20 444-8935 email:
More informationIntroduction to Principal Components and FactorAnalysis
Introduction to Principal Components and FactorAnalysis Multivariate Analysis often starts out with data involving a substantial number of correlated variables. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a
More informationAnalysis of Variance. MINITAB User s Guide 2 3-1
3 Analysis of Variance Analysis of Variance Overview, 3-2 One-Way Analysis of Variance, 3-5 Two-Way Analysis of Variance, 3-11 Analysis of Means, 3-13 Overview of Balanced ANOVA and GLM, 3-18 Balanced
More informationLinear Models and Conjoint Analysis with Nonlinear Spline Transformations
Linear Models and Conjoint Analysis with Nonlinear Spline Transformations Warren F. Kuhfeld Mark Garratt Abstract Many common data analysis models are based on the general linear univariate model, including
More informationDISCRIMINANT FUNCTION ANALYSIS (DA)
DISCRIMINANT FUNCTION ANALYSIS (DA) John Poulsen and Aaron French Key words: assumptions, further reading, computations, standardized coefficents, structure matrix, tests of signficance Introduction Discriminant
More informationFactor analysis. Angela Montanari
Factor analysis Angela Montanari 1 Introduction Factor analysis is a statistical model that allows to explain the correlations between a large number of observed correlated variables through a small number
More informationMultivariate Normal Distribution
Multivariate Normal Distribution Lecture 4 July 21, 2011 Advanced Multivariate Statistical Methods ICPSR Summer Session #2 Lecture #4-7/21/2011 Slide 1 of 41 Last Time Matrices and vectors Eigenvalues
More informationLecture 5: Singular Value Decomposition SVD (1)
EEM3L1: Numerical and Analytical Techniques Lecture 5: Singular Value Decomposition SVD (1) EE3L1, slide 1, Version 4: 25-Sep-02 Motivation for SVD (1) SVD = Singular Value Decomposition Consider the system
More informationSection 13, Part 1 ANOVA. Analysis Of Variance
Section 13, Part 1 ANOVA Analysis Of Variance Course Overview So far in this course we ve covered: Descriptive statistics Summary statistics Tables and Graphs Probability Probability Rules Probability
More informationGoodness of fit assessment of item response theory models
Goodness of fit assessment of item response theory models Alberto Maydeu Olivares University of Barcelona Madrid November 1, 014 Outline Introduction Overall goodness of fit testing Two examples Assessing
More informationSPSS and AMOS. Miss Brenda Lee 2:00p.m. 6:00p.m. 24 th July, 2015 The Open University of Hong Kong
Seminar on Quantitative Data Analysis: SPSS and AMOS Miss Brenda Lee 2:00p.m. 6:00p.m. 24 th July, 2015 The Open University of Hong Kong SBAS (Hong Kong) Ltd. All Rights Reserved. 1 Agenda MANOVA, Repeated
More informationMultivariate analyses
14 Multivariate analyses Learning objectives By the end of this chapter you should be able to: Recognise when it is appropriate to use multivariate analyses (MANOVA) and which test to use (traditional
More informationReview Jeopardy. Blue vs. Orange. Review Jeopardy
Review Jeopardy Blue vs. Orange Review Jeopardy Jeopardy Round Lectures 0-3 Jeopardy Round $200 How could I measure how far apart (i.e. how different) two observations, y 1 and y 2, are from each other?
More informationFactor Analysis. Chapter 420. Introduction
Chapter 420 Introduction (FA) is an exploratory technique applied to a set of observed variables that seeks to find underlying factors (subsets of variables) from which the observed variables were generated.
More informationMultivariate Statistical Inference and Applications
Multivariate Statistical Inference and Applications ALVIN C. RENCHER Department of Statistics Brigham Young University A Wiley-Interscience Publication JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC. New York Chichester Weinheim
More informationOrthogonal Diagonalization of Symmetric Matrices
MATH10212 Linear Algebra Brief lecture notes 57 Gram Schmidt Process enables us to find an orthogonal basis of a subspace. Let u 1,..., u k be a basis of a subspace V of R n. We begin the process of finding
More informationIntroduction to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) Limitations of the t-test
Introduction to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) The Structural Model, The Summary Table, and the One- Way ANOVA Limitations of the t-test Although the t-test is commonly used, it has limitations Can only
More informationDepartment of Economics
Department of Economics On Testing for Diagonality of Large Dimensional Covariance Matrices George Kapetanios Working Paper No. 526 October 2004 ISSN 1473-0278 On Testing for Diagonality of Large Dimensional
More informationHow To Understand Multivariate Models
Neil H. Timm Applied Multivariate Analysis With 42 Figures Springer Contents Preface Acknowledgments List of Tables List of Figures vii ix xix xxiii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Overview 1 1.2 Multivariate Models
More informationMAT 242 Test 2 SOLUTIONS, FORM T
MAT 242 Test 2 SOLUTIONS, FORM T 5 3 5 3 3 3 3. Let v =, v 5 2 =, v 3 =, and v 5 4 =. 3 3 7 3 a. [ points] The set { v, v 2, v 3, v 4 } is linearly dependent. Find a nontrivial linear combination of these
More informationNCSS Statistical Software Principal Components Regression. In ordinary least squares, the regression coefficients are estimated using the formula ( )
Chapter 340 Principal Components Regression Introduction is a technique for analyzing multiple regression data that suffer from multicollinearity. When multicollinearity occurs, least squares estimates
More informationANALYSIS OF TREND CHAPTER 5
ANALYSIS OF TREND CHAPTER 5 ERSH 8310 Lecture 7 September 13, 2007 Today s Class Analysis of trends Using contrasts to do something a bit more practical. Linear trends. Quadratic trends. Trends in SPSS.
More informationOne-Way Analysis of Variance: A Guide to Testing Differences Between Multiple Groups
One-Way Analysis of Variance: A Guide to Testing Differences Between Multiple Groups In analysis of variance, the main research question is whether the sample means are from different populations. The
More informationT-test & factor analysis
Parametric tests T-test & factor analysis Better than non parametric tests Stringent assumptions More strings attached Assumes population distribution of sample is normal Major problem Alternatives Continue
More informationNotes on Orthogonal and Symmetric Matrices MENU, Winter 2013
Notes on Orthogonal and Symmetric Matrices MENU, Winter 201 These notes summarize the main properties and uses of orthogonal and symmetric matrices. We covered quite a bit of material regarding these topics,
More informationLinear Algebra Notes for Marsden and Tromba Vector Calculus
Linear Algebra Notes for Marsden and Tromba Vector Calculus n-dimensional Euclidean Space and Matrices Definition of n space As was learned in Math b, a point in Euclidean three space can be thought of
More informationby the matrix A results in a vector which is a reflection of the given
Eigenvalues & Eigenvectors Example Suppose Then So, geometrically, multiplying a vector in by the matrix A results in a vector which is a reflection of the given vector about the y-axis We observe that
More informationLeast Squares Estimation
Least Squares Estimation SARA A VAN DE GEER Volume 2, pp 1041 1045 in Encyclopedia of Statistics in Behavioral Science ISBN-13: 978-0-470-86080-9 ISBN-10: 0-470-86080-4 Editors Brian S Everitt & David
More informationMATRIX ALGEBRA AND SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS. + + x 2. x n. a 11 a 12 a 1n b 1 a 21 a 22 a 2n b 2 a 31 a 32 a 3n b 3. a m1 a m2 a mn b m
MATRIX ALGEBRA AND SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS 1. SYSTEMS OF EQUATIONS AND MATRICES 1.1. Representation of a linear system. The general system of m equations in n unknowns can be written a 11 x 1 + a 12 x 2 +
More informationPenalized regression: Introduction
Penalized regression: Introduction Patrick Breheny August 30 Patrick Breheny BST 764: Applied Statistical Modeling 1/19 Maximum likelihood Much of 20th-century statistics dealt with maximum likelihood
More informationT ( a i x i ) = a i T (x i ).
Chapter 2 Defn 1. (p. 65) Let V and W be vector spaces (over F ). We call a function T : V W a linear transformation form V to W if, for all x, y V and c F, we have (a) T (x + y) = T (x) + T (y) and (b)
More informationOverview of Factor Analysis
Overview of Factor Analysis Jamie DeCoster Department of Psychology University of Alabama 348 Gordon Palmer Hall Box 870348 Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0348 Phone: (205) 348-4431 Fax: (205) 348-8648 August 1,
More informationResearch Methods & Experimental Design
Research Methods & Experimental Design 16.422 Human Supervisory Control April 2004 Research Methods Qualitative vs. quantitative Understanding the relationship between objectives (research question) and
More informationDATA ANALYSIS II. Matrix Algorithms
DATA ANALYSIS II Matrix Algorithms Similarity Matrix Given a dataset D = {x i }, i=1,..,n consisting of n points in R d, let A denote the n n symmetric similarity matrix between the points, given as where
More informationUNDERSTANDING ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE (ANCOVA)
UNDERSTANDING ANALYSIS OF COVARIANCE () In general, research is conducted for the purpose of explaining the effects of the independent variable on the dependent variable, and the purpose of research design
More informationStatistics Graduate Courses
Statistics Graduate Courses STAT 7002--Topics in Statistics-Biological/Physical/Mathematics (cr.arr.).organized study of selected topics. Subjects and earnable credit may vary from semester to semester.
More informationDERIVATIVES AS MATRICES; CHAIN RULE
DERIVATIVES AS MATRICES; CHAIN RULE 1. Derivatives of Real-valued Functions Let s first consider functions f : R 2 R. Recall that if the partial derivatives of f exist at the point (x 0, y 0 ), then we
More informationOne-Way Analysis of Variance
One-Way Analysis of Variance Note: Much of the math here is tedious but straightforward. We ll skim over it in class but you should be sure to ask questions if you don t understand it. I. Overview A. We
More informationPOLYNOMIAL AND MULTIPLE REGRESSION. Polynomial regression used to fit nonlinear (e.g. curvilinear) data into a least squares linear regression model.
Polynomial Regression POLYNOMIAL AND MULTIPLE REGRESSION Polynomial regression used to fit nonlinear (e.g. curvilinear) data into a least squares linear regression model. It is a form of linear regression
More informationChapter 6. Orthogonality
6.3 Orthogonal Matrices 1 Chapter 6. Orthogonality 6.3 Orthogonal Matrices Definition 6.4. An n n matrix A is orthogonal if A T A = I. Note. We will see that the columns of an orthogonal matrix must be
More information160 CHAPTER 4. VECTOR SPACES
160 CHAPTER 4. VECTOR SPACES 4. Rank and Nullity In this section, we look at relationships between the row space, column space, null space of a matrix and its transpose. We will derive fundamental results
More informationAu = = = 3u. Aw = = = 2w. so the action of A on u and w is very easy to picture: it simply amounts to a stretching by 3 and 2, respectively.
Chapter 7 Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors In this last chapter of our exploration of Linear Algebra we will revisit eigenvalues and eigenvectors of matrices, concepts that were already introduced in Geometry
More informationFactor Analysis. Factor Analysis
Factor Analysis Principal Components Analysis, e.g. of stock price movements, sometimes suggests that several variables may be responding to a small number of underlying forces. In the factor model, we
More informationFACTOR ANALYSIS NASC
FACTOR ANALYSIS NASC Factor Analysis A data reduction technique designed to represent a wide range of attributes on a smaller number of dimensions. Aim is to identify groups of variables which are relatively
More informationOverview of Violations of the Basic Assumptions in the Classical Normal Linear Regression Model
Overview of Violations of the Basic Assumptions in the Classical Normal Linear Regression Model 1 September 004 A. Introduction and assumptions The classical normal linear regression model can be written
More informationName: Section Registered In:
Name: Section Registered In: Math 125 Exam 3 Version 1 April 24, 2006 60 total points possible 1. (5pts) Use Cramer s Rule to solve 3x + 4y = 30 x 2y = 8. Be sure to show enough detail that shows you are
More informationInner Product Spaces
Math 571 Inner Product Spaces 1. Preliminaries An inner product space is a vector space V along with a function, called an inner product which associates each pair of vectors u, v with a scalar u, v, and
More information17. Inner product spaces Definition 17.1. Let V be a real vector space. An inner product on V is a function
17. Inner product spaces Definition 17.1. Let V be a real vector space. An inner product on V is a function, : V V R, which is symmetric, that is u, v = v, u. bilinear, that is linear (in both factors):
More informationPredict the Popularity of YouTube Videos Using Early View Data
000 001 002 003 004 005 006 007 008 009 010 011 012 013 014 015 016 017 018 019 020 021 022 023 024 025 026 027 028 029 030 031 032 033 034 035 036 037 038 039 040 041 042 043 044 045 046 047 048 049 050
More informationLesson 1: Comparison of Population Means Part c: Comparison of Two- Means
Lesson : Comparison of Population Means Part c: Comparison of Two- Means Welcome to lesson c. This third lesson of lesson will discuss hypothesis testing for two independent means. Steps in Hypothesis
More informationMultivariate Analysis (Slides 13)
Multivariate Analysis (Slides 13) The final topic we consider is Factor Analysis. A Factor Analysis is a mathematical approach for attempting to explain the correlation between a large set of variables
More informationNOTES ON LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS
NOTES ON LINEAR TRANSFORMATIONS Definition 1. Let V and W be vector spaces. A function T : V W is a linear transformation from V to W if the following two properties hold. i T v + v = T v + T v for all
More informationWhat is Linear Programming?
Chapter 1 What is Linear Programming? An optimization problem usually has three essential ingredients: a variable vector x consisting of a set of unknowns to be determined, an objective function of x to
More informationEconometrics Simple Linear Regression
Econometrics Simple Linear Regression Burcu Eke UC3M Linear equations with one variable Recall what a linear equation is: y = b 0 + b 1 x is a linear equation with one variable, or equivalently, a straight
More information1 Theory: The General Linear Model
QMIN GLM Theory - 1.1 1 Theory: The General Linear Model 1.1 Introduction Before digital computers, statistics textbooks spoke of three procedures regression, the analysis of variance (ANOVA), and the
More informationSECOND DERIVATIVE TEST FOR CONSTRAINED EXTREMA
SECOND DERIVATIVE TEST FOR CONSTRAINED EXTREMA This handout presents the second derivative test for a local extrema of a Lagrange multiplier problem. The Section 1 presents a geometric motivation for the
More informationSPSS Advanced Statistics 17.0
i SPSS Advanced Statistics 17.0 For more information about SPSS Inc. software products, please visit our Web site at http://www.spss.com or contact SPSS Inc. 233 South Wacker Drive, 11th Floor Chicago,
More information[1] Diagonal factorization
8.03 LA.6: Diagonalization and Orthogonal Matrices [ Diagonal factorization [2 Solving systems of first order differential equations [3 Symmetric and Orthonormal Matrices [ Diagonal factorization Recall:
More informationFactor Analysis. Principal components factor analysis. Use of extracted factors in multivariate dependency models
Factor Analysis Principal components factor analysis Use of extracted factors in multivariate dependency models 2 KEY CONCEPTS ***** Factor Analysis Interdependency technique Assumptions of factor analysis
More informationNotes on Symmetric Matrices
CPSC 536N: Randomized Algorithms 2011-12 Term 2 Notes on Symmetric Matrices Prof. Nick Harvey University of British Columbia 1 Symmetric Matrices We review some basic results concerning symmetric matrices.
More informationSTATISTICA Formula Guide: Logistic Regression. Table of Contents
: Table of Contents... 1 Overview of Model... 1 Dispersion... 2 Parameterization... 3 Sigma-Restricted Model... 3 Overparameterized Model... 4 Reference Coding... 4 Model Summary (Summary Tab)... 5 Summary
More informationINTERPRETING THE ONE-WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA)
INTERPRETING THE ONE-WAY ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE (ANOVA) As with other parametric statistics, we begin the one-way ANOVA with a test of the underlying assumptions. Our first assumption is the assumption of
More informationUnderstanding and Applying Kalman Filtering
Understanding and Applying Kalman Filtering Lindsay Kleeman Department of Electrical and Computer Systems Engineering Monash University, Clayton 1 Introduction Objectives: 1. Provide a basic understanding
More information1 Overview and background
In Neil Salkind (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Research Design. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. 010 The Greenhouse-Geisser Correction Hervé Abdi 1 Overview and background When performing an analysis of variance with
More informationMehtap Ergüven Abstract of Ph.D. Dissertation for the degree of PhD of Engineering in Informatics
INTERNATIONAL BLACK SEA UNIVERSITY COMPUTER TECHNOLOGIES AND ENGINEERING FACULTY ELABORATION OF AN ALGORITHM OF DETECTING TESTS DIMENSIONALITY Mehtap Ergüven Abstract of Ph.D. Dissertation for the degree
More informationThe Characteristic Polynomial
Physics 116A Winter 2011 The Characteristic Polynomial 1 Coefficients of the characteristic polynomial Consider the eigenvalue problem for an n n matrix A, A v = λ v, v 0 (1) The solution to this problem
More information1 Review of Least Squares Solutions to Overdetermined Systems
cs4: introduction to numerical analysis /9/0 Lecture 7: Rectangular Systems and Numerical Integration Instructor: Professor Amos Ron Scribes: Mark Cowlishaw, Nathanael Fillmore Review of Least Squares
More informationMethods for Finding Bases
Methods for Finding Bases Bases for the subspaces of a matrix Row-reduction methods can be used to find bases. Let us now look at an example illustrating how to obtain bases for the row space, null space,
More informationRidge Regression. Patrick Breheny. September 1. Ridge regression Selection of λ Ridge regression in R/SAS
Ridge Regression Patrick Breheny September 1 Patrick Breheny BST 764: Applied Statistical Modeling 1/22 Ridge regression: Definition Definition and solution Properties As mentioned in the previous lecture,
More informationManifold Learning Examples PCA, LLE and ISOMAP
Manifold Learning Examples PCA, LLE and ISOMAP Dan Ventura October 14, 28 Abstract We try to give a helpful concrete example that demonstrates how to use PCA, LLE and Isomap, attempts to provide some intuition
More informationIndices of Model Fit STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING 2013
Indices of Model Fit STRUCTURAL EQUATION MODELING 2013 Indices of Model Fit A recommended minimal set of fit indices that should be reported and interpreted when reporting the results of SEM analyses:
More informationElasticity Theory Basics
G22.3033-002: Topics in Computer Graphics: Lecture #7 Geometric Modeling New York University Elasticity Theory Basics Lecture #7: 20 October 2003 Lecturer: Denis Zorin Scribe: Adrian Secord, Yotam Gingold
More informationDecember 4, 2013 MATH 171 BASIC LINEAR ALGEBRA B. KITCHENS
December 4, 2013 MATH 171 BASIC LINEAR ALGEBRA B KITCHENS The equation 1 Lines in two-dimensional space (1) 2x y = 3 describes a line in two-dimensional space The coefficients of x and y in the equation
More informationHypothesis testing - Steps
Hypothesis testing - Steps Steps to do a two-tailed test of the hypothesis that β 1 0: 1. Set up the hypotheses: H 0 : β 1 = 0 H a : β 1 0. 2. Compute the test statistic: t = b 1 0 Std. error of b 1 =
More informationresearch/scientific includes the following: statistical hypotheses: you have a null and alternative you accept one and reject the other
1 Hypothesis Testing Richard S. Balkin, Ph.D., LPC-S, NCC 2 Overview When we have questions about the effect of a treatment or intervention or wish to compare groups, we use hypothesis testing Parametric
More informationInteraction between quantitative predictors
Interaction between quantitative predictors In a first-order model like the ones we have discussed, the association between E(y) and a predictor x j does not depend on the value of the other predictors
More information