Overview. Chapter 4. The Human Body. Anatomic Terms 9/11/2012. Anatomic Terms The Anatomic Position Descriptive Anatomic Terms

Transcription

1 Chapter 4 The Human Body Slide 1 Overview Anatomic Terms The Anatomic Position Descriptive Anatomic Terms Body Systems Respiratory System Circulatory System Musculoskeletal System Nervous System Skin Digestive System Endocrine System Slide 2 Anatomic Terms Slide 3 1

2 Anatomic Terms The anatomic position Slide 4 Anatomic Terms Anatomic planes Midline Midclavicular line Midaxillary line Slide 5 Descriptive Anatomic Terms Prone The patient lying flat on the stomach Slide 6 2

3 Descriptive Anatomic Terms Supine The patient lying flat on the back Slide 7 Descriptive Anatomic Terms Fowler s position The patient lying on the back with a bend at the hips Full Fowler s Semi-Fowler s Slide 8 Descriptive Anatomic Terms Trendelenburg position The patient lying flat on the back, on an incline, and with feet elevated approximately 12 inches above the head Slide 9 3

4 Descriptive Anatomic Terms Shock position The patient lying flat on the back, bent at the hips with feet lifted approximately 12 inches off of the ground Slide 10 Body Systems Slide 11 Respiratory System The respiratory system takes oxygen from the air and makes it available for the blood to transport to every cell and rids the body of excess carbon dioxide Slide 12 4

5 Respiratory System The airway Upper airway Extends from the mouth and nose to the trachea Lower airway Extends from the trachea to the alveoli Slide 13 Upper Airway Slide 14 Upper Airway Nose and mouth Pharynx Oropharynx Nasopharynx Epiglottis Leaf-shaped structure that prevents food and liquid from entering the trachea during swallowing Slide 15 5

6 Lower Airway Slide 16 Trachea (windpipe) Cricoid cartilage Lower Airway Firm cartilage ring forming the lower portion of the larynx Larynx (voice box) Bronchi Two major branches of the trachea to the lungs; bronchus subdivides into smaller air passages ending at the alveoli The lungs Diaphragm Slide 17 Respiratory Terminology Ventilation The movement of air Respiration The exchange of gases Slide 18 6

7 Ventilation Inhalation (active) Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract, increasing the size of the thoracic cavity Diaphragm moves slightly downward, flares lower portion of rib cage Ribs move upward/outward This creates a negative pressure in the chest cavity Slide 19 Ventilation Air flows into the lungs because of the negative pressure Slide 20 Ventilation Exhalation Diaphragm and intercostal muscles relax, decreasing the size of the thoracic cavity Diaphragm moves upward Ribs move downward/inward Air is expelled from the lungs Slide 21 7

8 Respiration Alveolar respiration Gas exchange in the lungs Cellular respiration Gas exchange in the tissues of the body Slide 22 Alveolar Respiration Alveolar/capillary exchange Oxygen-rich air enters the alveoli during each inspiration Oxygen-poor blood in the capillaries passes into the alveoli Oxygen enters the capillaries as carbon dioxide enters the alveoli Slide 23 Cellular Respiration Capillary/cellular exchange Cells give up carbon dioxide to the capillaries Capillaries give up oxygen to the cells Slide 24 8

9 Alveolar and Cellular Respiration Slide 25 Normal Breathing Normal respiration should be effortless Slide 26 Normal Respiratory Rates Adult 12-20/minute Child 15-30/minute Infant 25-50/minute Slide 27 9

10 Assessing Breathing Rate Chest expansion Rhythm Effort of breathing Quality Depth (tidal volume) Breath sounds Slide 28 Effort of Breathing Accessory muscles Additional muscles used to draw air into the chest Includes the muscles of the neck, abdomen, and chest Use of accessory muscles is a sign of respiratory distress! Slide 29 Tidal Volume The amount of air exchanged in one breath Slide 30 10

11 Considerations for Infants and Children Slide 31 Adults versus Children Respiratory Anatomy Mouth and nose In general, all structures are smaller and more easily obstructed than in adults Slide 32 Adults versus Children Respiratory Anatomy Tongue Infants and children s tongues take up proportionately more space in the mouth than adults Trachea (windpipe) Narrower tracheas that are obstructed more easily by swelling Softer and more flexible in infants and children Cricoid cartilage Less developed and less rigid Chest wall is softer Tend to depend more heavily on the diaphragm for breathing Slide 33 11

12 Circulatory System Slide 34 Circulatory System The heart pumps blood to the body organs through the cardiovascular system This process is so vital to life that any interruption for more than a few minutes can mean death to the individual Slide 35 Heart Blood vessels Arteries Veins Capillaries Circulatory System Blood Slide 36 12

13 Structure and function Heart Atrium Right Receives blood from the veins of the body and the heart Pumps oxygen-poor blood to the right ventricle Left Receives blood from the pulmonary veins (lungs) Pumps oxygen-rich blood to left ventricle Ventricle Right Receives blood from the right atrium Pumps oxygen-poor blood to the lungs Left Receives blood from the left atrium Pumps oxygen-rich blood to the body Slide 37 Heart Slide 38 Heart Structure and function Valves prevent backflow of blood Slide 39 13

14 Heart Structure and function Cardiac conductive system Heart is more than a muscle Specialized contractile and conductive tissue in the heart Electrical impulses create coordinated contraction Automaticity The ability of cardiac muscle cells to generate their own impulses Slide 40 Arteries Blood Vessels Arterioles Capillaries Venules Veins Slide 41 Arteries Carry blood away from the heart to the rest of the body Major arteries Coronary Vessels that supply the heart with blood Aorta Major artery originating from the heart, lying in front of the spine in the thoracic and abdominal cavities Pulmonary Artery originating at the right ventricle; carries oxygen-poor blood to the lungs Carotid Major artery of the neck Femoral Major artery of the thigh Radial Major artery of the lower arm Brachial An artery of the upper arm Posterior tibial Dorsalis pedis Slide 42 14

15 Arteries Slide 43 Arterioles The smallest branches of an artery leading to the capillaries Slide 44 Capillaries Tiny blood vessels that connect arterioles to venules Found in all parts of the body Allow for the exchange of nutrients and waste at the cellular level Slide 45 15

16 Capillaries Slide 46 Venules The smallest branches of a vein leading to the capillaries Slide 47 Veins Vessels that carry blood back to the heart Major veins Pulmonary vein Carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium Venae cavae Superior Inferior Carries oxygen-poor blood back to the right atrium Slide 48 16

17 Veins Slide 49 Red blood cells Blood Give the blood its color Carry oxygen to organs Carry carbon dioxide away from organs White blood cells Part of the body s defense against infections Plasma Fluid that carries the blood cells and nutrients Platelets Essential for the formation of blood clots Slide 50 Pulse Left ventricle contracts, sending a wave of blood through the arteries Can be palpated anywhere an artery simultaneously passes near the skin surface and over a bone Peripheral Radial Brachial Posterior tibial Dorsalis pedis Central Carotid Femoral Slide 51 17

18 Pulse Slide 52 Blood Pressure A measure of the pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries during contraction and relaxation of the heart Systolic Pressure exerted against the walls of the artery when the left ventricle contracts Diastolic Pressure exerted against the walls of the artery when the left ventricle is at rest Slide 53 Perfusion The process of delivering oxygenated blood to the organs and removing waste products and carbon dioxide Cellular respiration Slide 54 18

19 Perfusion Shock (hypoperfusion) Widespread inadequate tissue perfusion Slide 55 Shock Signs and symptoms Pale or cyanotic skin Cool or cold skin Rapid weak pulse Altered mental status Rapid breathing Nausea and vomiting Low or decreasing blood pressure A LATE SIGN! Slide 56 Musculoskeletal System Slide 57 19

20 Skeletal System The skeletal system is the scaffolding of the body Gives the body shape and rigidity Protects the vital internal organs Enables movement Slide 58 The Skull Skull Houses and protects the brain Orbit Nasal bone Maxilla Mandible Zygomatic bone Slide 59 Spinal Column Cervical (neck) 7 vertebrae Thoracic (upper back) 12 vertebrae Lumbar (lower back) 5 vertebrae Sacral (back wall of the pelvis) 5 vertebrae Coccyx (tailbone) 4 vertebrae Slide 60 20

21 Spinal Column Slide 61 Ribs 12 pairs Thorax Attached posterior to the thoracic vertebrae Pairs 1-10 are attached anterior to the sternum Pairs 11 and 12 are floating Sternum (Breastbone) Manubrium (superior portion of sternum) Body (middle) Xiphoid process (inferior portion of sternum) Slide 62 Thorax Slide 63 21

22 Pelvis Ilium Pubic symphysis Ischium Acetabulum Slide 64 Upper extremity Lower extremity Slide 65 Femur (thigh) Lower Extremities Patella (kneecap) Tibia (shin, lower leg) Fibula (lower leg) Medial and lateral malleolus Tarsals and metatarsals (foot) Calcaneus (heel) Phalanges (toes) Slide 66 22

23 Lower Extremities Patella Fibula Femur Tibia Slide 67 Foot Phalanges Metatarsals Tarsals C4-35 Slide 68 Upper Extremities Clavicle (collar bone) Scapula (shoulder blade) Acromion (tip of shoulder) Humerus (superior portion of upper extremity) Olecranon (elbow) Radius (lateral bone of forearm) Ulna (medial bone of forearm) Carpals (wrist) Metacarpals (hand) Phalanges (fingers) Slide 69 23

24 Upper Extremity Slide 70 Joints Where bones connect to other bones Types Ball and socket Hinged Slide 71 Hinge Joint Slide 72 24

25 Ball and Socket Joint Slide 73 Muscular System Slide 74 Muscular System Function Gives the body shape Protects internal organs Provides for movement Slide 75 25

26 Muscular System Types Voluntary Involuntary Cardiac Slide 76 Muscular System Voluntary (skeletal) Attached to the bones Form the major muscle mass of the body Controlled by nervous system and brain Can be contracted and relaxed by the will of the individual Responsible for movement Slide 77 Muscular System Involuntary (smooth) Found in the walls of the tubular structures of the gastrointestinal tract and urinary system, as well as the blood vessels and bronchi Control the flow through these structures Carry out the automatic muscular functions of the body Individuals have no direct control over these muscles Respond to stimuli such as stretching, heat, and cold Slide 78 26

27 Cardiac Muscular System Found only in the heart Involuntary muscle Has its own supply of blood through the coronary artery system Can tolerate interruption of blood supply for only very short periods Automaticity the ability of the muscle to contract on its own Slide 79 Nervous System Slide 80 Nervous System Function Controls the voluntary and involuntary activity of the body Slide 81 27

28 Nervous System Central nervous system Brain Spinal cord Central Nervous System Brain Spinal cord Peripheral Nervous System Cranial nerves (12) Spinal nerves cervical (8) thoraic (12) lumbar (5) sacral (5) coccyx (1) Slide 82 Peripheral nervous system Sensory Impulses carry information from the body to the brain and spinal cord Motor Impulses carry information from the brain and spinal cord to the body Nervous System Slide 83 Skin Slide 84 28

29 Skin Protects the body from the environment, bacteria, and other organisms Helps regulate the temperature of the body Senses heat, cold, touch, pressure, and pain; transmits this information to the brain and spinal cord Slide 85 Layers Epidermis Outermost layer of skin Dermis Deeper layer of skin containing sweat and sebaceous glands, hair follicles, blood vessels, and nerve endings Subcutaneous layer Skin Slide 86 Digestive System Slide 87 29

30 Provides the body with energy from food Digestive System Foods passes through hollow organs from the stomach to the anus Nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream through the small intestine Slide 88 Endocrine System Slide 89 Endocrine System Secretes chemicals, such as insulin and adrenaline, responsible for regulating body activities and functions Slide 90 30

31 Summary Anatomic Terms The Anatomic Position Descriptive Anatomic Terms Body Systems Respiratory System Circulatory System Musculoskeletal System Nervous System Skin Digestive System Endocrine System Slide 91 31