THE SKELETAL AND MUSCULAR SYSTEMS

Transcription

1 i A Wealth of Information. A World of Ideas. Instructor s Guide The Human Body: How It Works Introduction This program is part of the nine-part series The Human Body: How It Works. The series uses physiologic animations and illustrations, microscopic imaging, expert commentary, and footage of the body in motion to provide a thorough overview of the amazing human machine. The series includes: Cells, Tissues, and Skin The Immune System Human Development and the Reproductive System The Respiratory System The Circulatory System The Skeletal and Muscular Systems Digestion and Nutrition The Endocrine System The Nervous System and the Senses Topics Chapter 1: Movers and Shakers The program begins with an overview of the skeletal and muscular systems, listing five basic functions of the bones and five of the muscles. Also covered: The differences between an endoskeleton and an exoskeleton; and between voluntary and involuntary muscles. Chapter 2: Bones and the Skeleton This section outlines the four classifications of bones: long, short, flat, and irregular. The terms axial skeleton and appendicular skeleton are introduced. Copyright

2 Chapter 3: The Axial Skeleton The axial skeleton is now described in detail: the skull (and its parts), and the main sections of the vertebral column cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, and coccyx. Also covered: True, false, and floating ribs; fused and unfused vertebrae. Chapter 4: The Appendicular Skeleton The four segments of the appendicular skeleton are reviewed in this section. Clearly labeled animations depict the bones of the pectoral girdle, pelvic girdle, and upper and lower limbs. Also covered: flat feet, or fallen arches. Chapter 5: Joints and Soft Tissues This section spells out the different ways in which fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial, and bony joints attach bones to one another. Shots of athletes and weight lifters illustrate a discussion of the six types of synovial joint. Chapter 6: Skeletal Muscles Here viewers learn the five categories of skeletal muscle, and how agonist, antagonist, and synergist muscles work together to provide movement. The point is made that muscles do more than heavy lifting they are also responsible for a variety of processes including facial expressions and speech. Also covered: Ligaments and tendons; fixators, flexors, and extensors. Chapter 7: Bone Composition and Repair Now the narrator gives an in-depth description of the complex structure of bones, reminding viewers that bones are living tissue. Along with a discussion of the blood vessels, nerves, and cavities, animations portray the various bone membranes and their function. The four types of bone cell, and how they work together when bone repair is necessary, are also explored. Chapter 8: Muscle Cells and Tissues We now know that muscles work by contracting here we learn exactly how sarcomeres within muscle fiber cause them to contract. Animations illustrate the detailed anatomy of a muscle cell, getting all the way down to the molecular level with a discussion of myofilaments, myosin, and actin. Also covered: The types of connective tissue within the muscle; the role of somatic motor neurons and ATP in muscle movement. Copyright

3 Learning Objectives Students will learn Five basic functions of the body s 206 bones Five basic functions of the muscles, including the difference between voluntary and involuntary muscles The four categories of bones and the five categories of skeletal muscles The parts of the axial skeleton, including the different types of ribs The four segments of the appendicular skeleton, including the names of the bones in each segment The four categories of joints based on their mode of attachment, and the six subcategories of synovial joints The difference between muscles, tendons, and ligaments The movements of agonist, antagonist, and synergist muscles The structure of the bone, including its four types of cells, and how they repair damaged bone The structure of the muscle, including its cells and connective tissues The molecular actions that occur within muscles, causing them to move Vocabulary ATP: Adenosine triphosphate, a molecule that stores and transfers energy used by the cells. actin: A protein found in the cells, its myofilaments act with myosin heads to cause muscles to move. agonist muscles: Muscles that exerts the majority of force, aided by synergist muscles. antagonist muscles: Muscles that pull in the opposite direction of agonist muscles. appendicular skeleton: The part of the skeleton that includes the bones of the upper and lower limbs, the pectoral girdle, and the pelvic girdle. It is attached to the axial skeleton, and protects the digestive and reproductive organs. axial skeleton: The part of the skeleton that includes the skull, the bones of the inner ear, the hyoid bone of the throat, the spinal column, and the bony thorax. ball and socket joint: A type of synovial joint that allows for movement in many directions (e.g., the joining of arms to shoulders and legs to hips). Copyright

4 bony joint: The joint between bones that have fused together naturally (e.g., in the sacrum and coccyx). bony thorax: Also called the rib cage or thoracic cage, it consists of the sternum, ribs, and the twelve thoracic vertebrae. carpal bones: The eight bones of the wrist. cartilaginous joint: A joint held together by cartilage (e.g., the joint between the first rib and the sternum). This type of joint is more movable than a fibrous joint, but less movable than a synovial joint. cervical vertebrae: The top seven bones of the spinal column, these are the smallest, weakest, and lightest. circular muscle: Also known as a sphincter muscle, it is a muscle that forms a ring around various body openings, such as the lips and eyelids. clavicle: Collarbone. coccyx: Also called the tailbone, it is made up of four fused vertebrae. The coccyx is part of the pelvic girdle. condyloid joint: Also called an ellipsoid joint, a type of synovial joint that allows bones to move in two directions, such as the wrist joint. convergent muscle: A muscle that is shaped like a fan, such as the muscle of the upper front chest (commonly called pecs ). costal cartilage: The elastic material connecting the sternum with the ends of the ribs. endoskeleton: A skeleton inside the body of larger organisms such as humans. endosteum: The membrane lining the inner surface of bones. epimysium: The sheath of connective tissue that surrounds and holds muscles together. exoskeleton: A rigid layer that insects and crustaceans have on the outside of their bodies to provide strength and allow for movement. Copyright

5 extensor muscles: Muscles that allow for extending or stretching a body part. false ribs: The five ribs beneath the true ribs; the first three false ribs connect to the cartilage of the rib above it instead of to the sternum; the bottom two false ribs are called floating ribs. fascicles: Bundles of muscle fibers within a muscle. The individual muscle fibers within the fascicles are surrounded by a connective tissue called endomysium; the fascicles are surrounded by the perimysium; groups of fascicles are surrounded by the epimysium. femur: The bone in the leg extending from the pelvis to the knee. fibrous joint: A joint held together by the collagen fibers of ligaments. Fibrous joints are immovable (e.g., the sutures between the bones of the skull). fibula: The smaller of the two bones extending from the knee to the ankle. fixator muscles: Muscles that prevent the bone from moving in an unwanted direction. flexor muscles: Muscles controlling the movement of joints by bending. floating ribs: The two bottom-most ribs. The back of these ribs attach to the spine, and not to the sternum or cartilage as the other ribs do. fusiform muscle: A muscle that is thicker in the middle and tapered on both ends, such as the biceps. gliding joint: A type of synovial joint that allows bones to move in only one direction by sliding past each other. hinge joint: A type of synovial joint that allows bones to move in only one direction, such as knuckles and elbows. humerus: The single long bone of the upper arm. involuntary muscles: Muscles that control our vital functions automatically, such as those involved with breathing and digestion. irregular bones: Bones, such as the vertebrae and hip bones, that don t fit into the other three categories of bones. Copyright

6 joint: The place where two bones connect. Joints of the human body are classified by how much freedom of movement they permit, and/or by their mode of attachment (fibrous, cartilaginous, or synovial). ligament: A band of tissue that connects bones to other bones. lumbar vertebrae: The five sturdy bones of the lower part of the spinal column, they carry most of the weight of the upper body. mandible: Also called the jawbone, it is the part of the skull that holds the lower teeth. maxilla: Also known as the upper jaw bone, it is the part of the skull that holds the upper teeth. medullary cavity: A large cavity in the center of bones; the medullary cavity contains the bone marrow. metacarpals: The five bones of the palm. metatarsals: The bones of the feet. muscle: A tissue that produces movement in the body through contraction. myofilaments: Threadlike filaments of proteins within the muscles. A combination of thick, thin, and elastic myofilaments make up sarcomeres, responsible for muscle contraction. myosin: A protein found in the cells, it plays a key role in causing muscles to move. myosin head: The head of a myosin molecule, it works with actin myofilaments to cause muscular movement. osteoblast: A type of cell from which bone is formed. osteoclast: One of the four types of cells that make up bones, it removes excess bone during bone repair. osteocyte: One of the four types of cells that make up bones. When a bone breaks, osteocytes communicate this to other bone cells so that repair can begin. osteogenic cell: A stem cell that is one of the four types of cells that make up bones. Copyright

7 osteogenic layer: The layer of bone membrane that forms new bone cells. parallel muscle: A muscle that tends to be equally wide throughout its length, such as a thigh muscle. patella: Also called the kneecap, it is the bone that protects the knee joint. pectoral girdle: In humans, the clavicle and scapula. It connects the arms to the axial skeleton. pelvic girdle: Also called the pelvis, it consists of the bones that cradle the internal organs (the ilium, ischium, pubis, coccyx, and sacrum). The pelvic girdle connects the lower appendicular skeleton to the axial skeleton. pennate muscle: A muscle shaped like a feather, such as a calf muscle. periosteum: The membrane lining the outer surface of bones. phalanges: Any of the fourteen bones of the thumb and fingers, or of the fourteen bones of the toes. pivot joint: A type of synovial joint that allows for movement in many directions, such as the head rotating on the neck. pubis: The front part of the hip bones. The pubis is part of the pelvic girdle. radius: One of the two bones in the forearm. sacrum: The lowest section of the spine, it is made up of five fused vertebrae and is the point of attachment for the hips and the pelvis. The sacrum is part of the pelvic girdle. saddle joint: A type of synovial joint that allows bones to move in two directions, such as the joints between the thumbs and metacarpals. sarcomeres: Bundles of myofilaments within muscle cells that cause muscles to contract, thus causing the muscles to move. scapula: Also called a shoulder blade, it is either of two flat bones forming the back of the shoulder. soft tissue: A type of tissue that surrounds, supports, and connects structures and organs. Muscles, tendons, and ligaments are examples of soft tissue. Copyright

8 spinal cord: The bundle of nerve tissue extending from the brain stem through the spinal column. sternum: Also called the breastbone, it it the part of the skeleton that protects the heart and lungs. sutures: The lines that form the meeting point of the plate-like bones of the cranium. synergist muscle: A muscle that aids the agonist muscle in movement. synovial joint: Joints connected via a fluid-filled sac-like pad (e.g., knee joints). Synovial joints are more movable than fibrous or cartilaginous joints, and are the most common type in the human body. Synovial joints are classified by their structure: pivot, ball and socket, hinge, gliding, saddle, or condyloid. tarsal bones: The bones of the ankle. tendon: A fibrous tissue that connects muscles to bones. thoracic vertebrae: The group of twelve bones in the spinal column to which the ribs are attached. thorax: Also called the chest, in humans it is the region between the neck and the diaphragm. tibia: Also called the shin bone, it is the larger of the two bones extending from the knee to the ankle. true ribs: The first seven ribs on each side that attach directly to the sternum through costal cartilage. ulna: One of the bones in the forearm. vertebra (plural is vertebrae or vertebras): Any of the bones or cartilaginous segments of the spinal column. vertebral column: Also called the backbone, spinal column, or spine, it consists of 33 vertebrae that surround and protect the spinal cord and support the head and the body. The vertebrae are classified as cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral. voluntary muscles: Muscles that we can consciously control, such as those of the arms and legs. Copyright

9 Student Projects Starting with a depiction of the human skeleton, label each bone, and identify which are classified as long, short, flat, and irregular. Include whether the bone belongs to the axial or the appendicular skeleton. [This can be done as individual student assignments, or as a class. Another way to do this as a class is to print out a list of the major bones, then challenge students to correctly label a skeleton.] Do the activity above, substituting the muscular system for the skeletal system. Shooting hoops, fixing a snack, using a cell phone what parts of the skeletal and muscular systems are involved in these activities? Pick an activity, then list as many bones, muscles, and joints as you can think of that are involved. (Don t forget eyeblinks, laughing, how your legs and feet are positioned when sitting in a chair, etc.) Sections 7 and 8 of the program provided detailed information about the structure of bones and of muscle cells. Review one of these chapters, then illustrate how the bones cells team up to repair a break OR how molecules within muscles are responsible for movement. Work in any media you choose, from straight written report, to soap opera melodrama, visual art, or flash animation. Playing the investigative journalist, choose one of the following headlines (or write one of your own) as the start of a hard-hitting, fact-filled news report to present to the class. Functional Fitness vs Weight Training: Which Should You Choose? Soft Drinks Will Dissolve Your Bones! Warns Mom Biomechatronics: Exploring the Latest in Prosthetic Limbs Joint Pain Remedies: What Works and What Doesn t Fact or fiction? Using the library and Internet, find the answers to the following questions. Then, write a brief report that also incorporates what you ve learned in the film (such as the names of joints and muscles). Present the questions as a quiz to the rest of the class. Does it really take more muscles to frown than to smile? What causes the popping sound when cracking your knuckles? Does stretching before exercise help prevent injury? Is No pain, no gain a good rule of thumb for fitness training? What is osteoporosis, and who is at risk for it? Are calcium supplements and/or antacids the best way to avoid this disease? To avoid bone breakage? Can older bones actually be strengthened, or can this be done only when young? Report to the class on this, citing actual statistics whenever possible. Copyright

10 Quiz 1. Among other important functions, the bones also. a) create blood cells b) aid in human communication c) both a and b d) none of the above 2. Besides allowing us to move, the muscles. a) aid in balance b) generate heat to maintain body temperate c) both a and b d) none of the above 3. The 206 bones of the human body are classified into the following groups:. a) long, short, flat, and irregular b) long, short, and mid-sized c) rounded and flat d) axial and coaxial 4. The axial skeleton is connected to the appendicular skeleton via the. a) pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle b) pectoral girdle c) pelvic girdle d) nerves of the spinal cord 5. The ribs are part of the. a) cervical vertebrae b) thoracic vertebrae c) appendicular skeleton d) axial skeleton Copyright

11 6. The bones of the arms and legs are part of the. a) axial skeleton b) appendicular skeleton c) metacarpals d) metatarsals 7. The phalanges are bones of the. a) fingers b) toes c) neither of these d) both a and b 8. True or False? The joints of the pectoral girdle are rigid, preventing movement in an unwanted direction. 9. Joints are classified into four major categories: cartilaginous, bony, synovial, or. a) costal b) fibrous c) condyloid d) irregular 10. The is an example of a synovial joint. a) suture of the skull b) knee c) rib-to-sternum connection d) fused vertebrae of the sacrum 11. A muscle is a tissue that produces movement in the body, while a is a fibrous tissue that connects muscles to bones. a) fusiform b) hinge joint c) ligament d) tendon i Copyright

12 12. Muscles that aid the movement of the agonist are called muscles. a) antagonist b) voluntary c) flexor d) synergist 13. When a bone breaks,. a) the cells at the edge of the broken pieces die off, forming scar tissue b) new bone tissue is generated, completing repair within 4 to 6 weeks c) blood leaks into the area and a repair team of cells comes in to fix the damage d) a potentially dangerous hematoma may form 14. The is the hollow center of the bone that contains the marrow. a) medullary cavity b) Haversian canal c) endoskeleton d) maxillary cavity 15. A muscle fascicle is a. a) bundle of myofilaments b) bundle of muscle fibers c) type of connective tissue d) muscle cell 16. Which of the following is a part of how muscles contract? a) The elastic myofilaments pull on Z disks, prompting the motor neurons to signal the muscles to contract. b) The actin myofilaments absorb the myosin heads, causing the sarcomere to shorten. c) Motor neurons trigger a chain of events that causes an interactive ratcheting process between the sarcomeres heads and the myosin myofilaments, causing the actin filaments to shorten. d) Motor neurons trigger a chain of events that causes an interactive ratcheting process between myosin molecules heads and actin myofilaments, causing the sarcomere to shorten. i Copyright

13 Answers to Quiz 1. c) both a and b 2. c) both a and b 3. a) long, short, flat, and irregular 4. a) pectoral girdle and pelvic girdle 5. d) axial skeleton 6. b) appendicular skeleton 7. d) both a and b 8. False. These joints are loose, allowing arms and shoulders a wide range of motion. 9. b) fibrous 10. b) knee 11. d) tendon 12. d) synergist 13. c) blood leaks into the area and a repair team of cells comes in to fix the damage 14. a) medullary cavity 15. b) bundle of muscle fibers 16. d) Motor neurons trigger a chain of events, fueled by ATP, that causes an interactive ratcheting process between myosin molecules heads and actin myofilaments, causing the sarcomere to shorten. Please send comments, questions, and feedback to custserv@films.com. i Copyright