Chapter 19 Amino Acids and Proteins

Transcription

1 Chapter 19 Amino Acids and Proteins 19.1 Proteins and Amino Acids 19.2 Amino Acids as Acids and Bases Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 1

2 Functions of Proteins Proteins perform many different functions in the body. TABLE

3 Amino Acids Amino acids Are the building blocks of proteins. Contain a carboxylic acid group and an amino group on the alpha (α) carbon. Are ionized in solution. Each contain a different side group (R). R H 2 N C COOH H R + H 3 N C COO H ionized form 3

4 Examples of Amino Acids H + H 3 N C COO H glycine CH 3 + H 3 N C COO H alanine 4

5 Types of Amino Acids Amino acids are classified as Nonpolar (hydrophobic) with hydrocarbon side chains. Polar (hydrophilic) with polar or ionic side chains. Acidic (hydrophilic) with acidic side chains. Basic (hydrophilic) with NH 2 side chains. Nonpolar Polar Acidic Basic Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 5

6 Nonpolar Amino Acids A nonpolar amino acid has An R group that is H, an alkyl group, or aromatic. Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 6

7 Polar Amino Acids A polar amino acid has An R group that is an alcohol, thiol, or amide. Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 7

8 Acidic and Basic Amino Acids An amino acid is Acidic with a carboxyl R group (COO ). Basic with an amino R group (NH 3+ ). Basic Amino Acids Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 8

9 Learning Check Identify each as (P) polar or (NP) nonpolar. + A. H 3 N CH 2 COO (Glycine) + CH 3 CH OH B. H 3 N CH COO (Threonine) 9

10 Solution Identify each as (P) polar or (NP) nonpolar. + A. H 3 N CH 2 COO (Glycine) (NP) nonpolar CH 3 CH OH + B. H 3 N CH COO (Threonine) (P) polar 10

11 Fischer Projections of Amino Acids Amino acids Are chiral except for glycine. Have Fischer projections that are stereoisomers. That are L are used in proteins. H 2 N COOH CH 3 H COOH H NH 2 CH 3 H 2 N COOH H CH 2 SH COOH H NH 2 CH 2 SH L-alanine D-alanine L-cysteine D-cysteine 11

12 Zwitterions and Isoelectric Points A zwitterion Has charged NH 3+ and COO - groups. Forms when both the NH 2 and the COOH groups in an amino acid ionize in water. Has equal + and charges at the isoelectric point (pi). O O + NH 2 CH 2 C OH H 3 N CH 2 C O Glycine Zwitterion of glycine 12

13 Amino Acids as Acids In solutions more basic than the pi, The NH 3+ in the amino acid donates a proton. + OH H 3 N CH 2 COO H 2 N CH 2 COO Zwitterion at pi Charge: 0 Negative ion ph > pi Charge: 1 13

14 Amino Acids as Bases In solutions more acidic than the pi, The COO in the amino acid accepts a proton. + H + + H 3 N CH 2 COO H 3 N CH 2 COOH Zwitterion Positive ion at pi ph< pi Charge: 0 Charge: 1+ 14

15 ph and Ionization H OH H 3 N CH 2 COOH H 3 N CH 2 COO H 2 N CH 2 COO positive ion zwitterion negative ion (at low ph) (at pi) (at high ph) 15

16 Electrophoresis: Separation of Amino Acids In electrophoresis, an electric current is used to separate a mixture of amino acids, and The positively charged amino acids move toward the negative electrode. The negatively charged amino acids move toward the positive electrode. An amino acid at its pi does not migrate. The amino acids are identified as separate bands on the filter paper or thin-layer plate. 16

17 Electrophoresis With an electric current, a mixture of lysine, aspartate, and valine are separated. Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 17

18 Learning Check CH 3 CH 3 + H 3 N CH COOH H 2 N CH COO (1) (2) Which structure represents: A. Alanine at a ph above its pi? B. Alanine at a ph below its pi? 18

19 Solution CH 3 CH 3 + H 3 N CH COOH H 2 N CH COO (1) (2) Which structure represents: A. Alanine at a ph above its pi? (2) B. Alanine at a ph below its pi? (1) 19

20 Chapter 19 Amino Acids and Proteins 19.3 Formation of Peptides Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 20

21 The Peptide Bond A peptide bond Is an amide bond. Forms between the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the amino group of the next amino acid. O CH 3 O + + H 3 N CH 2 C O + H 3 N CH C O O H CH 3 O + H 3 N CH 2 C N CH C O + H 2 O peptide bond 21

22 Formation of A Dipeptide Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 22

23 Learning Check Write the dipeptide Ser-Thr. OH CH 3 CH 2 O HCOH O + + H 3 N CH C O + H 3 N CH C O Ser Thr 23

24 Solution Write the dipeptide Ser-Thr. OH CH 3 CH 2 O HCOH O + + H C C 3 N CH C O + H 3 N CH C O Ser peptide OH bond CH 3 CH 2 O H HCOH O + NH 3 CH C N CH C O Ser-Thr Thr + H 2 O 24

25 Naming Dipeptides A dipeptide is named with A -yl ending for the N-terminal amino acid. The full amino acid name of the free carboxyl group (COO-) at the C-terminal end. Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 25

26 Learning Check Write the three-letter abbreviations and names of the tripeptides that could form from two glycine and one alanine. 26

27 Solution Write the names and three-letter abbreviations of the tripeptides that could form from two glycine and one alanine. Glycylglycylalanine Glycylalanylglycine Alanylglycylglycine Gly-Gly-Ala Gly-Ala-Gly Ala-Gly-Gly 27

28 Learning Check What are the possible tripeptides formed from one each of leucine, glycine, and alanine? 28

29 Solution Tripeptides possible from one each of leucine, glycine, and alanine Leu-Gly-Ala Leu-Ala-Gly Ala-Leu-Gly Ala-Gly-Leu Gly-Ala-Leu Gly-Leu-Ala 29

30 Learning Check Write the three-letter abbreviation and name for the following tetrapeptide: CH 3 CH 3 S CH CH 3 SH CH 2 CH 3 O H CH 2 O H CH 2 O H CH 2 O + H 3 N CH C N CH C N CH C N CH CO 30

31 Solution Ala-Leu-Cys-Met Alanylleucylcysteylmethionine CH 3 CH 3 S CH CH 3 SH CH 2 CH 3 O H CH O H CH 2 O H CH 2 O + H 3 N CH C N CH C N CH C N CH CO Ala Leu Cys Met 31

32 Chapter 19 Amino Acids and Proteins 19.4 Protein Structure: Primary and Secondary Levels Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 32

33 Primary Structure of Proteins The primary structure of a protein is The particular sequence of amino acids. The backbone of a peptide chain or protein. CH 3 CH 3 CH 3 CH SH CH 2 S CH 3 O CH O CH 2 O CH 2 O H 3 N CH C N CH C N CH C N CH C O - H H Ala Leu Cys Met H Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 33

34 Primary Structures The nonapeptides oxytocin and vasopressin Have similar primary structures. Differ only in the amino acids at positions 3 and 8. Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 34

35 Primary Structure of Insulin Insulin Was the first protein to have its primary structure determined. Has a primary structure of two polypeptide chains linked by disulfide bonds. Has a chain A with 21 amino acids and a chain B with 30 amino acids. 35 Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

36 Secondary Structure Alpha Helix The secondary structures of proteins indicate the three-dimensional spatial arrangements of the polypeptide chains. An alpha helix has A coiled shape held in place by hydrogen bonds between the amide groups and the carbonyl groups of the amino acids along the chain. Hydrogen bonds between the H of a N-H group and the O of C=O of the fourth amino acid down the chain. 36

37 Secondary Structure Alpha Helix Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 37

38 Secondary Structure Beta Pleated Sheet A beta-pleated sheet is a secondary structure that Consists of polypeptide chains arranged side by side. Has hydrogen bonds between chains. Has R groups above and below the sheet. Is typical of fibrous proteins such as silk. 38

39 Secondary Structure: β-pleated Sheet Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 39

40 Secondary Structure: Triple Helix A triple helix Consists of three alpha helix chains woven together. Contains large amounts glycine, proline, hydroxy proline, and hydroxylysine that contain OH groups for hydrogen bonding. Is found in collagen, connective tissue, skin, tendons, and cartilage. Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 40

41 Learning Check Indicate the type of protein structure as 1) primary 2) alpha helix 3) beta-pleated sheet 4) triple helix A. Polypeptide chains held side by side by H bonds. B. Sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. C. Corkscrew shape with H bonds between amino acids. D. Three peptide chains woven like a rope. 41

42 Solution Indicate the type of protein structure as: 1) primary 2) alpha helix 3) beta-pleated sheet 4) triple helix A. 3 Polypeptide chains held side by side by H bonds. B. 1 Sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. C. 2 Corkscrew shape with H bonds between amino acids. D. 4 Three peptide chains woven like a rope. 42

43 Chapter 19 Amino Acids and Proteins 19.5 Protein Structure: Tertiary and Quaternary Levels Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 43

44 Essential Amino Acids Essential amino acids Must be obtained from the diet. Are the ten amino acids not synthesized by the body. Are in meat and diary products. Are missing (one or more) in grains and vegetables. TABLE 19.3 Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 44

45 Tertiary Structure The tertiary structure of a protein Gives a specific three dimensional shape to the polypeptide chain. Involves interactions and cross links between different parts of the peptide chain. Is stabilized by Hydrophobic and hydrophilic interactions. Salt bridges. Hydrogen bonds. Disulfide bonds. 45

46 Tertiary Structure The interactions of the R groups give a protein its specific threedimensional tertiary structure. Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 46

47 Tertiary Structure TABLE

48 Globular Proteins Globular proteins Have compact, spherical shapes. Carry out synthesis, transport, and metabolism in the cells. Such as myoglobin store and transport oxygen in muscle. Myoglobin Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 48

49 Fibrous Proteins Fibrous proteins Consist of long, fiber-like shapes. Such as alpha keratins make up hair, wool, skin, and nails. Such as feathers contain beta keratins with large amounts of beta-pleated sheet structures. Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 49

50 Learning Check Select the type of tertiary interaction 1) disulfide 2) ionic 3) H bonds 4) hydrophobic A. Leucine and valine B. Two cysteines C. Aspartic acid and lysine D. Serine and threonine 50

51 Solution Select the type of tertiary interaction as: 1) disulfide 2) ionic 3) H bonds 4) hydrophobic A. 4 Leucine and valine B. 1 Two cysteines C. 2 Aspartic acid and lysine D. 3 Serine and threonine 51

52 Quaternary Structure The quaternary structure Is the combination of two or more tertiary units. Is stabilized by the same interactions found in tertiary structures. Of hemoglobin consists of two alpha chains and two beta chains. The heme group in each subunit picks up oxygen for transport in the blood to the tissues. hemoglobin Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 52

53 Summary of Protein Structure TABLE 19.6 Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 53

54 Summary of Protein Structures 54 Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc Publishing as Benjamin Cummings

55 Learning Check Identify the level of protein structure as: 1) Primary 2) Secondary 3) Tertiary 4) Quaternary A. Beta-pleated sheet B. Order of amino acids in a protein C. A protein with two or more peptide chains D. The shape of a globular protein E. Disulfide bonds between R groups 55

56 Solution Identify the level of protein structure 1. Primary 2. Secondary 3. Tertiary 4. Quaternary A. 2 Beta-pleated sheet. B. 1 Order of amino acids in a protein. C. 4 A protein with two or more peptide chains. D. 3 The shape of a globular protein. E. 3 Disulfide bonds between R groups. 56

57 Chapter 19 Amino Acids and Proteins 19.6 Protein Hydrolysis and Denaturation Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc. Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 57

58 Protein Hydrolysis Protein hydrolysis Splits the peptide bonds to give smaller peptides and amino acids. Occurs in the digestion of proteins. Occurs in cells when amino acids are needed to synthesize new proteins and repair tissues. 58

59 Hydrolysis of a Dipeptide In the lab, the hydrolysis of a peptide requires acid or base, water and heat. In the body, enzymes catalyze the hydrolysis of proteins. + CH 3 O H 3 N CH C N H OH CH 2 CH O C OH heat, H 2 O, H + CH 3 O + H 3 N CH COH + + H 3 N OH CH 2 CH O C OH 59

60 Denaturation Denaturation involves The disruption of bonds in the secondary, tertiary and quaternary protein structures. Heat and organic compounds that break apart H bonds and disrupt hydrophobic interactions. Acids and bases that break H bonds between polar R groups and disrupt ionic bonds. Heavy metal ions that react with S-S bonds to form solids. Agitation such as whipping that stretches peptide chains until bonds break. 60

61 Applications of Denaturation Denaturation of protein occurs when An egg is cooked. The skin is wiped with alcohol. Heat is used to cauterize blood vessels. Instruments are sterilized in autoclaves. Copyright 2007 by Pearson Education, Inc Publishing as Benjamin Cummings 61

62 Learning Check What are the products of the complete hydrolysis of the peptide Ala-Ser-Val? 62

63 Solution The products of the complete hydrolysis of the peptide Ala-Ser-Val are alanine serine valine 63

64 Learning Check Tannic acid is used to form a scab on a burn. An egg is hard boiled by placing it in boiling water. What is similar about these two events? 64

65 Solution Acid and heat cause the denaturation of protein. They both break bonds in the secondary and tertiary structures of proteins. 65