ELECTRONIC FILTER DESIGN HANDBOOK
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1 ELECTRONIC FILTER DESIGN HANDBOOK Arthur B.Williams Fred J.Taylor Fourth Edition McGFUW-HILL New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney Toronto
2 Preface xiii Chapter 1. Introduction to Modern Network Theory Modem Network Theory II The Pole-Zero Concept / 1 Synthesis of Filters from Polynomials / 2 Active vs. Passive Filters / 7 Bibliography / 8 Chapter 2. Selecting the Response Characteristic Frequency-Response Normalization / 9 Frequency and Impedance Scaling / 9 Low-Pass Normalization / 12 High-Pass Normalization / 14 Bandpass Normalization / 16 Band-Reject Normalization / Transient Response / 29 The Effect of Nonuniform Time Delay / 29 Step Response of Networks / 32 Impulse Response / 34 Estimating Transient Characteristics / Butterworth Maximally Flat Amplitude / Chebyshev Response / Bessel Maximally Flat Delay / Linear Phase with Equiripple Error / Transitional Filters / Synchronously Tuned Filters / 70, 2.9. Elliptic-Function Filters / 79 Using the Filter Solutions (Book Version) Software for Design of Elliptic Function Low- Pass Filters / 86 Using the ELI 1.0 Program for the Design of Odd-Order Elliptic-Function Low-Pass Filters up to the 31st Order / Maximally Flat Delay with Chebyshev Stopband / 88 Bibliography / 88 Chapter 3. Low-Pass Filter Design' LC Low-Pass Filters / 89 All-Pole Filters / 89
3 Elliptic-Function Filters / 90 Duality and Reciprocity / 93 Designing for Unequal Terminations / 93 Effects of Dissipation I 97. Using Predistorted Designs / Active Low-Pass Filters / 103 All-Pole Filters / 103 VCVS Uniform Capacitor Structure / 113 The Low-Sensitivity Second-Order Section I 114 Elliptic-Function VCVS Filters / 116 State-Variable Low-Pass Filters / 120 Generalized Impedance Converters / 128 Bibliography / 755 Chapter 4. High-Pass Filter Design LC High-Pass Filters / 737 The Low-Pass to High-Pass Transformation / 137 The T-to-Pi Capacitance Conversion / Active High-Pass Filters / 143 The Low-Pass to High-Pass Transformation / 143 All-Pole High-Pass Filters / 144 Elliptic-Function High-Pass Filters / 745 State-Variable High-Pass Filters / 757 High-Pass Filters Using the GIC / 759 Active Elliptic-Function High-Pass Filters Using the GIC / 767 Bibliography / 164 Chapter 5. Bandpass Filters LC Bandpass Filters / 765 Wideband Filters / 165 Narrowband Filters / 767 Narrowband Coupled Resonators / 183 Predistorted Bandpass Filters / 7S9 Elliptic-Function Bandpass Filers / Active Bandpass Filters / 799 Wideband Filters / 799 The Bandpass Transformation of Low-Pass Poles and Zeros / 202 Sensitivity in Active Bandpass Circuits / 207 All-Pole Bandpass Configurations / 207 Elliptic-Function Bandpass Filters / 224 State-Variable (Biquad) Circuit / 230 ' Bibliography / 237 Chapter 6. Band-Reject Filters LC Band-Reject Filters / 239 The Band-Reject Circuit Transformation / 239 All-Pole Band-Reject Filters / 240", Elliptic-Function Band-Reject Filters / 245 Null Networks / Active Band-Reject Filters / 257 Wideband Active Band-Reject Filters / 257
4 Band-Reject Transformation of Low-Pass Poles / 267 Narrowband Active Band-Reject Filters / 265 Active Null Networks / 277 Bibliography / 277 Chapter 7. Networks for the Time Domain All-Pass Transfer Functions / 279 First-Order All-Pass Transfer Functions / 279 Second-Order All-Pass Transfer Functions / Delay Equalizer Sections I 283 LC All-Pass Structures / 283 Active All-Pass Structures / Design of Delay Lines / 292 The Low-Pass to All-Pass Transformation / 292 LC Delay Lines / 293 Active Delay Lines / Delay Equalization of Filters / 299 First-Order Equalizers / 300 Second-Order Equalizers / Wideband 90 Phase-Shift Networks / Adjustable Delay and Amplitude Equalizers / 373 LC Delay Equalizers / 314 LC Delay and Amplitude Equalizers / 376 Active Delay and Amplitude Equalizers / 379 Bibliography / 323 Chapter 8. Refinements in LC Filter Design and the Use of Resistive Networks Introduction / Tapped Inductors / Circuit Transformations / 327 Norton's Capacitance Transformer / 328 Narrowband Approximations / Designing with Parasitic Capacitance / Amplitude Equalization for Inadequate Q I Coil-Saving Elliptic-Function Bandpass Filters / Filter Tuning Methods / Measurement Methods / 345 Insertion Loss and Frequency Response / 345 Input Impedance of Filter Networks / 346 Time-Domain Characteristics / 347 Measuring the Q of inductors / Designing for Unequal Impedances / 357 Impedance Matching / 357 Exponentially Tapered Impedance Scaling / 357 Minimum Loss Resistive Pad for Impedance Matching / Symmetrical Attenuators / 355 Bridged T Attenuator / 356, Power Splitters / 357 Resistive Power Splitters / 357 A Magic-T Splitter / 357 Bibliography / 360
5 viii CONTENTS Chapter 9. Design and Selection of Inductors for LC Filters Basic Principles of Magnetic-Circuit Design / 361 Units of Measurement / 361 Saturation and DC Polarization / 362 Inductor Losses / 363 Effect of an Air Gap / 363 The Design of Coil Windings / MPP Toroidal Coils / 367 Characteristics of Cores / 367 Winding Methods for Q Optimization / 377 Designing MPP Toroids from Q Curves / Ferrite Pot Cores / 376 The Pot Core Structure / 376 Electrical Properties of Ferrite Pot Cores / 377 Winding of Bobbins I 380 RM Cores / High-Frequency Coil Design / 383 Powdered-Iron Toroids / 383 Winding Methods / 384 Air-Core Inductors / 387 Surface Mount RF Inductors / 387 Bibliography / 392 Chapter 10. Component Selection for LC and Active Filters Capacitor Selection / 393 Properties of Dielectrics / 393 Capacitor Construction / 394 Selecting Capacitors for Filter Applications / Resistors / 403 Fixed Resistors / 403 Variable Resistors / 408 Resistor Johnson (Thermal) Noise / Operational Amplifiers / 410 A Review of Basic Operational-Amplifier Theory / 410 An Analysis of Non-Ideal Amplifiers / 413 Practical Amplifier Considerations / 415 Operational Amplifier Selection I 417 A Survey of Popular Amplifier Types / General Manufacturing Considerations / 422 Bibliography / 423 Chapter 11. Normalized Filter Design Tables 425 Chapter 12. Introduction to Digital Filters Introduction to Signal Processing / Introduction to Digital Signal Processing (DSP) /" The Relation to Analog Filters / 498 Digital Advantages / 498 Analog Advantages / Signal Representation / 500
6 ix Digital Data Representation / Sampling Theorem / Signal Reconstruction / Practical Interpolators / Sampling Modalities / Aliasing / Data Conversion / Finite Wordlength Effects / Mathematical Signal and System Representation / Spectral Representation / 514 Bibliography / 575 Chapter 13. Finite Impulse-Response Filters Digital Filters / FIR Digital Filters / Stability / Linear-Phase Behavior / Non-Linear-Phase Behavior / Minimum Phase Behavior / Fir Design Methods / Window Design Method / Non-Rectangular Window Design Method / Least Squares FIR Design / Equiripple FIR Design / Equiripple Hilbert FIR Design / Equiripple Differentiator FIR Design / Special Case FIR Digital Filters / Multiplier-Free FIR Filters / L-Band FIR Filters / Mirror and Complement FIR Filters / Frequency Sampling FIR Filters / Savitzky-Golay FIR Filters / Raised FIR Filters / Matlab FIR Support / Fir Architectures / Direct Form FIR / Transpose Form FIR / Symmetric Form FIR / Lattice Form FIR / Distributed Arithmetic / Canonic Signed Digit (CSD) / Finite Wordlength Effect / Coefficient Rounding / 567 ; Arithmetic Error / Scaling / Multiple Mac Architecture / 569 Bibliography / 577 Chapter 14. Infinite Impulse-Response Filters 573 _ Introduction / Classic Analog Filters / Matlab Analog Filter Production / Impulse Invariant IIR / 580
7 14.5. Bilinear z-transform IIR / Matlab Classic IIR Support / Other IIR Models / Comparison of FIR and IIR Filters / State Variable Filter Model / Architecture / Direct II Architecture / Matlab Direct II Architecture / Cascade Architecture / The Matlab Cascade Architecture / Parallel Architecture / Lattice/Ladder Architecture / Matlab Ladder/Lattice Support / Normal Architecture / Stability / Finite Wordlength Effects / Overflow Arithmetic / Register Overflow / Arithmetic Errors / Coefficient Rounding Errors / Scaling / Zero Input Limit Cycling / 624 Bibliography / 626 Chapter 15. Multirate Digital Filters Introduction to Multi-Rate Signal Processing / Decimation / 628, Interpolation / Sample Rate Conversion / Polyphase Representation / Filter Banks / DFT Filter Banks / Cascade Integrator Comb (CIC) Filter / Frequency Masking Filters / Matlab Multirate Support / 656 Bibliography / 658 Chapter 16. Digital Filter Technology Introduction to Signal Processing / Processor Forms / General-Purpose Microprocessors (u,ps) / DSP Processor / DSP Addressing Modes / Circular Buffering / DSP Processor Features / DSP Processor Parallelism / Fixed-Point vs. Floating-Point / DSP Benchmarks / ADC/DAC Operation / 672 > Delta-Sigma ADC / 672 Flash ADC / 672 Successive Approximation ADC / 673 Subrange ADC / 673
8 Pipelined ADC I 674 Folded ADC / ADC Metrics / ADC Technology Issues / ADC Applications / ADC Enhancements / DAC Technology / DSP Software / 684 Assembly Language / 685 C Language / 685 Prototyping Languages / 697 Libraries / 692 Reference Designs / 692 Profiler / Digital Filter Implementation / 693 Bibliography / 700 Chapter 17. Switched-Capacitor Filters Introduction / The Theory of Switched-Capacitor Filters / 707 The Switched Resistor / 707 The Basic Integrator as a Building Block / 702 The Limitations of Switched-Capacitor Filters / Universal Switched-Capacitor Second-Order Filters / 704 Modes of Operation / 705 Operating Mode Features / 705 Using the MF10 and LMF100 Dual Universal Second-Order Filter / Types of Switched-Capacitor Filters / 772 Universal / 772 Microprocessor Programmable Universal Switched Capacitor Filters / 774 Pin Programmable Universal Switched Capacitor Filters / 714 Dedicated Switched Capacitor Filters / FilterCAD 3.0 Software / The Switched Capacitor Filter Selection Guide / 777 Bibliography / 777 Chapter 18. Introduction to Microwave Filters Implementation of Filters / Microstrip and Stripline Transmission Lines / Richards' Transformation / 720 Line with Short Circuit at Output / 722 Line with Open Circuit at Output / Kuroda's Identities / 724 Series to Shunt Stub / 724 Shunt to Series Stub / 725 Combining Richards' Transformation and Kuroda's Identities to Design a Low-Pass Filter / Bandpass Filters / 728 Bandpass Filters Using Shorted Parallel Stubs / 728 Bandpass Filters Using Edge-Coupled Half-Wavelength Lines / Additional Design Methods Using PC Board Traces / 730 Using PC Board Traces to Replace Inductors and Capacitors / 730 Bibliography / 737
9 Xii CONTENTS Appendix A. Discrete Systems Mathematics 733 A.I. Digital Filter Mathematics (The z-transform) / 733 A.2. Inverse z-transform / 747 A.3. Matlab Inversion / 753 A.4. Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT) / 758 A.5. DFT Error Sources / 762 Bibliography / 765 Appendix B. Software Summary 767 B.I. The Fltrform.xls Spreadsheet of Formulas / 767 B.2. Filter Solutions (Book Version) Software for the Design of Elliptic-Function Low-Pass Filters / 767 B.3. ELI 1.0 for the Design of Odd-Order Elliptic-Function Low-Pass Filters up to the 31st Order / 768 B.4. FilterCAD 3.0 for the Design of Switched Capacitor Filters / 768 B.5. TX Line for the Design of Microstrip, Stripline, and Other Structures for Microwave Filters / 768 Index 769
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