AN-837 APPLICATION NOTE
|
|
- Aubrey McCarthy
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 APPLICATION NOTE One Technology Way P.O. Box 916 Norwood, MA , U.S.A. Tel: Fax: DDS-Based Clock Jitter Performance vs. DAC Reconstruction Filter Performance by David Brandon and Ken Gentile A reconstruction filter is an important element for creating a clean, low jitter clock signal from a direct digital synthesizer (DDS). A reconstruction filter is used at the output of the DAC to attenuate image frequencies. However, a physical filter cannot be implemented with ideal stop band rejection extending out to infinite frequency. This is due to component parasitic effects as well as the physical limitations of printed circuit board layout. Failing to use a reconstruction filter with sufficient stop-band rejection can degrade the performance of the DDS. A FILTER LAYOUT EXPERIMENT This application note describes the results obtained from a filter layout experiment and discusses how layout and component selection impact stop-band rejection. This experiment focuses on three LC low-pass filter layouts described in this application note as Filter A, Filter B, and Filter C. All three filters are nearly identical in terms of component values and desired response characteristics. The purpose of the experiment is to restrict the experimental variables to the physical layout and the physical construction of the components. A companion application note, AN-823, also available from Analog Devices, Inc., should be used in conjunction with this application note. When using a DDS for clock generation, insufficient attenuation of DAC image frequencies can significantly affect system periodic jitter performance. Image frequencies theoretically extend to infinity frequency with magnitudes that follow a sin(x)/x response curve. Figure 1 depicts the DAC output spectrum. The following formula calculates the theoretical magnitude (dbc) of any desired image frequency relative to fout, where f is the frequency of the image and fc is the DAC sample rate: f dbc = 2 log f OUT πf sin fc πf OUT sin fc f OUT sin x/x ENVELOPE x = π (f/f C ) SIGNAL AMPLITUDE f C f OUT fc + fout 2fC fout 2f C + f OUT f C 2f C 3f C f OUT 3f C + 3f f OUT C Hz FIRST SECOND THIRD FOURTH FIFTH SIXTH SYSTEM CLOCK FREQUENCY (Hz) Figure 1. The DAC Output Spectrum Rev. Information furnished by Analog Devices is believed to be accurate and reliable. However, no responsibility is assumed by Analog Devices for its use, nor for any infringements of patents or other rights of third parties that may result from its use. Specifications subject to change without notice. No license is granted by implication or otherwise under any patent or patent rights of Analog Devices. Trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners. One Technology Way, P.O. Box 916, Norwood, MA , U.S.A. Tel: Fax: Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved.
2 TABLE OF CONTENTS A Filter Layout Experiment... 1 The Importance of a Reconstruction Filter... 3 Designing a Discrete LC Low-Pass Filter... 3 Choosing Components... 3 Implementation of a Discrete LC Low-Pass Elliptic Filter... 3 Filter Experiment Results... 4 Filter Schematics... 7 Bills of Material for Filters... 7 PCB Filter Layout Considerations... 8 Final Points... 8 Rev. Page 2 of 8
3 THE IMPORTANCE OF A RECONSTRUCTION FILTER Figure 2 displays the measured power of the image frequencies in the absence of a reconstruction filter. The displayed attenuation of the image frequencies is due solely to the sin(x)/x response of the DAC output. Sometimes these images are used as the desired signal, in which case a band-pass filter is required instead of a low-pass filter. In the spectral plot in Figure 2, the DDS sampling clock (fc) is 2 MHz and fout is set to 1 MHz. AMPLITUDE (dbm) RBW VBW SWT 2kHz 2kHz 64ms RF ATT 3dB UNIT dbm 1 START Hz 1MHz STOP 1GHz Figure 2.Example of Image Frequencies without a Reconstruction Filter This plot (Figure 2) demonstrates the importance of using a reconstruction filter with adequate stop-band rejection. Note that there is significant energy contained in the image frequencies that must be eliminated, and the task of elimination falls squarely on the stop band performance of the filter. Unfortunately, the stop-band rejection of a practical filter degrades as frequencies extend well beyond the pass band. This is due to nonideal components and the physical layout of the components on a printed circuit board (PCB). For example, real capacitors and inductors are not strictly capacitive or inductive. Each can be modeled as having resistive (R), inductive (L) and capacitive (C) elements, as shown in Figure 3. From these models, it is evident that there is a self-resonant component made up of the L and C combination and an insertion loss component due to R. IDEAL MODEL C L REAL MODEL (FIRST ORDER) C Figure 3. Ideal Model vs. Real Model Filter layout can significantly affect stop-band rejection due to parasitic capacitance between trace pads of the components, which can unintentionally couple signals from input to output. Optimal stop band rejection requires attention to both component selection and layout details. To evaluate the stop band performance of a filter, it should be measured at frequencies well beyond its designed corner frequency to ensure that image C L R R L Rev. Page 3 of 8 frequencies can be adequately rejected. The recommendation is to observe stop-band rejection out to several gigahertz, or at least out to 5 fc. Off-the-shelf filters such as SAW, crystal, ceramic, or prepackaged LC filters are valid candidates for reconstruction filters. However, before choosing a filter type, take care to determine the stop-band rejection and insertion loss stated in the filter manufacturer's data sheet. The stop-band rejection specification is always given for a finite bandwidth. This bandwidth may be too narrow to determine its adequacy with regards to extended stop-band rejection. In such cases, validate the filter stop-band performance before a final selection is made. DESIGNING A DISCRETE LC LOW-PASS FILTER A discrete LC low-pass filter is relatively inexpensive to implement and offers significant flexibility. From a component selection perspective, achieving optimal pass-band and stopband performance begins with choosing components with a high self-resonant frequency and a high Q property. Components with a high Q rating are desirable for their lower series R value. In a low-pass filter, this can decrease the insertion loss for the series inductors and decrease the impedance for the shunt capacitors. Consequently, the task of choosing components with both high Q and high self-resonant frequency can be challenging. Generally, the physics involved in the construction of capacitors and inductors tends to make high Q and high self-resonant frequency mutually exclusive parameters. Components must be carefully selected to yield optimal performance. Choosing Components The self-resonant frequency of each component is dictated by the component value and its physical construction. Choosing a smaller size package is usually a better choice. A smaller package generally exhibits a higher self-resonant frequency and reduces the parasitic effects associated with PCB layout. In the case of shunt capacitors, the self-resonance can be pushed out to higher frequencies by using two capacitors connected in parallel with only one-half the value of the original component. The impact of this technique is described in the Filter Experiment Results section. Choosing components with less insertion loss provides more signal amplitude at the filter output. A reduction in amplitude has a direct impact on the slew rate of the output signal. Increased slew rate applied to the input of a receiver or squarer decreases wide band noise. Refer to AN-823 for details on the importance of signal amplitude in the context of timing jitter. IMPLEMENTATION OF A DISCRETE LC LOW-PASS ELLIPTIC FILTER A filter of the elliptical, or Cauer, response variety is typically recommended for an LC low-pass reconstruction filter. When compared to the other response types, an elliptic filter offers the fastest transition from pass band to stop band for a given level of complexity (that is., filter order).
4 This characteristic makes the elliptic filter an attractive candidate as a reconstruction filter. Figure 4 displays a set of representative response curves of these four basic filter types: Cauer, Chebyshev, Butterworth, and Bessel. db MAGNITUDE (db) CHEBYSHEV AND CAUER PASS BAND RIPPLE FREQUENCY CAUER CHEBYSHEV BUTTERWORTH BESSEL 3dB PASS BAND CORNER FREQUENCY Figure 4. Response Curves for Four Basic Filter Types The tradeoff for the steep roll-off offered by the elliptic response is the appearance of response ripples in the pass band and the stop band. Note that the magnitude of the pass-band ripple shown in Figure 4 was arbitrarily drawn for demonstration purposes only. Although some pass-band ripple is necessary in an elliptic filter design, it is one of the parameters that the filter designer can control. Therefore, its magnitude is dependent on the particular filter design. Pass-band ripple can impact certain DDS applications. In single tone applications, such as carrier signal generation, pass-band ripple is not a critical parameter. However, in those applications where the DDS generates a modulated carrier, pass-band ripple must be considered as a crucial factor in the filter design. LC filters are available in two general forms dictated by whether the driving circuit is a current source or voltage source. If driven by a current source, the first element is shunt connected, whereas the first element is series connected for a voltage source Figure 5 shows a shunt-connected, seventh-order, elliptical, lowpass LC filter. Figure 5. Shunt-Connected LC Filter FILTER EXPERIMENT RESULTS Figure 7 displays the results obtained from the experimental filter board containing Filter A, Filter B, and Filter C. The top trace in each plot is the measured frequency response of the filter; the bottom trace is the measured spectrum from a DDS evaluation board after passing through the experimental filter. The measurement configuration is shown in Figure 6. DDS EVALUATION BOARD AVDD DDS AVDD AVDD 1:1 ADTT1-1 EXPERIMENTAL FILTER BOARD Figure 6. Measurement Configuration SPECTRUM ANALYZER Note that the DSS evaluation board contains an output coupling transformer that has a bandwidth of ~3 MHz. Therefore, there is additional attenuation in the measured spectrum at frequencies above 3 MHz due to the response of the transformer. The three LC low-pass elliptic filter implementations demonstrate varying image rejection due to PCB layout. All three implementations are seventh-order elliptical 16 MHz low-pass filters using discrete LC components. The DDS filtered output frequency for all plots is set to MHz with a DAC sample rate of 5 MSPS (REFCLK). Note that a transformer (ADTT1-1 available from Mini-Circuits ) differentially couples the DDS outputs. The transformer output provides a single-ended connection to the filter input Rev. Page 4 of 8
5 FILTER A FILTER BOARD FILTER LAYOUT C1 C2 L1 C3 C4 C5 L2 C6 C7 C8 L3 C9 C1 C Hz Hz 35MHz 35MHz FILTER A RESPONSE DDS FILTERED OUTPUT FILTER B L1 L2 L3 C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 C6 C Hz Hz 35MHz 35MHz S FILTER B RESPONSE DDS FILTERED OUTPUT FILTER C C5 L3 C7 C1 L1 L2 C4 C6 C2 C Hz Hz 35MHz 35MHz S FILTER C RESPONSE DDS FILTERED OUTPUT Figure 7. Experiment Results for Filter A, Filter B, and Filter C Rev. Page 5 of 8
6 The measured frequency response of the filters shown in Figure 7 is from Hz to 3.5 GHz (the upper frequency limit of the measurement instrument). For a 1 GHz DDS, it is recommended that measurements extend beyond 3.5 GHz to better characterize the filter stop-band response. In applications requiring very low jitter, adequate suppression of DAC image frequencies is critical. In fact, there is a direct relationship between the magnitude of a nonharmonic spectral spur and the resulting periodic jitter, given by: JitterUI peak to peak 1 arctan = π 1 dbc 2 where dbc is the spur magnitude relative to the fundamental magnitude. A plot of this formula is shown in Figure 8. The jitter is expressed as peak-to-peak unit intervals (UI). One UI is one period of the associated clock signal. Expressing the jitter in UI allows the plot to apply to any arbitrary clock signal. For example, if a clock signal exhibits a 35 dbc nonharmonic spur, then one can expect about.6 UI of peak-to-peak jitter due solely to the spur. Assuming a clock frequency of 1 MHz, then 1 UI is 1 ns, therefore.6 UI equates to 6 ps (.6 1 ns) for a 1 MHz clock. When using this plot, keep in mind that the jitter values are for a single spurious component. When multiple spurs are present, their individual contributions must be summed in the argument for the arctan function as shown in the previous equation. For example, the peak-to-peak jitter associated with N spurs takes the form: JitterUI peak to peak 1 N = arctan π 1 n= 1 dbcn 2 Furthermore, the plot does not address random jitter, the effects of which must be considered separately. TIMING JITTER PEAK-TO-PEAK (dbc) SPUR MAGNITUDE (dbc) Figure 8. Timing Jitter vs. Spurious Interference Rev. Page 6 of 8
7 FILTER SCHEMATICS C2 5.6pF C1 5.6pF L1 39nH C3 L1 39nH C5 C4 FILTER A SCHEMATIC L2 56nH C6 6.8pF C8 15pF C7 15pF FILTER B AND C SCHEMATIC L2 56nH L3 68nH C9 2.2pF L3 68nH C11 1pF C1 1pF BILLS OF MATERIALS FOR FILTERS AN-837 The Bill of Materials for Filter A is provided in Table 1 while the Bill of Materials for Filter B and Filter C are provided in Table 2. Note that the following points for these Bills of Materials: The quantity for all materials is 1. The size of all materials is 42. All materials are Murata Manufacturing Company, Ltd. parts. C1 C2 C3 27pF C4 6.8pF C5 33pF C6 2.2pF C7 22pF Figure 9. Schematic for Filter A Compared to Schematic for Filter B and Filter C Table 1. Filter A Bill of Materials Reference Designator Value Supplier Part Number C1 5.6 pf GRM1555C1H5R6DZ1 C2 5.6 pf GRM1555C1H5R6DZ1 C3 12 pf GRM1555C1H12JZ1 C4 12 pf GRM1555C1H12JZ1 C5 12 pf GRM1555C1H12JZ1 C6 6.8 pf GRM1555C1H6R8DZ1 C7 15 pf GRM1555C1H15JZ1 C8 15 pf GRM1555C1H15JZ1 C9 2.2 pf GRM1555C1H2R2CZ1 C1 1 pf GRM1555C1H1JZ1 C11 1 pf GRM1555C1H1JZ1 L1 39 nh LQG15HS39NJ2D L2 56 nh LQG15HS56NJ2D L3 68 nh LQG15HS68NJ2D Table 2. Filter B and Filter C Bill of Materials Reference Designator Value Supplier Part Number C1 12 pf GRM1555C1H12JZ1 C2 12 pf GRM1555C1H12JZ1 C3 27 pf GRM1555C1H27JZ1 C4 6.8 pf GRM1555C1H6R8DZ1 C5 33 pf GRM1555C1H33JZ1 C6 2.2 pf GRM1555C1H2R2CZ1 C7 22 pf GRM1555C1H22JZ1 L1 39 nh LQG15HS39NJ2D L2 56 nh LQG15HS56NJ2D L3 68 nh LQG15HS68NJ2D Rev. Page 7 of 8
8 PCB FILTER LAYOUT CONSIDERATIONS The list below offers useful layout tips for obtaining optimal performance from the reconstruction filter. Use a solid (uninterrupted) ground plane below the components to lower the loop inductance of the circuit, thus lowering the impedance for return currents. Split shunt capacitors as shown with Filter A (see Figure 7) to increase the self-resonant frequency of the capacitors and lower the inductive connection to ground. In addition, use a top ground plane alongside for the shunt components in combination with the bottom ground plane. This can further lower the inductive connection to ground. Use multiple vias to tie both ground planes together. Avoid placing the filter components in close proximity with one another. Filter C (see Figure 7) is a good example of a layout where components are crowded. When components are crowded, trace parasitics and mutual coupling can affect the frequency response of the filter. Use components with both as high a self-resonant frequency and as high a Q factor as possible. Maintain the impedance of the traces to match the characteristic impedance of the filter. This is not as critical for component interconnections, but it is important for the traces that interface to circuits external to the filter, such as the input and output connections. FINAL POINTS A DDS is a sampled data system that produces a spectrum with multiple copies of the fundamental arrayed around multiples of the sampling frequency. The magnitude of these image frequencies can be the dominant source of periodic jitter. Any spur present at the output of the filter and within the input bandwidth of the receiver degrades performance in proportion to the spur magnitude. Therefore, before settling on a DAC reconstruction filter, measure the filter performance to ensure that it meets the requirements of the application. Keep in mind that filter design software programs that do not support the inclusion of component and layout parameters only simulate the ideal filter frequency response. The actual frequency response varies depending on the actual high frequency characteristics of the components and the printed circuit board. 26 Analog Devices, Inc. All rights reserved. Trademarks and registered trademarks are the property of their respective owners. AN /6() Rev. Page 8 of 8
PIEZO FILTERS INTRODUCTION
For more than two decades, ceramic filter technology has been instrumental in the proliferation of solid state electronics. A view of the future reveals that even greater expectations will be placed on
Rail-to-Rail, High Output Current Amplifier AD8397
Rail-to-Rail, High Output Current Amplifier AD8397 FEATURES Dual operational amplifier Voltage feedback Wide supply range from 3 V to 24 V Rail-to-rail output Output swing to within.5 V of supply rails
Laboratory #5: RF Filter Design
EEE 194 RF Laboratory Exercise 5 1 Laboratory #5: RF Filter Design I. OBJECTIVES A. Design a third order low-pass Chebyshev filter with a cutoff frequency of 330 MHz and 3 db ripple with equal terminations
Harmonics and Noise in Photovoltaic (PV) Inverter and the Mitigation Strategies
Soonwook Hong, Ph. D. Michael Zuercher Martinson Harmonics and Noise in Photovoltaic (PV) Inverter and the Mitigation Strategies 1. Introduction PV inverters use semiconductor devices to transform the
Anatech Electronics, Inc.
Like all types of RF and microwave filters, ceramic filters have unique characteristics that differentiate them from their counterparts and make them useful for specific applications. Ceramic filters are
Chebyshev Filter at 197.12 MHz Frequency for Radar System
IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSR-JEEE) e-issn: 78-1676 Volume 5, Issue 1 (Mar. - Apr. 013), PP 8-33 Chebyshev Filter at 197.1 MHz Frequency for Radar System Denny Permana 1,
Agilent AN 1316 Optimizing Spectrum Analyzer Amplitude Accuracy
Agilent AN 1316 Optimizing Spectrum Analyzer Amplitude Accuracy Application Note RF & Microwave Spectrum Analyzers Table of Contents 3 3 4 4 5 7 8 8 13 13 14 16 16 Introduction Absolute versus relative
CTCSS REJECT HIGH PASS FILTERS IN FM RADIO COMMUNICATIONS AN EVALUATION. Virgil Leenerts WØINK 8 June 2008
CTCSS REJECT HIGH PASS FILTERS IN FM RADIO COMMUNICATIONS AN EVALUATION Virgil Leenerts WØINK 8 June 28 The response of the audio voice band high pass filter is evaluated in conjunction with the rejection
Application Note: Spread Spectrum Oscillators Reduce EMI for High Speed Digital Systems
Application Note: Spread Spectrum Oscillators Reduce EMI for High Speed Digital Systems Introduction to Electro-magnetic Interference Design engineers seek to minimize harmful interference between components,
AVX EMI SOLUTIONS Ron Demcko, Fellow of AVX Corporation Chris Mello, Principal Engineer, AVX Corporation Brian Ward, Business Manager, AVX Corporation
AVX EMI SOLUTIONS Ron Demcko, Fellow of AVX Corporation Chris Mello, Principal Engineer, AVX Corporation Brian Ward, Business Manager, AVX Corporation Abstract EMC compatibility is becoming a key design
VCO Phase noise. Characterizing Phase Noise
VCO Phase noise Characterizing Phase Noise The term phase noise is widely used for describing short term random frequency fluctuations of a signal. Frequency stability is a measure of the degree to which
MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY IN VECTOR NETWORK ANALYZER
MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY IN VECTOR NETWORK ANALYZER W. Li, J. Vandewege Department of Information Technology (INTEC) University of Gent, St.Pietersnieuwstaat 41, B-9000, Gent, Belgium Abstract: Precision
High Common-Mode Rejection. Differential Line Receiver SSM2141. Fax: 781/461-3113 FUNCTIONAL BLOCK DIAGRAM FEATURES. High Common-Mode Rejection
a FEATURES High Common-Mode Rejection DC: 00 db typ 60 Hz: 00 db typ 20 khz: 70 db typ 40 khz: 62 db typ Low Distortion: 0.00% typ Fast Slew Rate: 9.5 V/ s typ Wide Bandwidth: 3 MHz typ Low Cost Complements
High Speed, Low Cost, Triple Op Amp ADA4861-3
High Speed, Low Cost, Triple Op Amp ADA486-3 FEATURES High speed 73 MHz, 3 db bandwidth 625 V/μs slew rate 3 ns settling time to.5% Wide supply range: 5 V to 2 V Low power: 6 ma/amplifier. db flatness:
Frequency Response of Filters
School of Engineering Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering 332:224 Principles of Electrical Engineering II Laboratory Experiment 2 Frequency Response of Filters 1 Introduction Objectives To
Title: Low EMI Spread Spectrum Clock Oscillators
Title: Low EMI oscillators Date: March 3, 24 TN No.: TN-2 Page 1 of 1 Background Title: Low EMI Spread Spectrum Clock Oscillators Traditional ways of dealing with EMI (Electronic Magnetic Interference)
AN-756 APPLICATION NOTE One Technology Way P.O. Box 9106 Norwood, MA 02062-9106 Tel: 781/329-4700 Fax: 781/326-8703 www.analog.com
APPLICATION NOTE One Technology Way P.O. Box 9106 Norwood, MA 02062-9106 Tel: 781/329-4700 Fax: 781/326-8703 www.analog.com Sampled Systems and the Effects of Clock Phase Noise and Jitter by Brad Brannon
AN48. Application Note DESIGNNOTESFORA2-POLEFILTERWITH DIFFERENTIAL INPUT. by Steven Green. 1. Introduction AIN- AIN+ C2
Application Note DESIGNNOTESFORA2-POLEFILTERWITH DIFFERENTIAL INPUT by Steven Green C5 AIN- R3 C2 AIN C2 R3 C5 Figure 1. 2-Pole Low-Pass Filter with Differential Input 1. Introduction Many of today s Digital-to-Analog
Input and Output Capacitor Selection
Application Report SLTA055 FEBRUARY 2006 Input and Output Capacitor Selection Jason Arrigo... PMP Plug-In Power ABSTRACT When designing with switching regulators, application requirements determine how
Timing Errors and Jitter
Timing Errors and Jitter Background Mike Story In a sampled (digital) system, samples have to be accurate in level and time. The digital system uses the two bits of information the signal was this big
Output Ripple and Noise Measurement Methods for Ericsson Power Modules
Output Ripple and Noise Measurement Methods for Ericsson Power Modules Design Note 022 Ericsson Power Modules Ripple and Noise Abstract There is no industry-wide standard for measuring output ripple and
Local Oscillator for FM broadcast band 88-108 MHz
Local Oscillator for FM broadcast band 88-108 MHz Wang Luhao Yan Shubo Supervisor: Göran Jönsson Department of Electrical and Information Technology Lund University 2012.05.15 Abstract In this project
Application Note AN:005. FPA Printed Circuit Board Layout Guidelines. Introduction Contents. The Importance of Board Layout
FPA Printed Circuit Board Layout Guidelines By Paul Yeaman Principal Product Line Engineer V I Chip Strategic Accounts Introduction Contents Page Introduction 1 The Importance of 1 Board Layout Low DC
Digital to Analog Converter. Raghu Tumati
Digital to Analog Converter Raghu Tumati May 11, 2006 Contents 1) Introduction............................... 3 2) DAC types................................... 4 3) DAC Presented.............................
Common Mode and Differential Mode Noise Filtering
Summary Introduction This application note gives a practical explanation of differential mode and common mode noise along with the traditional filtering approaches. In addition, an alternative method of
RX-AM4SF Receiver. Pin-out. Connections
RX-AM4SF Receiver The super-heterodyne receiver RX-AM4SF can provide a RSSI output indicating the amplitude of the received signal: this output can be used to create a field-strength meter capable to indicate
Since any real component also has loss due to the resistive component, the average power dissipated is 2 2R
Quality factor, Q Reactive components such as capacitors and inductors are often described with a figure of merit called Q. While it can be defined in many ways, it s most fundamental description is: Q
Transition Bandwidth Analysis of Infinite Impulse Response Filters
Transition Bandwidth Analysis of Infinite Impulse Response Filters Sujata Prabhakar Department of Electronics and Communication UCOE Punjabi University, Patiala Dr. Amandeep Singh Sappal Associate Professor
Optimizing IP3 and ACPR Measurements
Optimizing IP3 and ACPR Measurements Table of Contents 1. Overview... 2 2. Theory of Intermodulation Distortion... 2 3. Optimizing IP3 Measurements... 4 4. Theory of Adjacent Channel Power Ratio... 9 5.
Analog Devices Welcomes Hittite Microwave Corporation NO CONTENT ON THE ATTACHED DOCUMENT HAS CHANGED
Analog Devices Welcomes Hittite Microwave Corporation NO CONTENT ON THE ATTACHED DOCUMENT HAS CHANGED www.analog.com www.hittite.com THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK v.113 Frequency Divider Operation
Agilent AN 1315 Optimizing RF and Microwave Spectrum Analyzer Dynamic Range. Application Note
Agilent AN 1315 Optimizing RF and Microwave Spectrum Analyzer Dynamic Range Application Note Table of Contents 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 7 7 7 7 9 10 10 11 11 12 12 13 13 14 15 1. Introduction What is dynamic range?
Chapter 4: Passive Analog Signal Processing
hapter 4: Passive Analog Signal Processing In this chapter we introduce filters and signal transmission theory. Filters are essential components of most analog circuits and are used to remove unwanted
Using Multilayer Baluns to Improve ADC Performance. Introduction. September, 2009
(ANN-900) Rev B Page 1 of 1 Using Multilayer Baluns to Improve ADC Performance Introduction September, 009 This application note explains the use of Anaren s multilayer balun (BD005F5050AHF) in conjunction
USB 3.0 CDR Model White Paper Revision 0.5
USB 3.0 CDR Model White Paper Revision 0.5 January 15, 2009 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY DISCLAIMER THIS WHITE PAPER IS PROVIDED TO YOU AS IS WITH NO WARRANTIES WHATSOEVER, INCLUDING ANY WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY,
Impedance 50 (75 connectors via adapters)
VECTOR NETWORK ANALYZER PLANAR TR1300/1 DATA SHEET Frequency range: 300 khz to 1.3 GHz Measured parameters: S11, S21 Dynamic range of transmission measurement magnitude: 130 db Measurement time per point:
Application Note SAW-Components
Application Note SAW-Components Principles of SAWR-stabilized oscillators and transmitters. App: Note #1 This application note describes the physical principle of SAW-stabilized oscillator. Oscillator
AVR2004: LC-Balun for AT86RF230. Application Note. Features. 1 Introduction
AVR2004: LC-Balun for AT86RF230 Features Balun for AT86RF230 with lumped elements Simulation results S-Parameter file 1 Introduction In some cases the used balun on the ATAVR RZ502 Radio Boards must be
Frequency response: Resonance, Bandwidth, Q factor
Frequency response: esonance, Bandwidth, Q factor esonance. Let s continue the exploration of the frequency response of circuits by investigating the series circuit shown on Figure. C + V - Figure The
Using the Texas Instruments Filter Design Database
Application Report SLOA062 July, 2001 Bruce Carter Using the Texas Instruments Filter Design Database High Performance Linear Products ABSTRACT Texas Instruments applications personnel have decades of
AN-691 APPLICATION NOTE One Technology Way P.O. Box 9106 Norwood, MA 02062-9106 Tel: 781/329-4700 Fax: 781/461-3113 www.analog.com
APPLICATION NOTE One Technology Way P.O. Box 9106 Norwood, MA 02062-9106 Tel: 781/329-4700 Fax: 781/461-3113 www.analog.com Operation of RF Detector Products at Low Frequency by Matthew Pilotte INTRODUCTION
Simulation and Design of Printed Circuit Boards Utilizing Novel Embedded Capacitance Material
Simulation and Design of Printed Circuit Boards Utilizing Novel Embedded Capacitance Material Yu Xuequan, Yan Hang, Zhang Gezi, Wang Haisan Huawei Technologies Co., Ltd Lujiazui Subpark, Pudong Software
Measurement of Adjacent Channel Leakage Power on 3GPP W-CDMA Signals with the FSP
Products: Spectrum Analyzer FSP Measurement of Adjacent Channel Leakage Power on 3GPP W-CDMA Signals with the FSP This application note explains the concept of Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio (ACLR) measurement
Making Accurate Voltage Noise and Current Noise Measurements on Operational Amplifiers Down to 0.1Hz
Author: Don LaFontaine Making Accurate Voltage Noise and Current Noise Measurements on Operational Amplifiers Down to 0.1Hz Abstract Making accurate voltage and current noise measurements on op amps in
AN1200.04. Application Note: FCC Regulations for ISM Band Devices: 902-928 MHz. FCC Regulations for ISM Band Devices: 902-928 MHz
AN1200.04 Application Note: FCC Regulations for ISM Band Devices: Copyright Semtech 2006 1 of 15 www.semtech.com 1 Table of Contents 1 Table of Contents...2 1.1 Index of Figures...2 1.2 Index of Tables...2
ε: Voltage output of Signal Generator (also called the Source voltage or Applied
Experiment #10: LR & RC Circuits Frequency Response EQUIPMENT NEEDED Science Workshop Interface Power Amplifier (2) Voltage Sensor graph paper (optional) (3) Patch Cords Decade resistor, capacitor, and
The front end of the receiver performs the frequency translation, channel selection and amplification of the signal.
Many receivers must be capable of handling a very wide range of signal powers at the input while still producing the correct output. This must be done in the presence of noise and interference which occasionally
Dithering in Analog-to-digital Conversion
Application Note 1. Introduction 2. What is Dither High-speed ADCs today offer higher dynamic performances and every effort is made to push these state-of-the art performances through design improvements
How To Use A Sound Card With A Subsonic Sound Card
!"## $#!%!"# &"#' ( "#' )*! #+ #,# "##!$ -+./0 1" 1! 2"# # -&1!"#" (2345-&1 #$6.7 -&89$## ' 6! #* #!"#" +" 1##6$ "#+# #-& :1# # $ #$#;1)+#1#+
Common Mode Filter Inductor Analysis
Document 2-1 Common Mode Filter Inductor Analysis Abstract Noise limits set by regulatory agencies make solutions to common mode EMI a necessary consideration in the manufacture and use of electronic equipment.
Nano Stepping Notch Filter Jim Hagerman 02 01 12
Nano Stepping Notch Filter Jim Hagerman 02 01 12 INTRODUCTION I worked out equations for the von Newman style high power notch filter. This design is tunable over a fairly wide range, but less than an
ICS650-44 SPREAD SPECTRUM CLOCK SYNTHESIZER. Description. Features. Block Diagram DATASHEET
DATASHEET ICS650-44 Description The ICS650-44 is a spread spectrum clock synthesizer intended for video projector and digital TV applications. It generates three copies of an EMI optimized 50 MHz clock
How PLL Performances Affect Wireless Systems
May 2010 Issue: Tutorial Phase Locked Loop Systems Design for Wireless Infrastructure Applications Use of linear models of phase noise analysis in a closed loop to predict the baseline performance of various
1995 Mixed-Signal Products SLAA013
Application Report 995 Mixed-Signal Products SLAA03 IMPORTANT NOTICE Texas Instruments and its subsidiaries (TI) reserve the right to make changes to their products or to discontinue any product or service
TDA2040. 20W Hi-Fi AUDIO POWER AMPLIFIER
20W Hi-Fi AUDIO POWER AMPLIFIER DESCRIPTION The TDA2040 is a monolithic integrated circuit in Pentawatt package, intended for use as an audio class AB amplifier. Typically it provides 22W output power
Simplifying System Design Using the CS4350 PLL DAC
Simplifying System Design Using the CS4350 PLL 1. INTRODUCTION Typical Digital to Analog Converters (s) require a high-speed Master Clock to clock their digital filters and modulators, as well as some
SIGNAL GENERATORS and OSCILLOSCOPE CALIBRATION
1 SIGNAL GENERATORS and OSCILLOSCOPE CALIBRATION By Lannes S. Purnell FLUKE CORPORATION 2 This paper shows how standard signal generators can be used as leveled sine wave sources for calibrating oscilloscopes.
Jeff Thomas Tom Holmes Terri Hightower. Learn RF Spectrum Analysis Basics
Jeff Thomas Tom Holmes Terri Hightower Learn RF Spectrum Analysis Basics Learning Objectives Name the major measurement strengths of a swept-tuned spectrum analyzer Explain the importance of frequency
Impedance Matching and Matching Networks. Valentin Todorow, December, 2009
Impedance Matching and Matching Networks Valentin Todorow, December, 2009 RF for Plasma Processing - Definition of RF What is RF? The IEEE Standard Dictionary of Electrical and Electronics Terms defines
Figure 1. Core Voltage Reduction Due to Process Scaling
AN 574: Printed Circuit Board (PCB) Power Delivery Network (PDN) Design Methodology May 2009 AN-574-1.0 Introduction This application note provides an overview of the various components that make up a
X2Y Solution for Decoupling Printed Circuit Boards
Summary As printed circuit board s (PCB) power distribution systems (PDS) gain in complexity (i.e. multiple voltages and lower voltages levels) the sensitivity to transients and noise voltage is becoming
Introduction to Receivers
Introduction to Receivers Purpose: translate RF signals to baseband Shift frequency Amplify Filter Demodulate Why is this a challenge? Interference (selectivity, images and distortion) Large dynamic range
Features. Modulation Frequency (khz) VDD. PLL Clock Synthesizer with Spread Spectrum Circuitry GND
DATASHEET IDT5P50901/2/3/4 Description The IDT5P50901/2/3/4 is a family of 1.8V low power, spread spectrum clock generators capable of reducing EMI radiation from an input clock. Spread spectrum technique
A Low Frequency Adapter for your Vector Network Analyzer (VNA)
Jacques Audet, VE2AZX 7525 Madrid St, Brossard, QC, Canada J4Y G3: jacaudet@videotron.ca A Low Frequency Adapter for your Vector Network Analyzer (VNA) This compact and versatile unit extends low frequency
ZL40221 Precision 2:6 LVDS Fanout Buffer with Glitchfree Input Reference Switching and On-Chip Input Termination Data Sheet
Features Inputs/Outputs Accepts two differential or single-ended inputs LVPECL, LVDS, CML, HCSL, LVCMOS Glitch-free switching of references On-chip input termination and biasing for AC coupled inputs Six
Understand the effects of clock jitter and phase noise on sampled systems A s higher resolution data converters that can
designfeature By Brad Brannon, Analog Devices Inc MUCH OF YOUR SYSTEM S PERFORMANCE DEPENDS ON JITTER SPECIFICATIONS, SO CAREFUL ASSESSMENT IS CRITICAL. Understand the effects of clock jitter and phase
LAB 12: ACTIVE FILTERS
A. INTRODUCTION LAB 12: ACTIVE FILTERS After last week s encounter with op- amps we will use them to build active filters. B. ABOUT FILTERS An electric filter is a frequency-selecting circuit designed
AD9741/3/5/6/7 Evaluation Board Quick Start Guide
AD9741/3/5/6/7 Evaluation Board Quick Start Guide One Technology Way P.O. Box 9106 Norwood, MA 02062-9106, U.S.A. Tel: 781.329.4700 Fax: 781.461.3113 www.analog.com Getting Started with the AD9741/3/5/6/7
Understanding Mixers Terms Defined, and Measuring Performance
Understanding Mixers Terms Defined, and Measuring Performance Mixer Terms Defined Statistical Processing Applied to Mixers Today's stringent demands for precise electronic systems place a heavy burden
Application Note Noise Frequently Asked Questions
: What is? is a random signal inherent in all physical components. It directly limits the detection and processing of all information. The common form of noise is white Gaussian due to the many random
Loop Bandwidth and Clock Data Recovery (CDR) in Oscilloscope Measurements. Application Note 1304-6
Loop Bandwidth and Clock Data Recovery (CDR) in Oscilloscope Measurements Application Note 1304-6 Abstract Time domain measurements are only as accurate as the trigger signal used to acquire them. Often
DRM compatible RF Tuner Unit DRT1
FEATURES DRM compatible RF Tuner Unit DRT1 High- Performance RF Tuner Frequency Range: 10 KHz to 30 MHz Input ICP3: +13,5dBm, typ. Noise Figure @ full gain: 14dB, typ. Receiver Factor: -0,5dB, typ. Input
Measurement of Inductor Q with the MSA Sam Wetterlin 3/31/11. Equation 1 Determining Resonant Q from Inductor Q and Capacitor Q
Measurement of Inductor with the MSA Sam Wetterlin 3/31/11 The of an inductor, which is its reactance divided by its internal series resistance, is used as an indication of how well it will perform at
NAPIER University School of Engineering. Electronic Systems Module : SE32102 Analogue Filters Design And Simulation. 4 th order Butterworth response
NAPIER University School of Engineering Electronic Systems Module : SE32102 Analogue Filters Design And Simulation. 4 th order Butterworth response In R1 R2 C2 C1 + Opamp A - R1 R2 C2 C1 + Opamp B - Out
TESTS OF 1 MHZ SIGNAL SOURCE FOR SPECTRUM ANALYZER CALIBRATION 7/8/08 Sam Wetterlin
TESTS OF 1 MHZ SIGNAL SOURCE FOR SPECTRUM ANALYZER CALIBRATION 7/8/08 Sam Wetterlin (Updated 7/19/08 to delete sine wave output) I constructed the 1 MHz square wave generator shown in the Appendix. This
DS2187 Receive Line Interface
Receive Line Interface www.dalsemi.com FEATURES Line interface for T1 (1.544 MHz) and CEPT (2.048 MHz) primary rate networks Extracts clock and data from twisted pair or coax Meets requirements of PUB
PS25202 EPIC Ultra High Impedance ECG Sensor Advance Information
EPIC Ultra High Impedance ECG Sensor Advance Information Data Sheet 291498 issue 2 FEATURES Ultra high input resistance, typically 20GΩ. Dry-contact capacitive coupling. Input capacitance as low as 15pF.
HP 8970B Option 020. Service Manual Supplement
HP 8970B Option 020 Service Manual Supplement Service Manual Supplement HP 8970B Option 020 HP Part no. 08970-90115 Edition 1 May 1998 UNIX is a registered trademark of AT&T in the USA and other countries.
AN-1066 APPLICATION NOTE
APPLCATON NOTE One Technology Way P.O. Box 9106 Norwood, MA 02062-9106, U.S.A. Tel: 781.329.4700 Fax: 781.461.3113 www.analog.com Power Supply Considerations for AD9523, AD9524, and AD9523-1 Low Noise
Optimizing VCO PLL Evaluations & PLL Synthesizer Designs
Optimizing VCO PLL Evaluations & PLL Synthesizer Designs Today s mobile communications systems demand higher communication quality, higher data rates, higher operation, and more channels per unit bandwidth.
Simple Method of Changing the Frequency Range of a Power Amplifier Circuit
Freescale Semiconductor Application Note AN4859 Rev. 0, 8/2014 Simple Method of Changing the Frequency Range of a Power Amplifier Circuit Amplifier designers often face the challenge of modifying an existing
Reading: HH Sections 4.11 4.13, 4.19 4.20 (pgs. 189-212, 222 224)
6 OP AMPS II 6 Op Amps II In the previous lab, you explored several applications of op amps. In this exercise, you will look at some of their limitations. You will also examine the op amp integrator and
CHAPTER 6 Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance
ELECTRICAL CHAPTER 6 Frequency Response, Bode Plots, and Resonance 1. State the fundamental concepts of Fourier analysis. 2. Determine the output of a filter for a given input consisting of sinusoidal
Chapter 12: The Operational Amplifier
Chapter 12: The Operational Amplifier 12.1: Introduction to Operational Amplifier (Op-Amp) Operational amplifiers (op-amps) are very high gain dc coupled amplifiers with differential inputs; they are used
ATE-A1 Testing Without Relays - Using Inductors to Compensate for Parasitic Capacitance
Introduction (Why Get Rid of Relays?) Due to their size, cost and relatively slow (millisecond) operating speeds, minimizing the number of mechanical relays is a significant goal of any ATE design. This
Precision, Unity-Gain Differential Amplifier AMP03
a FEATURES High CMRR: db Typ Low Nonlinearity:.% Max Low Distortion:.% Typ Wide Bandwidth: MHz Typ Fast Slew Rate: 9.5 V/ s Typ Fast Settling (.%): s Typ Low Cost APPLICATIONS Summing Amplifiers Instrumentation
An Adjustable Audio Filter System for the Receiver - Part 1
1 of 7 An Adjustable Audio Filter System for the Receiver - Part 1 The audio response is shaped as required using Switched Capacitor Filters Lloyd Butler VK5BR Front panel view of the original receiver
How to Design 10 khz filter. (Using Butterworth filter design) Application notes. By Vadim Kim
How to Design 10 khz filter. (Using Butterworth filter design) Application notes. By Vadim Kim This application note describes how to build a 5 th order low pass, high pass Butterworth filter for 10 khz
S-Band Low Noise Amplifier Using the ATF-10136. Application Note G004
S-Band Low Noise Amplifier Using the ATF-10136 Application Note G004 Introduction This application note documents the results of using the ATF-10136 in low noise amplifier applications at S band. The ATF-10136
SPREAD SPECTRUM CLOCK GENERATOR. Features
DATASHEET ICS7152 Description The ICS7152-01, -02, -11, and -12 are clock generators for EMI (Electro Magnetic Interference) reduction (see below for frequency ranges and multiplier ratios). Spectral peaks
AN1991. Audio decibel level detector with meter driver
Rev. 2.1 20 March 2015 Application note Document information Info Keywords Abstract Content SA604A, LM358, RSSI, cellular radio The SA604A can provide a logarithmic response proportional to the input signal
Selected Filter Circuits Dr. Lynn Fuller
ROCHESTER INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY MICROELECTRONIC ENGINEERING Selected Filter Circuits Dr. Lynn Fuller Webpage: http://people.rit.edu/lffeee 82 Lomb Memorial Drive Rochester, NY 146235604 Tel (585) 4752035
Understanding Power Impedance Supply for Optimum Decoupling
Introduction Noise in power supplies is not only caused by the power supply itself, but also the load s interaction with the power supply (i.e. dynamic loads, switching, etc.). To lower load induced noise,
102 26-m Antenna Subnet Telecommunications Interfaces
DSMS Telecommunications Link Design Handbook 26-m Antenna Subnet Telecommunications Interfaces Effective November 30, 2000 Document Owner: Approved by: Released by: [Signature on file in TMOD Library]
APSYN420A/B Specification 1.24. 0.65-20.0 GHz Low Phase Noise Synthesizer
APSYN420A/B Specification 1.24 0.65-20.0 GHz Low Phase Noise Synthesizer 1 Introduction The APSYN420 is a wideband low phase-noise synthesizer operating from 0.65 to 20 GHz. The nominal output power is
Yaesu FT-847 70 MHz PA output and filter simulations Marc Vlemmings, PA1O - Eindhoven, The Netherlands
Yaesu FT-847 70 MHz PA output and filter simulations Marc Vlemmings, PA1O - Eindhoven, The Netherlands The efficiency of the HF transmitter chain which is also used for 50 MHz and 70 MHz decreases with
Features. Applications. Transmitter. Receiver. General Description MINIATURE MODULE. QM MODULATION OPTIMAL RANGE 1000m
Features MINIATURE MODULE QM MODULATION OPTIMAL RANGE 1000m 433.05 434.79 ISM BAND 34 CHANNELS AVAILABLE SINGLE SUPPLY VOLTAGE Applications IN VEHICLE TELEMETRY SYSTEMS WIRELESS NETWORKING DOMESTIC AND
EVALUATION KIT AVAILABLE Single-Chip Global Positioning System Receiver Front-End BIAS CBIAS GND GND RFIN GND GND IFSEL
19-3469; Rev 2; 4/08 EVALUATION KIT AVAILABLE Single-Chip Global Positioning System General Description The complete single-chip global positioning system (GPS) RF front-end utilizes many innovative and
CMOS Switched-Capacitor Voltage Converters ADM660/ADM8660
CMOS Switched-Capacitor Voltage Converters ADM66/ADM866 FEATURES ADM66: Inverts or Doubles Input Supply Voltage ADM866: Inverts Input Supply Voltage ma Output Current Shutdown Function (ADM866) 2.2 F or
Capacitor Self-Resonance
Capacitor Self-Resonance By: Dr. Mike Blewett University of Surrey United Kingdom Objective This Experiment will demonstrate some of the limitations of capacitors when used in Radio Frequency circuits.
Analog Filters. A common instrumentation filter application is the attenuation of high frequencies to avoid frequency aliasing in the sampled data.
Analog Filters Filters can be used to attenuate unwanted signals such as interference or noise or to isolate desired signals from unwanted. They use the frequency response of a measuring system to alter