MOCK EXAMINATION 1 ENGLISH

Transcription

1 MOCK EXAMINATION 1 ENGLISH Exmintion Preprtion C1

2

3 MOCK EXAMINATION 1 ENGLISH Exmintion Preprtion C1

4 All rights reserved; no prt of this pulition my e reprodued, stored in retrievl system, or trnsmitted in ny form or y ny mens, eletroni, mehnil, photoopying, reording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the pulishers. Pulished y tel ggmh, Frnkfurt m Min, Germny All rights reserved 2014 y tel ggmh, Frnkfurt m Min Printed in Germny ISBN: Booklet: Audio CD: Order Numer: Booklet: 5132-B Audio CD: 5132-CD

5 3 To the reders of this ooklet tel lnguge tests re the right hoie for you if you would like to hve reognised pprisl of your lnguge profiieny, or if you re n instrutor who would like to prepre your students for new hllenge. Wht is tel? tel GmH is non-profit susidiry of the Germn Adult Edution Assoition (Deutsher Volkshohshul-Vernd e. V.). It is prt of long trdition of forml nd orgnistionl promotion of multilingulism in Europe. Our speifi ontriution egn in 1968 with the VHS Certifite in English (Volkshohshul-Zertifikt English), the first stndrdised foreign lnguge test in the history of the Federl Repuli of Germny. Sine then tel ggmh hs gretly influened stndrdised lnguge test development in Europe. Tody tel offers out 60 generl nd work-oriented lnguge tests in ten lnguges, ll sed on the levels of the Common Europen Frmework of Referene for Lnguges (CEFR). Our exmintions n e tken worldwide in more thn 20 ountries through our tel prtners. You n find the exmintion entre nerest you on our wesite Wht is the vlue of tel Certifite? The vlue of lnguge ertifite is determined y the high stndrds tht re pplied during the development, implementtion nd evlution of the lnguge test. All tel exmintions re sed on the tsk-sed pproh entrl to the CEFR nd re designed to test the skills of reding, listening, writing nd speking. These exmintions re stndrdised nd re developed ording to stringent sientifilly reognised methods of test development. tel ggmh is full memer of ALTE (Assoition of Lnguge Testers in Europe, n orgnistion of interntionlly reognised test providers. Mny puli nd privte edutionl institutions in Germny nd throughout the world utilise tel Certifites s method of qulifition. Additionlly, mny employers use them when hoosing personnel. Every tel Certifite inludes detiled nd omprehensive desription of the foreign lnguge ompetenies hieved. Why is it neessry to hve mok exmintions? An essentil hrteristi of stndrdised lnguge tests is tht the prtiipnts know wht is expeted of them during the test. The mok exmintion informs the test tker out the ims nd tsks, nd ssessment riteri of the test, s well s the proedures involved in the exm implementtion. tel Mok Exmintions re ville s free downlods t where you n lso find dditionl prtie mterils nd other useful informtion. How n you find out more? We re sure tht we n help you find the test tht est fits your needs. Plese write to us (info@tel.net) if you hve ny questions or suggestions for improvement. We would e plesed to her from you nd to hve the opportunity to ssist you further. Mnging Diretor, tel ggmh

6 4 Contents The Struture of the Exmintion 5 Test Reding 6 Listening 20 Writing 24 Speking 25 Informtion Answer Sheet S30 37 Key 49 Points nd Prtil Results 54 Guidelines for Mrking 55 Audio Sript 58

7 Informtion 5 The Struture of the Exmintion Sutest Aim Type of Test Time Reding Written Exmintion Prt 1 Text Reonstrution Prt 2 Seletive Reding Prt 3 Reding for Detil Prt 4 Reding for Gist Prt 4 Voulry Prt 5 Proof-Reding Listening Prt 1 Listening for Gist Prt 2 Listening for Gist Prt 3 Listening for Detil Prt 4 Note-Tking 6 mthing items 10 mthing items 8 items (T/F/not in text) hoosing the est summry 20 x finding words/phrses 22 x finding nd orreting mistkes 8 mthing items 8 mthing items 10 gp-filling items strutured note-tking 100 min. 55 min. Writing Prt 1 Prt 2 Compulsory Tsk Optionl Tsk writing two of rtile, report, letter, review et. 60 min. Orl Exmintion Speking Prt 1 Interview Prt 2 Presenttion Prt 3 Disussion Prt 4 Summry two (or three) ndidtes 16 min.

8 6 100 minutes Reding Reding, Prt 1 Red the following text. Whih of the sentenes h is missing in eh gp? There is only one orret nswer for eh item. Two sentenes do not fit into ny of the gps. 0 is n exmple. Mrk your nswers on the Answer Sheet S30 items 1 6. Exmple: Reding z The reson for this is immeditely ler fter quik tour round the islnd revels surprising numer of tll wind turines. Mrk your nswer on the Answer Sheet S d z As result of this finnil gin, they were less likely to omplin out the noise, size or lotion of the turines. Bk then, lmost ll the islnd s energy me from oil nd petrol rought in y tnkers or eletriity oming from the minlnd vi underwter les. In ddition to these gints, just off the ost of the islnd, 10 even lrger turines greet visitors rriving y ferry from the minlnd. d It ll strted in 1997 when the islnd ws suessful in government ompetition imed t finding lotion to eome model renewle energy ommunity. e Most of the lols sw no need for hnge, eing hppy with the relile supply of power oming from the minlnd. f Portugl nd Spin re the next highest produers of wind power, with 10% oming from this soure. g In the 1980s, the government deided to uild up the wind industry nd redue the ountry s reline on oil. h This ft ws instrumentl in helping ese ny initil opposition from inhitnts. tel ggmh, Frnkfurt. M., Mok Exmintion English C1, 2014

9 100 minutes Reding 7 World s First 100% Renewle Energy-Powered Islnd Is Beon The smll islnd of Smso, off Denmrk s estern ost, hs popultion of lmost 4,000 nd is known y the somewht unusul niknme of Energy Islnd These turines re 50 meters high with ldes strething 26 meters from end to end nd n e seen stnding gurd from the tops of the mny smll hills tht over the lnd While these sights re gurnteed to th your ttention, loser look round revels lrge numer of homes overed in solr pnels, frm uildings with miroturines eside them, nd even few eletri rs. So when did Smso eome the entre of suh green revolution? Over the next 10 yers, offshore nd lnd-sed wind frms were estlished, with muh of the funding oming from the islnders themselves They were enourged to form resident ssoitions, with memers ontriuting wht they ould to uy shres in wind power, eh shre gurnteeing regulr dditionl inome. When the nnul heques strted rriving, people finlly relised how profitle the projet ould e for them Eh turine represented more money in the nk. Soon interest in wind turned to other forms of renewle energy. Now, 100% of the islnd s energy omes from renewle soures. Reding This is strk ontrst to how things were just 15 yers go Now, due to turines, solr pneled roofs nd strw urning furnes, the trffi is reversed nd the islnd exports millions of kilowtt hours of energy k. Wht s hppening on Smso gives some insight into how Denmrk eme the world leder in wind power Txes on energy were rised nd this money ws then invested into reserhing lterntive forms of generting renewle energy. With 20% of the ountry s eletriity oming from wind, this hs een huge suess nd Denmrk now ts s role model to other ntions, proving you n go green nd hieve eonomi growth. tel ggmh, Frnkfurt. M., Mok Exmintion English C1, 2014

10 8 100 minutes Reding Reding, Prt 2 Red the following text. In whih prt of the text n you find the informtion 7 16? There is only one orret nswer for eh item. Eh prt of the text my ontin more thn one of the piees of informtion. Mrk your nswers on the Answer Sheet S30 items Exmple: Reding z Ides nnot e onsidered properly. Mrk your nswer on the Answer Sheet S d z In whih prt of the text does it sy tht? 7 I hve no fith in the shool system. 8 I m frid shools might destroy trditionl vlues. 9 Pedgogil priniples re losing out. 10 Tehers nd prents often prevent progress in shool development. 11 Tehers re often more interested in themselves thn in the pupils. 12 The British seem to prefer less demorti ledership in shools. 13 Motivtion for development n hnge within one shool t different times. 14 The edution system delegtes responsiility for lerning. 15 The legisltion relting to shools needs modifitions. 16 The size of the shool n lso hve n effet on how well hildren lern. tel ggmh, Frnkfurt. M., Mok Exmintion English C1, 2014

11 100 minutes Reding 9 HAS OUR EDUCATION SYSTEM FAILED? Different voies on the issue tel ggmh, Frnkfurt. M., Mok Exmintion English C1, 2014 We hope to home-shool our hildren. There is too muh wrong with shooling in the stte nd privte edution system to onsider using shools unless they eome solutely neessry for y-sitting purposes. Aprt from the usul good shools (i.e. ones with white pupils from good homes) these would e my resons: The whole system is onerned with pssing meningless exms, whih re not intended to test demi exellene, ut to enle ivil servnt to tik off some oxes to show stndrds re improving. All shools re osessed with exm results to the detriment of ny enjoyment of lerning. Privte shools seem like susge ftories. A syllus tht in sujets suh s history nd soil understnding (i. e. rism nd the like) is positively nti-british indeed hs the im of derinting nd indotrinting our hildren. I wnt my hildren to know out who they re nd how they me to e wht they re; not exerises in white guilt suh s slvery. Wht is needed is reful mpign to onvine first tehers, nd don t underestimte the resistne you would find here, nd prents other thn those trying to further the interest of their own hildren t the shool. I tully tried this t my lst shool nd mde it the top priority for the shool following suessful OFSTED inspetion ut the pthy nd resistne I met ws onsiderly greter thn you would hve predited in shool with good reltionships etween it nd the ommunity. Development plns nnot ever work if they revel to interested prties nything whih thretens the urrent sttus. Quite frnkly if you tke heed of development plnning you ve either got no mition, or like most shools you ll onstntly e updting the loody thing to keep up with exellent ides produed y the ommunity of tehers, prents nd lerners. One teher t our shool sserted in stff meeting tht he didn t wnt to e onsulted out the wy forwrd ut just told wht to do. Wht I would dvote is to ply to the strengths of the stff who hve ides for improvement nd the energy to implement them. In some yers there ren t mny of those nd other yers they nd their ides ome in numers. You n hve development pln for the shool ut my test is not whether you hve development pln ut whether your shool is developing or not. And whether ll the tehers re with you usully depends on wht is in the pln. For instne, suppose prt of the pln ws to mlgmte two deprtments nd eventully hnge the struture would you expet to e le to win over the stff involved neessrily? People rrely vote for their own demise. Suppose you deided tht you ould perfetly well omplish wht ws needed y employing fewer tehers nd more lssroom ssistnts, would you expet to reeive pprovl from tehers not to mention their unions? d The rel diffiulty lies in the nture of our essentilly non-ollortive strutures whih re imposed on our shools y lw. Suppose new shool is reted. All is possile, isn t it? A ollortive proess of development nd ownership suh s you desrie ould e dopted y ll the edution professionls involved, ouldn t it? No, it ouldn t (in Englnd), euse the first ppointment is lwys the hed teher who is given, y lw, speil ledership nd responsiility position whih n t e shred. It doesn t hve to e tht wy of ourse ut for ollortive style to develop in shool hed teher in Englnd hs first to gree it will hppen. Wht the government would hve to do is mke it possile for the ollortive development of shool to run hnd-in-hnd with shred responsiility. Tht would e revolutionry nd need hnges to the lw whih proly wouldn t get populr pprovl. We tully prefer dittoril Churhillin styles of ledership in this ountry even when they ren t effetive. Reding

12 minutes Reding Reding e As someone who hs tried to persude her prents to edute her t home (nd filed), I n sy for ertin tht the urrent stte edution system hs filed me. Br few deent tehers perhps 3 or 4 out of out 12 sujets, I find it ll too esy nd tht I m just wsting my time. They tully do set us tests t my high shool, ut it s still insuffiient s the mjority of the tehers fil to disipline. Being honest, I mostly teh myself the stuff I need to know deent ooks tht ren t just for your syllus nd perseverne re ruil. English I find instntly esy so I just hve to red lot nd gin more knowledge tht wy; mths nd siene my dd goes through with me s he finds the tehing insuffiient nd my mum helps me with history nd things t home. I m in yer 10 now. Yer 8 ws OK in some respets, ut still mostly lern it yourself yer... nd yer 7, I my s well hve een on holidy! One of the min prolems I found is tht I me from relly good, smll stte primry shool to huge, quite wful high shool. Yer 9 merely reiterted wht I d lredy een tught, nd it ws huge shok for me to relise how little some people knew. tel ggmh, Frnkfurt. M., Mok Exmintion English C1, 2014

13 100 minutes Reding 11 Reding, Prt 3 Red the following text nd the sttements elow. For eh of the sttements deide if the informtion ) orresponds to the ontent of the text ) does not orrespond to the ontent of the text ) is not mentioned in the text. Mrk your nswers on the Answer Sheet S30 items Exmple: z The writer drinks lot of te. Mrk your nswer on the Answer Sheet S d z Reding 17 Te ws first onsumed minly for helth resons. 18 Te hs lwys een populr drink in most British fmilies. 19 It took long time for te to quire its present dy populrity in Britin. 20 Ctherine of Brgnz ws very populr in Britin. 21 Coffee houses were trditionl meeting ples for men to relx fter work. 22 Te wsn t served fresh in the pst. 23 Te is txed ording to the weight of the lef. 24 Servnts used to e given speil trining to mke perfet te. tel ggmh, Frnkfurt. M., Mok Exmintion English C1, 2014

14 minutes Reding A Nie Cup of Te Reding A up of te is vitl prt of everydy life for the mjority of people in modern Britin in ft te is so integrl to our routine, tht it is diffiult to imgine life without it! But it ws not lwys so; te ws one luxury produt tht only the rih ould fford nd t one time ws even elieved to e d for your helth. It ws over the ourse of severl hundred yers tht te gined its ple s our ntionl drink, nd only reltively reently tht its potentil helth enefits hve een reognised. Te first eme estlished in Britin through the influene of foreign priness, Ctherine of Brgnz, the wife of King Chrles II. A lover of te sine her hildhood in Portugl, she rought tedrinking to the English ourt, nd set trend for the everge mong the ristory of Englnd in the seventeenth entury. The fshion soon spred to the middle lsses, nd it eme populr drink t the London offee houses where welthy men met to do usiness nd disuss the events of the dy. However, the te eing drunk in these estlishments would proly e onsidered undrinkle now. Between 1660 nd 1689, te sold in offee houses ws txed in liquid form. The whole of the dy s te would therefore e rewed in the morning, txed y visiting tx offier, nd then kept in rrels nd reheted s neessry throughout the rest of the dy. So visitor to the offee house in the lte fternoon would e drinking te tht hd een mde hours efore in the erly morning: something unthinkle to ny self-respeting fé owner tody! Fortuntely, the system of txtion ws ltered in 1689, so tht te egn to e txed y the lef rther thn s liquid. Some offee houses lso sold te in loose lef form so tht it ould e rewed t home. This ment tht it ould lso e enjoyed y women, who were not welome visitors to offee houses. As it ws reltively expensive, tedrinking in the home ws lrgely onfined to welthier households, where women would gther for te prties. Suh prty ws refined soil osion, involving the use of delite hin pots nd ups, silver te kettles nd elegntly rved te jrs nd te tles. All the equipment would e set up y the servnts, ut it ws the hostess who rewed the te. She ws ided y servnt witing on hnd to ring hot wter when needed. She then served the te to her guests in pretty, little ups. Both green nd lk tes were populr, oth of whih were preferred without milk. Sugr, though, despite its high ost t the time, ws frequently dded. We n imgine then tht while seventeenth entury men were t the offee houses drinking te, their wives gthered t one nother s homes to do extly the sme thing just in more sophistited tmosphere! tel ggmh, Frnkfurt. M., Mok Exmintion English C1, 2014

15 100 minutes Reding 13 Reding, Prt 4 Red the following text. On the following pge you will find four summries d. Whih is the est summry of the text? There is only one orret nswer. Mrk your nswer on the Answer Sheet S30 item 25. The Columus Controversy 1 Every yer on the seond Mondy of Otoer, the United Sttes elertes the nniversry of Christopher Columus s voyge to the New World. The Itlin-orn explorer set out four times, t the ehest of the Spnish monrhs Ferdinnd nd Isell, to find se route to the Est Indies. The rihes of this region, spies nd silks in prtiulr, were in gret demnd in Europe nd the journey overlnd ws not only long, it hd lso eome hzrdous. While Columus s ttempts to reh Asi filed, he nevertheless hs gone down in history s the mn who, in 1492, identlly disovered Ameri. Reding 2 Tody it is widely epted tht other explorers hd een there efore him. Humns, eing restless y nture, hve lwys wnted to explore eyond the horizon. Mny ultures hve tles of suessful voyges ross the Atlnti or Pifi, rehing Ameri long efore the time of Columus, ut most of these theories remin ontroversil for nthropologists nd historins. 3 Could the Chinese hve eten Columus to it? In 1421, Emperor Zhu Di sent lrge flotill under the ommnd of the dmirl Zheng He to sil round the gloe nd return lden with tresure. With 317 ships, this ws the gretest mritime fleet ever ssemled. Zheng He is known to hve voyged to South Est Asi, Indi nd Afri, dispensing nd reeiving gifts s he went, ut reently disovered mp leds mny to wonder if he hd indeed trvelled further thn previously elieved. 4 This mp, from 1418, lys out the ontinents nd oens with n ury not witnessed in Europen mps for nother 150 yers, ft some sy n only men tht Zheng He's expeditions took him round the southern tip of Afri nd ross the Atlnti. However, this notion remins prolemti s the mp is doule dted. It sttes tht it is 1763 reprodution of the fifteenthentury originl, nd while tests hve indited tht the doument does indeed dte k to the 1700s, there is no mens of proving tht the mp is sed on imges drwn 350 yers erlier. 5 The 2004 ook, Zheng He's Gretest Voyge, whih lims to offer further evidene of the Chinese mriner's hievement, used gret ontroversy nd numer of wesites hve een reted in response, devoted entirely to invlidting this lim. tel ggmh, Frnkfurt. M., Mok Exmintion English C1, While Zheng He s trip remins theory, elsewhere the legends go unontested. Ielndi sgs hve long told of how, in the 10th entury, the Norsemn Leif Erison siled his longots to the ost of Newfoundlnd, Cnd nd estlished settlement there whih he lled Vinlnd. Trnslted s 'wine lnd', mny elieved its lotion to e somewhere round Boston, s this is s fr north s grpes grow in the wild. 7 However, the explorer Helge Ingstd nd his rheologist wife, Anne Stine felt mistke hd een mde nd tht Vin referred to the word for medow. Their onvition led in 1960 to n stonishing disovery. They unerthed Norse settlement of more thn eight houses t the northernmost tip of Newfoundlnd, dting k 1,000 yers. This ws not permnent olony, ut is elieved to hve een se for expeditions southwrds. Known s L'Anse ux Medows, these exvted dwellings nd rtefts offer onlusive proof tht Norsemen rehed Ameri enturies efore Columus.

16 minutes Reding 8 Ws Leif then the first Europen to mke it tht fr? Not ording to Sint Brendn. This Irish monk wrote in the ninth entury of his voyge to the Isle of the Blessed. This doument, the Nvigtio, tells of long journey t se, the islnds where he nd his ompnions rested, nd the inredile sights nd retures they enountered. Over 100 versions of this mnusript exist ross Europe ut it is diffiult for tody s sholrs to distinguish ft from fition. Reding 9 The story mentions gret rystl pillrs nd n islnd with rivers of gold fire, whih mny elieve to e referenes to ieergs nd volni tivity round Ielnd, sights he would hve experiened going ross the Atlnti. In 1976, the English explorer, Tim Severin, uilt urrh, the type of wooden ot Sint Brendn would hve used, nd set off ross the Atlnti. His im ws to follow the route desried y the monk, testing whether suh journey ws possile. Wild ses nd even ieergs fed the rew who were greeted with diselief s well s lim when they lnded in Cnd. 10 Severin's voyge shows tht Brendn's journey ws possile in theory, ut proving Brendn ould hve mde it, does not prove he did nd greter evidene is required. Symols srthed into roks in Crolin re sid to er striking resemlne to those found in Irelnd. Elsewhere, stone huts hve een disovered whih pper to e temples nd ontin windows refully pled for solr lignment, typil of smll Irish hurhes round 500 AD. In ddition, stone rvings in West Virgini dting from etween 500 nd 1000 AD re thought to e written in Old Irish. Proof tht Brendn's voyge is more thn just myth? Unfortuntely, s interesting s these theories re, they remin mere speultion. 11 A little less fr-fethed is the ide tht Polynesin explorers rehed the Ameris. Hving siled s fr field s Hwii, New Zelnd, nd Ester Islnd, their mritime skills were highly developed. If they ould nvigte s fr s Ester Islnd, it is indeed plusile tht they ould mke it to the South Amerin ost. This speultion hs een given further ttention due to the disovery in 2007 of hiken ones t the El Arenl indigenous site in Chile. As hikens re not ntive to the Ameris, it ws ssumed they were rought y Europens in the yers fter However, with tody's tehnology suh ssumptions n e hllenged. Rdioron dting rried out on one of the ones reveled tht it ws older thn expeted, from etween 1304 nd 1424, mening it ws there efore the Europens. Additionlly, DNA tests hve linked it to hiken ones found in pre-europen sites in Pifi islnds like Smo, Hwii, nd Ester Islnd. As hikens re flightless irds, suh results ould indite they rrived with Polynesins t lest 100 yers efore Columus dropped nhor off the ost of the Bhms. Unfortuntely for the proponents of this theory, the presene of few hiken ones is not seen s suffiient evidene. 13 Wht is ler is tht mny ntions were wre of the ontinent's existene. Stories, from the plusile to the highly outlndish, were pssed down from genertion to genertion, prompting others to set out ross the wves. Even tody, the ontinent exerts fsintion on mny, ll determined to find out just who rehed Ameri first. And lthough it ws not Christopher Columus, it ws his rrivl tht led to the first reorded permnent settlements eing mde. This ws the strt of Europe's oloniztion of the Ameris, whih would hnge the ontinent forever. tel ggmh, Frnkfurt. M., Mok Exmintion English C1, 2014

17 100 minutes Reding 15 Summries: Christopher Columus my not hve disovered shorter route to the Est Indies ut his voyges did ind Europe to Ameri. Others re elieved to hve een there efore him nd mny ountries hve stories of men who rossed the se to this new lnd. Norsemen, Irish monks nd skilled Polynesin silors re ll linked to this ontinent due to nient tles nd more modern rheologil or historil finds. However, so fr, only the existene of Vinlnd, mentioned in Ielndi sgs, n e verified. The disovery in the 1960s of Norse settlement of more thn eight uildings in the northern prt of Cnd used gret elertion. This site ws only oupied temporrily, nd is thought to hve een used s se for explortion further south. Its disovery is epted s onrete proof tht Ameri ws disovered long efore Columus set sil. Columus set out in 1492 on journey to the Est Indies nd en route unintentionlly found Ameri. While it's knowledged tht Columus ws not the first to rrive there, it is still unler who extly ws. Mny theories exist, from the plusile to the questionle, s different ntions lim the hievement for themselves. Mny of these eliefs ome from folk stories yet sometimes disoveries re mde whih suggest these tles ould e true. A Chinese dmirl my hve siled long Amerin osts in 1418, ut were some unknown Polynesin nvigtors lredy exploring the lnd few yers efore tht? A group of Norsemen mde temporry homes there in the 10th entury, ut n Irish monk ould hve preeded them y 500 yers. As more nd more finds re mde, the definite proof my one dy e unovered, putting n end to the ontroversy nd speultion tht hs gone on for so long. Reding Mny inredile stories hve een told out rve men who rossed oens nd found themselves on the ontinent known tody s Ameri. Often dismissed s mere folklore, disoveries in the lst 60 yers hve used people to wonder if these legends my stem from tul events. A Norse settlement dug up in Newfoundlnd in the 60s offers onlusive evidene tht the nient sgs of Leif Erison's journey to fr off lnd hd t lest some truth to them. In the 70s, one explorer uilt wooden ot nd siled with rew ross the Atlnti, following route desried y 5th entury Irish sint in doument mny thought to e fition. Chinese nd Polynesin silors my lso hve wlked on Amerin soil long efore Columus rrived. People's fsintion with Ameri seems to go k enturies nd ontinues tody with the serh to disover who got there first. tel ggmh, Frnkfurt. M., Mok Exmintion English C1, 2014 d Who relly 'disovered' Ameri? Mny ntions hve tles of se-fring heroes rehing the ontinent dedes or enturies efore Columus nd reent disoveries suggest tht some legends my ontin more ft thn previously elieved. Animl remins in Chile ould indite the presene of Polynesins t lest 100 yers efore the Europens rrived. A modern dy explorer proved the 5th entury tle of n Irish monk rossing the Atlnti ws t lest possile, while old rvings nd stone onstrutions found in Ameri suggest links with Irelnd. A highly urte mp suggests tht Chinese silors knew Ameri well, yet this lim uses gret ontroversy. An rheologil site in Cnd proves the Norsemen were there, ut the question remins s to whether this is the settlement referred to in Ielndi sgs. Ft or fition, these tles intrigue us. Yet Columus' hievement nnot e ignored. His rrivl rought Europe's oloniztion of Ameri, hnging the ontinent forever.

18 minutes Reding Reding, Prt 4 Red the text gin. Whih word in the text est orresponds with the mening given in items 26 45? There is only one orret nswer. Write your nswers on the Answer Sheet S30 items Exmple: 0 rulers Reding Write your nswer on the Answer Sheet S30: 0 Monrhs tel ggmh, Frnkfurt. M., Mok Exmintion English C1, 2014

19 100 minutes Reding 17 You will find the nswers to in prgrphs dngerous 27 reognised / knowledged 28 gthered together 29 distriuting 30 theory / elief You will find the nswers to in prgrphs silor 32 undisputed 33 founded 34 exvted 35 solute Reding You will find the nswers to in prgrphs me ross 37 differentite 38 reognition 39 likeness 40 figures / designs You will find the nswers to in prgrphs possile / oneivle 42 supposed 43 questioned 44 supporters 45 inspiring tel ggmh, Frnkfurt. M., Mok Exmintion English C1, 2014

20 minutes Reding Reding, Prt 5 Red the following text. In some of the lines there is one mistke. The mistke my e one of grmmr, spelling, puntution or voulry. In some lines there is no mistke. If you find mistke write the orret word or words on the Answer Sheet S30. If there is no mistke put tik (4) in the spe. Write your nswers on the Answer Sheet S30 items Exmple: Reding Write your nswer on the Answer Sheet S30: 0 I m writing regrding Der, 0 Regrds the position of full-time English-Germn trnsltor 46 urrently dvertised in the europen Medi Mgzine, plese 47 find tthed opy of my CV for your onsidering. 48 Like you will see from my enlosed CV, I hve degree in 49 English Trnsltion nd Business Eonomi from the 50 University of Vienn. For the lst three yers I m working 51 s trnsltor for This is Austri, n online newspper 52 whih pulished dily here in my ountry. Mostly my work 53 involves trnslting interntionl texts from nd in English in 54 wide rnge of fields from sport nd ulture to tul ffirs 55 nd Informtion Tehnique. I enjoy working under pressure, hve 56 extensive experine in meeting strit dedlines nd m 57 highly motivted. Indeed, I m often sked how I remin so 58 enthusisti despite the stress dedline s ring. The stisftion 59 I get from trnsltion work lwys is worth the extr effort. 60 I m very interested in the work your ompny mkes 61 nd know of its reputtion s leding produer of high qulity 62 doumentry films. It is for this very reson tht I would 63 welome the osion to develop my reer in your 64 ompny nd men tht I ould mke n invlule 65 ontriution to the work you re engged in t present. 66 I would e plesed to ttend n interview t every time 67 nd look forwrd to hering from you in the ner future. Yours sinerely, tel ggmh, Frnkfurt. M., Mok Exmintion English C1, 2014

21 100 minutes Reding 19 tel ggmh, Frnkfurt. M., Mok Exmintion English C1, 2014 Reding

22 20 55 minutes Listening Listening, Prt 1 You will her eight people. You will her eh person twie. Listening, Prt 1 Listening While listening, deide whih sttement,, or, mthes wht the speker sys. Mrk your nswers on the Answer Sheet S30. Items You will now hve hlf minute to red the tsk. Budget Trvel The speker is in fvour of udget trvel not interested in udget trvel not in fvour of udget trvel Listening, Prt 1 You will now her the eight people seond time. While listening deide whih sttement j mthes wht the speker sys. You will only need eight of the possile sttements. Mrk your nswers on the Answer Sheet S30 items You will now hve one minute to red the sttements. Budget trvel distrts from the euty on our doorstep. Budget trvel is disturing development in ompetitive world. Budget trvel is merely n evil neessity. d Budget trvel will flourish euse it is wht people wnt. e Humn helth n e ffeted y udget trvel s well s the environment. f I enefit from udget trvel ut the plnet my suffer. g More opportunities re mde ville y udget trvel. h Other forms of domesti puli trnsport re severely thretened y udget trvel. i There re no relly positive fetures of udget trvel. j There re ovious finnil dvntges to udget trvel in ompetitive world. tel ggmh, Frnkfurt. M., Mok Exmintion English C1, 2014

23 55 minutes Listening 21 Listening, Prt 2 You will her rdio progrmme. You will her the progrmme only one. While listening omplete the sentenes in items A mximum totl of four words my e missing in eh sentene. Write your nswers on the Answer Sheet S30 items You will now hve one minute to red the sentenes. 84 There hve een seven ftl shrk ttks in. 85 There re now on verge per yer in the ountry. 86 The drum rrels re loted t intervls. Listening 87 Atthed to the rrels re lrge whih re used to th the shrks. 88 Mny people ojet to the shrk ull euse they think it is. 89 The shrks re drwn to the it euse of. 90 Unlike Queenslnd, the government of Western Austrli will not llow the use of. 91 This route hs een used y shrks. 92 Insted of killing shrks, onservtionists elieve the government should e out shrks. 93 Nighttime is the shrks min. tel ggmh, Frnkfurt. M., Mok Exmintion English C1, 2014

24 22 55 minutes Listening Listening, Prt 3 You will her leture. A friend hs sked you to mke notes during the leture s he n not e there to her it. You will her the leture only one. While listening mke notes in the spes for item 94. After the reording you will hve time to trnsfer your notes to the Answer Sheet S50. You will now hve one minute to red the tsk. 94 ) Sk omines elements of musi, suh s Listening Clypso ) Resons for Sk s importne: ) Ftors leding to the irth of Sk: d) History of the genre: e) 2 Tone Sk: Origin of nme: Messge: Logo: tel ggmh, Frnkfurt. M., Mok Exmintion English C1, 2014

25 55 minutes Listening 23 Spe for notes: tel ggmh, Frnkfurt. M., Mok Exmintion English C1, 2014 Listening IMPORTANT: Rememer to trnsfer your notes to the Answer Sheet S50. Notes written on these pges nnot e mrked.

26 24 60 minutes Writing Writing In this prt of the exmintion you hve to write two texts: the ompulsory tsk nd one of the optionl tsks. You hve totl of one hour to do this. Rememer: The texts you write should e well-strutured nd highlight the points tht you think re most importnt for the reder of the text. The struture of the text should hve n pproprite degree of omplexity with referene to the type of text speified nd should lso ontin numer of omplex sentene forms. Writing 1. Compulsory An internet youth mgzine for young dults hs sked for rtiles on the wys governments in vrious ountries re trying to integrte migrnts. Write short rtile on the sitution in your ountry. (Write t lest 200 words) 2. Optionl Choose one of the following four tsks: A You reeive letter from n Amerin pen friend who hs pplied for jo in your ountry nd hs now een invited for n interview. He/she is worried out the kind of questions tht might e sked nd would like your dvie out interviews in your ountry wht to expet, how to ondut herself/himself, et. Write letter of t lest 150 words. B Your ollege mgzine hs sked for reviews of ooks or films tht students n reommend. You deide to write review of ook tht you hve red or film tht you hve seen reently. Write review of t lest 150 words. C You re pplying for ple on distne-lerning degree ourse t British university. They hve sked you to write why you wish to tke the ourse nd why you think you will e suessful. Write n pplition letter of t lest 150 words. D A mgzine for English lnguge lerners is running short essy-writing ompetition. You deide to tke prt. Those wishing to tke prt re sked to write n essy on: How lnguge lerning n help to redue prejudie. Write n essy of t lest 150 words. tel ggmh, Frnkfurt. M., Mok Exmintion English C1, 2014

27 16 minutes Speking 25 Speking This prt of the exmintion requires the ndidtes to demonstrte vrious ommunitive orl skills. It inludes monologues nd dilogues nd requires the ndidtes to onverse oth with the exminer nd with the other ndidte. The orl exmintion hs four prts nd tkes out 16 minutes ltogether. You will e exmined with one other ndidte. If there is n uneven numer of ndidtes, one group of three ndidtes will e formed. In this se the exm will tke longer thn 16 minutes. The most importnt thing is to tlk to your prtner(s) nd not to the exminers. Speking Prt 1: Interview (3 4 minutes) The exminer will sk you if you know eh other. If you know eh other, you should introdue eh other, otherwise you should introdue yourself. The exminer will give you topi nd some ides on questions. You should sk your prtner out his/ her views on the topi. You n lso think of your own questions. Prt 2: Presenttion (5 6 minutes) The exminer will give you tsk sheet with two topis. You hoose one of the two topis nd give presenttion on the topi to your prtner. The presenttion should tke out 1 ½ minutes. Your prtner should then sk you questions whih you should nswer riefly. During your prtner s presenttion, you should think of questions to sk. Prt 3: Disussion (3 4 minutes) You will e given topi to disuss with your prtner. Give your opinion on the topi with resons nd exmples. Listen to your prtner nd disuss the topi y exhnging rguments. tel ggmh, Frnkfurt. M., Mok Exmintion English C1, 2014 Prt 4: Summry (1/2 minute for eh ndidte) At ertin point during the orl exmintion, the exminer will sk you to summrise the lst prt of the exmintion. You should lwys know wht hs een sid nd e redy to summrise it. Summrise the min points nd desrie how the tsk ws solved.

28 26 16 minutes Speking Cndidte A Tsk 1 Interview Topi: Lnguges Speking Ask your prtner questions out her/his views on lnguge lerning using one or two of the following ides: Stisfied with her/his tehers nd the methods used? Stisfied with the progress he/she hs mde? Her/His resons for lerning lnguge? After short time the exminer will sk one or two extr questions on the sme topi. Cndidte B Tsk 1 Interview Topi: Lnguges Ask your prtner questions out her/his views on lnguge lerning using one or two of the following ides: Advie for new lerners? Wht skills or tlents re needed? Her/His strengths nd weknesses in lnguge lerning? After short time the exminer will sk one or two extr questions on the sme topi. tel ggmh, Frnkfurt. M., Mok Exmintion English C1, 2014

29 16 minutes Speking 27 Cndidte C Tsk 1 Interview Topi: Lnguges Ask your prtner questions out her/his views on lnguge lerning using one or two of the following ides: The most diffiult spets of lerning lnguge? Hs he/she tried e-lerning? Speking Possile to lern lnguge without living in the ountry? After short time the exminer will sk one or two extr questions on the sme topi. Exminer Tsk 1 Interview Topi: Lnguges Ask supplementry questions e.g. Cn he/she imgine living in ountry without ny knowledge of the lnguge? How ould he/she survive? tel ggmh, Frnkfurt. M., Mok Exmintion English C1, 2014 Why does he/she think some people never lern nother lnguge? Should migrnts e leglly oliged to lern the lnguge of their host ountry? Your questions re intended to eliit more omplex lnguge on the prt of the ndidtes, nd n lso e used s prompts if the intertion etween the ndidtes strts to flter.

30 28 16 minutes Speking Cndidte A Tsk 1 Interview Topi: Countries nd Culture Speking Ask your prtner questions out her/his views on lnguge lerning using one or two of the following ides: Any prejudies enountered? How did they rise? How muh time hs he/she spent in other ountries? The greter prolem when rod different lnguge or ulture? After short time the exminer will sk one or two extr questions on the sme topi. Cndidte B Tsk 1 Interview Topi: Countries nd Culture Ask your prtner questions out her/his views on lnguge lerning using one or two of the following ides: Whih ountries he/she knows? fvourite ountries? Wht is etter in whih ountries? Emigrte for work resons? After short time the exminer will sk one or two extr questions on the sme topi. tel ggmh, Frnkfurt. M., Mok Exmintion English C1, 2014

31 16 minutes Speking 29 Cndidte C Tsk 1 Interview Topi: Countries nd Culture Ask your prtner questions out her/his views on lnguge lerning using one or two of the following ides: Why do people emigrte? Hs he/she ever onsidered living rod? Where? Why there? Speking Wht prolems might migrnts hve? After short time the exminer will sk one or two extr questions on the sme topi. Exminer Tsk 1 Interview Topi: Countries nd Culture Ask supplementry questions e.g. Wht does he/she look for when visiting ountry for the first time? Should migrnts dpt to the ustoms of their host ountry? tel ggmh, Frnkfurt. M., Mok Exmintion English C1, 2014 Do shools do enough to prevent prejudie? Your questions re intended to eliit more omplex lnguge on the prt of the ndidtes, nd n lso e used s prompts if the intertion etween the ndidtes strts to flter.

32 30 16 minutes Speking Cndidte A Tsk 2 Presenttion The tsk is to give presenttion to your prtner(s). Then your fellow-ndidte(s) will sk you follow-up questions. Choose one of the two topis. You hve short time to prepre presenttion on one of the topis. You should spek for out one nd hlf minutes. Speking You re t n interntionl meeting. You hve to present yourself nd your ompny. Wht, in your opinion, re the positive nd negtive spets of studying or working rod? Cndidte B Tsk 2 Presenttion The tsk is to give presenttion to your prtner(s). Then your fellow-ndidte(s) will sk you follow-up questions. Choose one of the two topis. You hve short time to prepre presenttion on one of the topis. You should spek for out one nd hlf minutes. You re t n interntionl summer ourse. You hve to present yourself nd the ollege or university where you study or studied. Wht, in your opinion, re the positive nd negtive spets of eing self-employed? tel ggmh, Frnkfurt. M., Mok Exmintion English C1, 2014

33 16 minutes Speking 31 Cndidte C Tsk 2 Presenttion The tsk is to give presenttion to your prtner(s). Then your fellow-ndidte(s) will sk you follow-up questions. Choose one of the two topis. You hve short time to prepre presenttion on one of the topis. You should spek for out one nd hlf minutes. You re tking prt in n interntionl summer ourse. You hve to give rief presenttion of the re where you live. Wht, in your opinion, re the positive nd negtive spets of living in the ountry you live in? Speking tel ggmh, Frnkfurt. M., Mok Exmintion English C1, 2014

34 32 16 minutes Speking Cndidte A / B / C Tsk 3 Disussion The tsk is to hve disussion with your prtner(s) on the following topi. Speking The government does not give suffiient support to ulturl filities! Strt y sying to wht extent you gree or disgree with the sttement, giving resons nd exmples to support your opinion. Listen to your prtner(s) nd exhnge your views. tel ggmh, Frnkfurt. M., Mok Exmintion English C1, 2014

35 16 minutes Speking 33 Cndidte A / B / C Tsk 3 Disussion The tsk is to hve disussion with your prtner(s) on the following topi. People should only e llowed to study Speking sujets tht re useful for the ountry where they live! Strt y sying to wht extent you gree or disgree with the sttement, giving resons nd exmples to support your opinion. Listen to your prtner(s) nd exhnge your views. tel ggmh, Frnkfurt. M., Mok Exmintion English C1, 2014

36 34 16 minutes Speking Cndidte A / B / C Tsk 3 Disussion The tsk is to hve disussion with your prtner(s) on the following topi. Speking Tourism presents gret dngers for the environment! Strt y sying to wht extent you gree or disgree with the sttement, giving resons nd exmples to support your opinion. Listen to your prtner(s) nd exhnge your views. tel ggmh, Frnkfurt. M., Mok Exmintion English C1, 2014

37 16 minutes Speking 35 Exminer Tsk 3 Disussion Choose one of the three topis nd tell the ndidtes the topi. Ple the sheet with the topi on it on the tle. The prtiipnts should disuss the topi. You my enter the disussion if it eomes neessry to eliit the use of more omplex lnguge or if the disussion strts to flter. The following questions on the topis my e used or others whih our to you. The government does not give suffiient support to ulturl filities! For mny people ulturl events hve low priority. In times of limited resoures puli finnes hve to e devoted to more urgent soil needs. Children need to e mde wre of their ulturl heritge. Cn you give exmples to support your views? Speking People should only e llowed to study sujets tht re useful for the ountry where they live! Wht out the trditionl onept of demi freedom? Why study? Is it just to get etter jo? If the stte susidises higher edution, shouldn t the stte hve n influene on wht people study? Cn you give exmples to support your views? Tourism presents gret dngers for the environment! Doesn t tourism provide jos for mny people in poor res of the world? Doesn t tourism enle people to enounter different ultures? Are the effets on people in remote ountries lwys enefiil? Do the dvntges outweigh the disdvntges? Cn you give exmples to support your views? tel ggmh, Frnkfurt. M., Mok Exmintion English C1, 2014

38 36 16 minutes Speking Exminer Tsk 4 Summry At suitle point sk eh of the ndidtes to summrise the previous prt of the exmintion. Speking If three ndidtes re eing exmined together, eh n summrise different prt of the exmintion or two presenttions n e summrised. The summry should tke out hlf minute. tel ggmh, Frnkfurt. M., Mok Exmintion English C1, 2014

39 ENGLISH C1 Fmiliennme Surnme Apellido Nom Cognome Soydı Фамилия tel ggmh # 1132-S tel ggmh, Frnkfurt. M., Mok Exmintion English C1, 2014 Vornme First Nme Nomre Prénom Nome Adı Имя Beispiel: 23. April 1989 rd.. Exmple: 23.. April 1989 Geurtsdtum Dte of Birth Feh de nimiento Dte de nissne Dt di nsit Doğum trihi Дта рождения Geurtsort Ple of Birth Lugr de nimiento Lieu de nissne Luogo di nsit Doğum yeri Место рождения Muttersprhe First Lnguge Lengu mtern Lngue mternelle Mdrelingu Andili Родной язык männlih mle msulino msulin mshile erkek мужской weilih femle femenino féminin femminile kdın жeнский Geshleht Sex Sexo Sexe Sesso Cinsiyeti Пол Prüfungszentrum Exmintion Centre Centro exmindor Centre d'exmen Centro d'esme Sınv merkezi Beispiel: 17. Ferur th Exmple: 17 Feury Prüfungsdtum Dte of Exmintion Feh del exmen Dte d'exmen Dt dell'esme Sınv trihi Дта экзамена Testversion Test Version Versión del exmen Version d'exmen Versione d'esme Sınv sürümü Тестовая версия 001 Deutsh 002 English 003 Frnçis 004 Espñol 005 Itlino 006 Português 007 Mgyr 008 Polski 009 Русский язык 010 Český jzyk 011 Türkçe ndere/other Answer Sheet S

40 English C Reding A 1 Reding Comprehension Prt 1 1 Reding Comprehension Prt 2 1 d e f g h 1 7 d e f 7 2 d e f g h 2 8 d e f 8 3 d e f g h 3 9 d e f 9 4 d e f g h 4 10 d e f 10 5 d e f g h 5 11 d e f d e f g h 12 d e f d e f d e f d e f d e f 16 1 Reding Comprehension Prt 3 1 Reding Comprehension Prt d Pge 2 S30

41 English C Fmiliennme Surnme Apellido Nom Cognome Soydı Фамилия Vornme First Nme Nomre Prénom Nome Adı Имя SNT MNT.. S Q P Reding B: Voulry nd Proof Reding 1 Reding Comprehension Prt 4 Do not mrk Do not mrk Pge 3 S30

42 English C1 Reding B Reding Comprehension Prt 5 46 Do not mrk Seprte the Answer Sheets nd hnd the first two sheets in! Pge 4 S30

43 English C Fmiliennme Surnme Apellido Nom Cognome Soydı Фамилия Vornme First Nme Nomre Prénom Nome Adı Имя Listening 2 Listening Comprehension Prt 1 2 Listening Comprehension Prt Speker 1 Speker d e f g h i j d e f g h i j Speker 3 78 d e f g h i j Speker 4 79 d e f g h i j Speker 5 80 d e f g h i j Speker 6 Speker 7 Speker d e d e f g h i j d e f f g g h h i i j j Listening Comprehension Prt 2 Do not mrk Pge 5 S30

44 42 English C1 Only for Exminers! Listening 94 D A B C 94 Liene no. Exminer 1 Liene no. Exminer 2 4 Speking 1. Interview 2. Presenttion 3. Disussion 4. Summry A B C D A B C D A B C D A B C D Liene no. Exminer 1 1. Interview Presenttion Disussion A B C D 4. Summry A B C D Liene no. Exminer 2 1. Interview 2. Presenttion 3. Disussion 4. Summry A B C D A B C D A B C D A B C D Agreed Result Pge 6 S30

45 43 English C Fmiliennme Surnme Apellido Nom Cognome Soydı Фамилия Vornme First Nme Nomre Prénom Nome Adı Имя Testversion Test Version Versión del exmen Version d'exmen Versione d'esme Sınv sürümü Тестовая версия 4 Writing Compulsory Tsk For Exminers Use Pge 7 S30

46 44 English C Only for Rters! Writing Rter 1 T Wrong topi? yes no Rter 2 T Wrong topi? yes no tel Rting Wrong topi? T yes no Code-Numer Rter 1 Code-Numer Rter 2 Code-Numer tel Rter Pge 8 S30

47 45 English C Fmiliennme Surnme Apellido Nom Cognome Soydı Фамилия Vornme First Nme Nomre Prénom Nome Adı Имя Testversion Test Version Versión del exmen Version d exmen Versione d esme Sınv sürümü Тестовая версия 4 Writing Optionl Tsk For Exminers Use Pge 9 S30

48 46 English C Only for Rters! Writing Rter 1 Rter 2 tel Rting Tsk No. T Wrong topi? T Wrong topi? T Wrong topi? yes no yes no yes no A B C D Code-Numer Rter 1 Code-Numer Rter 2 Code-Numer tel Rter S30 Pge 10

49 tel English C1 Surnme First nme Exmintion Centre Your exmintion no. Written Exmintion Plese opy from Answer Sheet S30 2 Listening Comprehension (Prt 3) For Rters Use ) Sk omines elements of musi, suh s Exmple: Clypso ) Resons for Sk s importne: ) Ftors leding to the irth of Sk: d) History of the genre: e) 2 Tone Sk: Origin of nme: Messge: Logo: Totl points S50

50 48 Informtion tel English C1 Speking A Surnme First Nme Exmintion Centre 1. Interview 1 Tsk Mngement 2 Intertion 3 Flueny nd spontneity 4 Repertoire 5 Grmmtil Aury 6 Intontion 2. Presenttion 1 Tsk Mngement 2 Intertion 3 Flueny nd spontneity 4 Repertoire 5 Grmmtil Aury 6 Intontion 3. Disussion 1 Tsk Mngement 2 Intertion 3 Flueny nd spontneity 4 Repertoire 5 Grmmtil Aury 6 Intontion 4. Summry 1 Tsk Mngement 2 Intertion 3 Flueny nd spontneity 4 Repertoire 5 Grmmtil Aury 6 Intontion B Surnme First Nme Exmintion Centre 1. Interview 1 Tsk Mngement 2 Intertion 3 Flueny nd spontneity 4 Repertoire 5 Grmmtil Aury 6 Intontion 2. Presenttion 1 Tsk Mngement 2 Intertion 3 Flueny nd spontneity 4 Repertoire 5 Grmmtil Aury 6 Intontion 3. Disussion 1 Tsk Mngement 2 Intertion 3 Flueny nd spontneity 4 Repertoire 5 Grmmtil Aury 6 Intontion 4. Summry 1 Tsk Mngement 2 Intertion 3 Flueny nd spontneity 4 Repertoire 5 Grmmtil Aury 6 Intontion Dte Exminer's Signture M10

51 Informtion 49 Answer Key Reding Listening Writing Item 1 Item 2 Item 3 Item 4 Item 5 Item 6 Item 7 Item 8 Item 9 Item 10 Item 11 Item 12 Item 13 Item 14 Item 15 Item 16 d h g d e d e Item 68 Item 69 Item 70 Item 71 Item 72 Item 73 Item 74 Item 75 Item 76 Item 77 Item 78 Item 79 Item 80 Item 81 Item 82 Item 83 f e j g i d The mrking of this prt is done y teher or exminer using the mrking instrutions nd riteri. Item 17 Item 18 Item 19 Item 20 Item 21 Item 22 Item 23 Item 24 Item 25 d) 12 points ) 8 points ) 4 points ) 0 points

52 50 Informtion Reding Comprehension, Prt 4 The fous of this prt is on the orresponding semnti item. The following list shows the words s they pper in the text. However, if the ndidtes use different form of the sme word, e.g. the infinitive form of ver, this n e epted. Spelling mistkes n e epted if the word n e lerly reognised. Item No. Corret Answer Item No. Corret Answer 26 hzrdous 36 enountered 27 epted 37 distinguish 28 ssemled 38 lim 29 dispensing 39 resemlne 30 notion 40 rvings 31 mriner 41 plusile 32 unontested 42 ssumed 33 estlished 43 hllenged 34 unerthed 44 proponents 35 onlusive 45 prompting