ENERGY STORAGE: THE CASE FOR HYDROGEN I-SEE, BATH 13 TH NOV 2012
ENERGY STORAGE: THE CASE FOR HYDROGEN I-SEE, BATH 13 TH NOV 2012 Contents The need The Principles of Energy Storage The Principles of Grid Balancing Rapid Response Electrolysis Hydrogen Energy Storage Hydrogen: The perfect fuel Why Hydrogen Vehicles? Hydrogen Infrastructure Roll Out Major UK Projects
UK WIND GERMAN WIND Germany's wind power chaos should be a warning to the UK 3,500 turbines in the UK produced 4GW (8%) 23,500 turbines in Germany produced 31GW (27%) 25 th May 2012 Germany generated 22.4GW PV (30%) On Friday, September 14, just before 10am, Britain s 3,500 wind turbines broke all records by briefly supplying just over four gigawatts (GW) of electricity to the national grid. Three hours later, in Germany, that country s 23,000 wind turbines and millions of solar panels similarly achieved an unprecedented output of 31GW. But the responses to these events in the two countries could not have been in starker contrast. ENERGY STORAGE: THE NEED HYDROGEN ENERGY SYSTEMS
GROWING WIND GENERATION IN THE UK 2011: 6,488 MW wind capacity 15,500 GWh wind production (DUKES 2012) 0.5% of wind was subject to constraint payments 2011 75MWh 16m 21p/kWh (full yr) 2012 85MWh 17m 20p/kWh (to Sept, significant winter months not yet included) ENERGY STORAGE: THE NEED HYDROGEN ENERGY SYSTEMS
GROWING WIND GENERATION Evidence from Germany and Denmark Problems start at 20% capacity; UK hits threshold from 2013 Problems start at 8% energy; UK at 7.5% in Sept 2012 20% of peak capacity (60GW) in Winter 20% of peak capacity (40GW) in Summer ENERGY STORAGE: THE NEED HYDROGEN ENERGY SYSTEMS
WIND FARM CONSTRAINT PAYMENT ANALYSIS 82 onshore & offshore wind farms in NETA 18 wind farms received payments to-date Price varies by10x from 9 to 99p/kWh Range of windfarm sizes from 20 to 314 MW 2011 75MWh 15.8m 21p/kWh http://www.bwea.com/ukwed/operational.asp http://www.bmreports.com/bsp/staticdata/powerparkmodules.xls Windfarm Size (MW) Owner Payments MWh Ave Price Hadyard Hill 119 SSE 2,150,052 14,443 149 Farr Unit 1 45 npower 2,803,487 13,393 209 Whitelee 314 ScottishPower 1,759,043 9,961 177 Beinn Tharsuinn 28 ScottishPower 1,270,086 8,328 153 Farr Unit 2 47 npower 1,617,080 7,520 215 Kilbraur 1 48 Falck 2,285,641 7,115 321 Millennium 1 50 Falck 1,361,314 4,455 306 Black Law 122 ScottishPower 584,443 3,272 179 Gordonbush 68 SSE 141,528 1,436 99 Crystal Rig II 138 Fred Olsen 1,267,850 1,279 991 Minsca 35 Infinis 118,660 1,047 113 Toddleburn 28 SSE 105,958 712 149 Dalswinton 31 Infinis 72,371 686 106 Edinbane 42 Vattenfall 57,860 598 97 An Suidhe 1 20 npower 113,946 564 202 Dunlaw Extension 29 ScottishPower 15,680 166 94 Arecleoch 114 ScottishPower 24,583 138 179 Mark Hill 84 ScottishPower 11,378 121 94 Total 15,749,582 75,113 209.68 ENERGY STORAGE: THE NEED HYDROGEN ENERGY SYSTEMS
MARKETS SIZE IRR to 30% Many $50bn Adoption follows RE 20% capacity threshold STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES MARKETS SIZE
ENERGY STORAGE POWER IN OUT SECTOR EXPORT
UK ELECTRICITY DEMAND Demand varies daily, weekly, seasonally: Winter Peak is 60GW Base Load Mid Merit Peaking Plant ENERGY STORAGE: THE NEED HYDROGEN ENERGY SYSTEMS
LOAD DURATION Data from National Grid Peak Mid-merit Base load ENERGY STORAGE: THE NEED HYDROGEN ENERGY SYSTEMS
POWER IN POWER OUT ENERGY STORAGE Shifting the peaks to fill the troughs: Turns mid merit in base load Reduces the need for peaking Increases system efficiency Day night arbitrage! ENERGY STORAGE: THE NEED HYDROGEN ENERGY SYSTEMS
RATIONALE FOR POWER IN POWER OUT ES Shifting the peaks to fill the troughs: Turns mid merit in base load Reduces the need for peaking Increases system efficiency Day night arbitrage! 3p to 14p The Balancing Mechanism Reporting System (BMRS) The BMRS website provides near real time and historic data about the Balancing Mechanism which is used by the National Grid (System Operator) as a means of balancing power flows on to and off the electricity Transmission System in the UK. 160 Half Hourly Prices on 24/03/09 Source: BMRS website 140 120 100 80 /MWhr 60 40 20 Data from National Grid 0 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 ENERGY STORAGE: THE NEED HYDROGEN ENERGY SYSTEMS
SECTOR EXPORT ENERGY STORAGE Exporting excess power Operating a DSM load Need 1 second response Balance supply demand Add wind? ENERGY STORAGE: THE NEED HYDROGEN ENERGY SYSTEMS
GRID BALANCING FREQUENCY SUPPLY SIDE DEMAND SIDE
POWER GRID Mechanical Inertia Dynamic Coupling 3000 rpm 50Hz Power Frequency shedding Max 4% swing 48Hz 52Hz Obligation average 50Hz in 1hour POWER GRID OPERATION MECHANICAL INERTIA
BALANCING SUPPLY AND DEMAND: SECOND BY SECOND THE NEED: GRID BALANCING
BALANCING SUPPLY AND DEMAND: SECOND BY SECOND Dynamic Rising Frequency Falling Frequency Supply Side Balancing Action Turn OFF a generator Turn ON a generator Demand Side Balancing Action Turn ON a load Turn OFF a load THE NEED: GRID BALANCING
BALANCING SUPPLY AND DEMAND: DIFFICULT TO IMPLEMENT ON THE SUPPLY SIDE THE NEED: GRID BALANCING
DSM: ELECTROLYSIS Energy storage by DSM hydrogen production Modular, scalable and rapid response (1 second) High conversion efficiency Ability to accommodate intermittent input Separates power from energy RAPID RESPONSE ELECTROLYSIS
RAPID RESPONSE PRIMARY SECONDARY RESERVE
PRIMARY VS SECONDARY RESPONSE RAPID RESPONSE ELECTROLYSIS
NATIONAL GRID: PAYMENT STRUCTURE Four Grid Balancing Payment Tariffs: Short Term Operating Reserve (STOR) Fast Reserve Firm Frequency Response Frequency Control by Demand Management RAPID RESPONSE ELECTROLYSIS
Secondary Primary Duration BALANCING SERVICES SUPPLY SIDE PAYMENTS 4 h 2 h Frequency Response Short Term Operating Reserve 30 m 15 m Fast reserve 30 s ~1 s 30 s 2 m 1h 4h Response time RAPID RESPONSE ELECTROLYSIS
Secondary Primary Duration BALANCING SERVICES DEMAND SIDE PAYMENTS 4 h 2 h Frequency Control by Demand Management (FCDM) Short Term Operating Reserve 30 m 30 s ~1 s 30 s 1h 4h Response time RAPID RESPONSE ELECTROLYSIS
Capacity CAPACITY DELIVERY PAYMENTS 50 MW Frequency Response Fast reserve 10 MW Short Term Operating Reserve 3 MW 1 MW FCDM Load Aggregation ~1 s 30 s 2 m 1h 4h Response time RAPID RESPONSE ELECTROLYSIS
FREQUENCY CONTROL BY DEMAND MANAGEMENT (FCDM) Deliver in less than 2 seconds Maintain demand reduction increase for at least 30mins Demand greater than 3MW; which may be achieved by aggregating a number of small loads Have a suitable operational metering Provide output signal into National Grid s monitoring equipment RAPID RESPONSE ELECTROLYSIS
HYDROGEN ENERGY STORAGE POWER TO GAS HYBRIDS LEGISLATION
POWER TO GAS: RATIONALE POWER TO GAS: RATIONALE
MW RAPID RESPONSE PEM ELECTROLYSIS 60kW 24hrs 25kg/day Stack On Off 0-100% in1 Second Up to 80bar self pressurising 1MW in 20ft container 360 kw Unit POWER TO GAS ENERGY STORAGE
ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES ENERGY STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES
ELECTROCHEMICAL STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES Regone Plot: Supercapacitors Batteries Hydrogen Ultra and Super Caps Batteries Fuel Cells STORAGE TECHNOLOGIES REGONE PLOT ELECTROCHEMICAL TECHNOLOGIES
ENERGY STORAGE HYBRID SYSTEM Battery Transport Fuel Gas Grid Injection Battery Up to 2hrs HFuel Up to days (determined by tank size) Hinject Continuous HYBRID SYSTEM
GAS GRID FUEL INFRASTRUCTURE POWER GRID UK GAS FUEL POWER
GERMAN POWER TO GAS SCHEMES POWER TO GAS
EU Hydrogen Limits for Injection into the HP Gas Grid Covered by a range of local laws and EU Directives Note: interpretation of these rules is complex Sweden France Germany Belgium UK Switzerland Holland Austria 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% 11% 12% Volume / Molar Percent 0% 0.2% 0.4% 0.6% 0.8% 1.0% 1.2% 1.4% 1.6% 1.8% 2% Mass Percent POWER TO GAS ENERGY STORAGE
POWER TO GAS The TSB funded GridGas study Opportunity analysis Compliance of gas injection Rapid response electrolysis Gas mixing Location of stranded gas assets in the UK Potential in Scotland Website: www.gridgas.co.uk Compliance Stranded Grids Installation Deployment Deployment Deployment POWER TO GAS
PERFECT FUEL HYDROGEN ENERGY STORAGE HYDROGEN TRANSPORT FUEL
Diesel Equivalent EU 2015 Target 1= 1.25 HFUEL COSTS TODAY
ECOISLAND Hydrogen Energy Storage Smart Grid 2.4m TSB grant ( 1.3m direct to ITM) First installation 100kg/day refueller Fleet of 20 vehicles Hydrogen balancing supply and demand Revenue stream from hydrogen sales Power & Vehicles Control System Intelligence Wireless Vehicles Vehicles ECOISLAND
WHY HYDROGEN BEV PHEV FCEV
WHAT IS A HYDROGEN VEHICLE? WHY HYDROGEN VEHICLES?
WHY HYDROGEN VEHICLES?
WHY HYDROGEN VEHICLES?
WHY HYDROGEN VEHICLES?
WHY HYDROGEN VEHICLES?
H 2 ROLL OUT H 2 MOBILITY: FUEL CELL CARS INFRASTRUCTURE
FUEL CELL CARS: RACE TO MARKET Hyundai ix35 FCEV Daimler F-Cell Honda Clarity Toyota FCV-R 2012/13 2014 2015 2015 GM Opel HydroGen4 Nissan X-TRAIL FCV VW HyMotion Ford Explorer FC SUV 2015 2015 2015 2015 Audi A2H2 Daihatsu FCHV Mini MPV Mazda 5 Premacy Renault Scenic ZEV H2 2015 2015 2015 2015 FUEL CELL CARS VEHICLES ROLL OUT
FUEL CELL CARS: RACE TO MARKET 1,000 production Hyundai FCEV in 2012; 10,000 per year from 2013 FUEL CELL CARS VEHICLES ROLL OUT
NATIONAL H 2 MOBILITY INITIATIVES The development of a national hydrogen plan 2009: Led by Germany and South Korea 2011: Japan and UK intention to follow 2012: Denmark and France getting going INFRASTRUCTURE ROLL OUT VEHICLES ROLL OUT
H 2 MOBILITY: GERMANY Hydrogen Infrastructure; Pike Research; Dec 2011 Entering the German market Phil Doran appointed MD TUV SUD expert report First permit to operate in Germany Passed Passed Ongoing Completed H 2 MOBILITY: GERMANY
UK H2MOBILITY The development of a national hydrogen plan To determine the infrastructure investment required 4 Gas companies 6 Automotive OEM s DECC BIS DfT UK intention to follow Germany INFRASTRUCTURE ROLL OUT
UK H2MOBILITY The Technology Strategy Board 9m investment Air Products: London Heathrow BOC Linde: Swindon SSE/BOC: Aberdeen ITM Power: EcoIsland (Isle of Wight) Dunsford Park: Dunsford Park Ten on the map Five new HRS funded UKH 2 Mobility next UK INFRASTRUCTURE ROLL OUT
ENERGY STORAGE: THE CASE FOR HYDROGEN I-SEE, BATH 13 TH NOV 2012 Summary: Vehicles: Fuel cells are the highest efficiency motor known The vehicles achieve 3 min refuel and 400 miles range The energy can be exported from the grid by power companies not consumers Fuel: Can be made from renewables and provides renewable energy storage Rapid response electrolysis provides grid balancing services Can be made on-site at a lower cost than petrol Provides fuel security
ENERGY STORAGE: THE CASE FOR HYDROGEN I-SEE, BATH 13 TH NOV 2012