Eco-Efficient Economy in Sweden

Transcription

1 Eco-Efficient Economy in Sweden Warsaw, September 2010 Gunnar Haglund Embassy of Sweden, Warsaw

2 The Oil Crisis in Today Sweden is almost completely independent of oil, gas and coal imports for the production of heat and electricity (apart from transports). - How did it happen? Sweden doesn t have any oil, gas or coal supplies of its own...

3 Energy Saving and Energy Efficiency in Sweden GNP Index 1980 = End use of energy 60 Energy/GNP = higher efficiency 1980r. 2006r. The cheapest energy is the energy never produced nor used!

4 Geothermal energy Heat pumps Industrial waste heat -50% District Heating Network Heat Market Waste-to-energy 50% of the heat in Sweden The key in Sweden is the District Heating Network that enables secure, predictable and efficient distribution of heat and the usage of different kinds of waste heat! Fossil fuels for extreme circumstances Combined Heat and Power on biomass -85% CO 2 since 1981

5 Winter in Stockholm without chimney smoke

6 Fossil fuels Municipal waste Other: Biofuels, Industrial heat waste, electricity, geothermal energy, peat etc. 50 % of the heat in Poland % Fuels used for the production of heat for the district heating network and electricity in cogeneration in 2005 The size of the circles corresponds to the total fuel usage Source: Swedish Waste Managment and Euroheat and Power (2007)

7 Fuel usage in the Swedish District Heating network 1981 Σ 27 TWh Oil 84% Coal 3% Municipal waste 5% Industrial heat waste3% Other 5% Olej opałowy 84% Węgiel 3% Odpady komunalne 5% Ciepło odpad. przem. 3% Pozostałe 5% 2006 Σ 47,5 TWh 50% of the heat used in Sweden! Forest residue 29% Odpady drzewne 29% Biomass pellets, brickets etc 8% Uszlachętniona biomasa 8% Industrial wood waste 3% Przemysłowe odpady drewne 3% Olej sosnowy 1% Pine oil 1% Pozostałe odpady drewne 7% Other wood residues 7% Odpady komunalne 15% Gorąca woda 1% Municipal waste 15% Pompy ciepła 9% Hot water 1% Energia elektryczna 1% Heat pumps 9% Ciepło odpadowe przemysłowe 7% Electricity 1% Gaz resztkowy 1% Industrial heat Heat waste7% Torf 4% Rest gas 1% Peat 4% Natural gas 4% Oil 6% Coal 4%

8 Incinerator Industrial Heat Waste Approx. 70 installations in Sweden Heat Exchanger Industrial heat waste from Kvarnsveden paper mill and SSAB/Domnarvet steel mill constitutes 70% of the heat in the District Heating network in Borlänge inhabitants

9 Industrial heat waste <10% of the heat in the District Heating network!

10 Fuel usage in the Swedish District Heating network 1981 Σ 27 TWh Oil 84% Coal 3% Municipal waste 5% Industrial heat waste3% Other 5% Olej opałowy 84% Węgiel 3% Odpady komunalne 5% Ciepło odpad. przem. 3% Pozostałe 5% 2006 Σ 47,5 TWh 50% of the heat used in Sweden! Forest residue 29% Odpady drzewne 29% Biomass pellets, brickets etc 8% Uszlachętniona biomasa 8% Industrial wood waste 3% Przemysłowe odpady drewne 3% Olej sosnowy 1% Pine oil 1% Pozostałe odpady drewne 7% Other wood residues 7% Odpady komunalne 15% Gorąca woda 1% Municipal waste 15% Pompy ciepła 9% Hot water 1% Energia elektryczna 1% Heat pumps Pumps 9% Ciepło odpadowe przemysłowe 7% Electricity 1% Gaz resztkowy 1% Industrial heat waste7% Torf 4% Rest gas 1% Peat 4% Natural gas 4% Oil 6% Coal 4%

11 Swedish Waste Water Treatment Plants Energy from treated waste water Heat Production: GWh Öresundsverket, Helsingborg

12 Energy from waste water in Stockholm Hammarby Heat pumps Henriksdal Waste Water Treatment Plant

13 Hammarbyverket in Stockhiolm Treated Waste Water: o C Outlet: + 1 o C

14 Hammarbyverket 4 pompy ciepła District Heating District Cooling Using 1 kwh of electricity in the heat pump we get 3-4 kwh of heat and 2 kwh of cooling.

15 Heat pumps <10% of the heat in the District Heating network!

16 Fuel usage in the Swedish Forest residue 29% District Heating network Odpady drzewne 29% 1981 Σ 27 TWh Oil 84% Coal 3% Municipal waste 5% Industrial heat waste3% Other 5% Olej opałowy 84% Węgiel 3% Odpady komunalne 5% Ciepło odpad. przem. 3% Pozostałe 5% 2006 Σ 47,5 TWh 50% of the heat used in Sweden! Biomass pellets, Uszlachętniona biomasa brickets etc. 8% 8% Industrial wood waste 3% Przemysłowe odpady drewne 3% Olej sosnowy 1% Pine oil 1% Pozostałe odpady drewne 7% Other wood residues 7% Odpady komunalne 15% Gorąca woda 1% Municipal waste 15% Pompy ciepła 9% Hot water 1% Energia elektryczna 1% Heat pumps 9% Ciepło odpadowe przemysłowe 7% Electricity 1% Gaz resztkowy 1% Industrial heat waste7% Torf 4% Rest gas 1% Peat 4% Natural gas 4% Oil 6% Coal 4%

17 325 GWh heat 70 GWh electricity <50% Town of Kristianstad Municipality of Kristianstad

18 Igelstaverket close to Stockholm Towns: Södertälje-Botkyrka-Huddinge-Salem inhabitants 2500 GWh heat 550 GWh electricity

19 Biomass from forest residues and energy crops Salix Polska Szwecja Forest / million hectares 9,2 27,0 Wood take out in million m3 32,0 62,0 Inhabitants in millions 38,5 9,0 Arable land is 6 times bigger in Poland! Mozga trzcinowata

20 2 million hectares Approx. 25 TWh of electricity Approx. 80 TWh heat Willow, energy crops Heavy metals

21 Forest residues <50% of the heat in the District Heating network!

22 Fuel usage in the Swedish District Heating network 1981 Σ 27 TWh Oil 84% Coal 3% Municipal waste 5% Industrial heat waste3% Other 5% Olej opałowy 84% Węgiel 3% Odpady komunalne 5% Ciepło odpad. przem. 3% Pozostałe 5% 2006 Σ 47,5 TWh 50% of the heat used in Sweden! Forest residue 29% Odpady drzewne 29% Biomass pellets, brickets etc 8% Uszlachętniona biomasa 8% Industrial wood waste 3% Przemysłowe odpady drewne 3% Olej sosnowy 1% Pine oil 1% Pozostałe odpady drewne 7% Other wood residues 7% Odpady komunalne 15% Gorąca woda 1% Municipal waste 15% Pompy ciepła 9% Hot water 1% Energia elektryczna 1% Heat pumps 9% Ciepło odpadowe przemysłowe 7% Electricity 1% Gaz resztkowy 1% Industrial heat waste7% Torf 4% Rest gas 1% Peat 4% Natural gas 4% Oil 6% Coal 4%

23 The lesser waste the better, but... Municipal waste in Sweden in ton of household waste Each Swede produces 511 kg of waste per year 3% deposited ( ton), and 97% recycled... 1% - hazardous waste ( ton) 35% - material recycling ( ton) packages (metal, glass, plastics, paper), makulatura, metal, electric and electronic waste 12,5% - organic waste biologically processed ( ton) 48,5% - waste-to-energy (incineration) ( ton)

24 So what do the Swedes really do with their waste!?? We sort them at the source!

25 Packages with a fee are collected in the shops 33 cl - 25 gr 50 cl - 35 gr 20 gr duży 80 gr mały 40 gr 11 zł 9 zł

26 5800 Recycling Stations for packages and paper with service personnel The producers are responsible for packages The stations are situated where people live or close to supermarkets Batteries Hard plastics Metal packages Colored glass Glass Paper packages Newspapers, periodicals, handouts

27 A complement: sorting closer home Owners and housing associations organize

28 650 Recycling Centers for bulkywaste, hazardous waste, and electric and electronic waste (WEEE) with service personnel Bulky waste: furniture, toys, bicycles, children s carriers, garden waste etc. Everyone brings his waste on his own, with his car ton of waste in 2008, i.e. 154 kg per person 5,3 million visits to the Recycling Centers in 2008

29 Furniture Refrigerators etc. Soil, stones, concrete TVs, computers Hazardous waste Scrap metal Car batteries Wood Glass Tires Wood Light bulbs etc. Newspapers Carton Asbest For incineration Plastics, metal, carton Not for incineration Not for incineration Scrap metal For incineration Wood Exit Entrance Recycling Center in Linköping

30 The rest of the waste is either incinerated or processed biologically The rest of the waste is collected at home or in the apartment blocks Most of this waste is incinerated making use of the energy content (48,5%). In this case the mixed waste is collected in one bag More and more (12,5%) waste is processed biologically. In this case the sorted waste is collected at the source in two bags: one for the biological fraction, a second one for the rest of the waste that is incinerated. Approx. 46 % of the municipalities (133 of 290) has a system for collecting biological waste at the source. Approx. 31 % of the municipalities (90 z 290) are preparing such a system. Goal of the Parliament = 35%, average result = 20%, the best municipality = 40%

31 Waste collection 3 Collection either with - garbage trucks or - underground, stationary, vacuum systems Source: ENVAC Water, sewage, electricity and heat are transported underground... Why not also waste? - Silently, cleanly, and worker friendly!

32 Högdalen waste incineration plant in Stockholm Waste incineration produces heat and electricity Efficient flue gas emission cleaning

33 Prime Minister Parlament Royal Palace Waste Water Treatment Plant Heat Pump Installation Incineration Plant

34 Waste delivery

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37 What does a waste incineration plant look like? Waste-to-energy plant in Linköping

38 What does a waste incineration plant look like?

39 Flue gas condensation E.ON Mälarvärme AB, Örebro, Sweden

40 1. Why is a Swedish waste-to-energy plant profitable? Energetically 1 ton of coal = 2 tons of waste 1 ton of coal = - 60 euro 2 tons of waste = +44 euro Difference = 104 euro

41 1. Why is a Swedish waste-to-energy plant profitable? Production of electricity and heat, used in the District Heating network Hot water 20-30% Power Plant Electricity 31% Combined Heat and Power Plant Prąd Electricity 31% 31% Opłata Gate fee 26% 26% Gate fee 69% Electricity Prąd 31% 3m Gate Opłata fee 69 69% The Gate Fee is about 2,5 times higher Ciepło Heat 34% 34% Ciepło Heat 8% 8% Kondensat Condensate 1% 1% Steam for industrial purposes, e.g. absorption heat pump => cooling Building material

42 Out of the 512 kg of municipal waste that the average Swede produces every year only 20 kg is put on landfill 31 W2E Plants 20 kg Stockholm 15% of the heat Göteborg 30% of the heat Malmö 60% of the heat

43 Municipal waste >15% of the heat in the District Heating network!

44 Approx. 80% of the heat in the Swedish District Heating network, that is, about 40% of all heat is generated from energy sources that are not used in other countries or even literally wasted.

45 Swedish conclusions 1 Energy supply in Sweden has become more secure and independent. Mentioned energy sources are economic and profitable (in Sweden). They cut costs and boost competitiveness. Heat + Electricity = Co-generation/Combined Heat and Power The value of the waste equals at least the value of the energy generated from the waste.

46 Outcome assessment: Comparison between costs for fuel oil and district heating Heat cost, SEK/MWh Sweden: Comparison between heat costs from use of A: Light fuel oil (incl taxes, excl VAT, and 80 % conversion efficiency) and B: National average district heat price (in the cost level of 2009) A3: Additional heat cost from the carbon dioxide tax for fuel oil A2: Additional heat cost for energy tax for fuel oil A1: Heat cost for imported light fuel oil B: National effective average district heat price according to Statistics Sweden 46

47 Swedish conclusions 2 Municipalities with up to inhabitants should invest in Heat Plants fueled with biomass. Municipalities with do inhabitants should invest in Combined Heat and Power plants fueled with biomass. Municipal waste should be utilized in municipalities with more than inhabitants plus biomass.

48 District Heating in Sweden Functions in 570 cities, towns and villages Creates local employment Local self-sufficiency: 100% heat, and 60% electricity (70-80% in winter) Local production, local energy distribution

49 Biogas from municipal waste Sweden has a very small gas net, that s why bio-methane is used for municipal vehicles. In cities like Borås, Helsingborg, Linköping and Västerås (with about inhabitants each) all buses and garbage trucks are fueled with such biogas. We get energy in the same time as we solve an environmental problem. Source: NSR

50 Swedish waste water treatment plants Energy from waste water Energy production: GWh - Heat Biogas 600 Total energy usage: 930 GWh - Electricity Other 300 Öresundsverket, Helsingborg The average Swedish waste water treatment plant produces 3 times more energy than it uses

51 Don t waste the waste Biogas! The Swedish experience Use the biological waste from within a radius of 50 km. Build larger installations for at least 50,000 ton s of substrate, with an energy potential of at least 1 MW of electricity and more than 1 MW of heat. Produce electricity and commercially use the waste heat in the district heating network.

52 Mix all kinds of substrates! The biological fraction of the household waste Waste from the fruit and garden industry Waste from dairies and slaughterhouses Waste from supermarkets: Best before Biological waste from restaurants, schools, hospitals etc. All kinds of biological waste from the agricultural sector Manure cows, pigs, chickens etc. Municipal and industrial waste water sludge The owner of the waste must pay for disposing of the waste. This makes the production of biogas from waste much cheaper than the production of biogas from grown substrates. You have to pay the farmer, who of course could grow and sell something else.

53 Geothermal energy Heat pumps Industrial waste heat District Heating Network Heat Market Waste-to-energy 50% of the heat in Sweden Biogas Fossil fuels, Maksymalne obciazenie Gas net Combined Heat and Power on biomass Transport

54 Share of bioenergy, GNP and emissions of CO 2 Index in Sweden Bioenergy +79 % Have these solutions been bad for Sweden? GNP +48% CO 2 -emissions -9% Rok

55 The conditions in Poland are great! 1. District Heating network and gas net 2. Big population = lots of waste 3. Big agricultural sector = lots of waste 4. A lot of land for growing energy crops