ECUADOR.. Today JUNE DECLASSIF'IED. Totalitarian.Activities FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE II ';

Transcription

1 f _..., '. ' Totalitarian.Activities ECUADOR... DECLASSIF'IED Today E.~ , Sec. 5(E)(2) Justice Dept. letter, 9:219-{~75 By DBS, NLR, Date AUG ~ II '; ~ JUNE. ' FEDERAL BUREAU OF INVESTIGATION UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE J. EDGAR HOOVER, DIRECTOR ~

2 ' I TABLE OF CONTEN1S...._ INTRODUCTION l G'EX><lRAPIIICAI.t FEA.Tt.JR.E:) 2 Location and Area ~s- Galapagos Islanda- Bays - Princi..,al Ci~, SOCIAL.. 7 Racial Groups and Population - Religion - Language Educa~ion - Costs of Livinc - Housing Facilities - Public Health :f().litic.al.- ll Background - Goverrunent - Present Partiea and Leaders - Attempted Revol11tion uelled 1RKED FORCES l$ Army - Officers - Navy - National Police - Conflict Between the President and the Army - Officers. " ECONO)rrC l9 Public Finance - Industry and Production - Foreign Debt Monetary Exchll1\8e - Banld.ng - Manufacturing - Foreign Trade - Imports - Exports - Freezing Funds -.Powers Granted to the Ecuadorian President - Transportation and Communication ~ERU-ECUADOR BORDER DISPUTE 27 IntrOduction - Background - Rio Conference, January, 1942 Subversive Activities - Military and Naval Defense - - StatllS of Non-Bel:ligerents - Representatives of Ecuador at the Rio de Janeiro Conference TOTALITARIAN ACTIVITIES ~ 37 Foreign-BOrn Population of Totalitarian Countries GEOPOLITICAL THEORY IN REGARD TO SOU~ AMERICA'39 the Theory of Haushofer - Hauahofer Plan of Operation Oerman-Ibero-American Institute - Bridgehead 'nleory- Faupel vs. Haushofer. G~UUJ ACTIVITIES 4l Background luslands ORGANIZATIOH 42 Gestapo- Diplomats - National Socialist Oe.rman Workers Party - Geihaime Staatspolizei (Gestapo} - "Sociedad Equatoriana de Transportee Aereoe - s.ct.ion Tewters -

3 ... ~ II lleaberahip o the Nasi Part;r - Actirttiee.of Hasi """., ~--._.., - Agents - German Club - Colecio Aleman,. German K1l.1 tar;r 1'rainlng - Gerll8n Press Propaganda - Nazi Payroll - German EeonOIIIic In.tluence - Motion Pictures National Defense Zones '- Sabotage - Clandestine Radio Stations PROIIDIEIIT AND DANGEROUS NAZIS WHO HAVE LEFT ECUADOR ; S4 PRCilaHENT AND DANGEROUS NAZIS STILL IN ECUADOR $9 Ind!V!d\iils iii Fiigithe Status on S111ng Date - Indinduals Protected iran Eltpulsion because of ~ lfarriage to an Ecuadorian - Other Possible Undesirables whom the Rule of Marriage "!lill Protect - Other Individuals whose Expulsion 110uld be Desirable ITALIAN ACTIVITIES 64 ftaban llilltar;r IH.ssion - Members of the IH.asion - Diplomats JAPANESE ACTIVITIES 67 Agents - Compania Minero Petrolera del Pacifico, s. A. - Japanese-Nazi. Collaboration - Diplomats - Public Opinion Action Taken b;r the Ecuadorian Government SPANISH ACTIVITIES 472 Spanuh Falange - Purpose - Activities - The Falange in Ecuador - Spanish Pedagogic liission - Inauguration of Radio Station - Pro-Totalitarian Propaganda - Falangist Leaders F'REE SPAN'ISH IIO'V!Ml!JIT,,,, 80 FRENCH ACTIVITIES 81 Diplomats - Attitude of Former IH.nister Jean Dobler Comite France-Amerique - Vich;r French Agents FREE FRENCH 8) Leaders ot the Free French Movement - Inte~Allied Committee - Purpos~ COIIDIUNIST ACTIVI'rl.ES f. 85 Inti-Fascist Demonstrations - The Fourth International - International Colonization ComMittee ~Cl LIST. 88 The Proc11-ed List ot Certain Blocked Nationals aa of April ll, 1942 ACTION TAKEN BY ECUADOR AGAINST THE AXIS POWERS 95

4 nr ~ BackgrollDii - lfe&6llre& taken b;r Ecuad.or since Dece Oer 1, Variations between!.uta and Departures - Procedure of m.barkation - Se111nga on Etolin, Oaqaquil, J.prll Sailings on "Acadia," J.pribl7, ~ - NUilerical Tabulation of Persons Leanng Ecudor... Sa111ngs on Second Voyage of the "Acadia", Guayaquil, Jla;r B, 1942 SURVI! OF PRESENT SITUATION :.,,,,,,,,,ll2 --- APPEllDlX OF CHARTS ;!. ~ ll.ji..- INDEX. lls

5 JOHN EDGAR HOOVER. DI... CTOR ~~ral 8ur~au of lnu.ntigation Jlnibll ~atellepartment of Ju.tin ujjington, II.«. IN"l'RROOCTION.. -- In evaluating the importance ot. l.cuador to the war e.t'tort ot the United Natione it must be borne in mind that Ecuador haa been aeriouaq nea:lected. in the put, which can undoubtedq be attributed to her turwl.mt political h1sto17 and her reeultant l&clc ot eneourapa~~~nt to torei 11 capital. Since the inception of the latest world t.zou&&l ehe hu 'oeocae c:t.tenei"nq 110re impoz"tant, and 1110re attracti"n to toreicn inveet.mnt., althoucb rel&tiftq spealdng with regard to her almoet wholq und..,.loped natural NIOUl"'el 1 ehe ie poilentially one ot the riche1t nat1one in South AID4r1ca. The United. Statee previ.oue ditti<mnt attitude haa made doubq difficult the tuk ot displacing the innuence of the German and Italian 1111rohanta and bueinees 1111n who haye settled in the countz7, established bueineeses, and beo01111 prominent in ooiiiiiiunity Ute. Honver, aa a reeult of the pureuanoe of the "Good Neiahbor" Policy, anc1 the ettorte eurted by the United. Hatione to rid Ecuador o! the 1'otalitari.ln menace, onl a ekeleton torce of Axie qenta riiiiaine eince the expullion of Axie national durine the 110nth of April, The tol.lawing point. mq be oonlidered u the reaaone tor the Uni.tecl State' recently aalcened intereet in our eouthern neighbort l. loua4or's aeoeraphieal location JUkes it etrate &ioalq of pr1llaz7 11rportanoe to the c:t.feue of the Pani'M Canal. 'l'be o.ejap.,.,_ Iel&nde, 111hioh belq to "Ecuador, are looatecl approximateq nat ot the Panaa Canal., and 600 lllilee northnst of the nearelt point on the louadorian oout. Thee illande could be used. u a eea and air bue tor an attack on the Canal. by an enem,y power, but tbej" could l1lcewiee be used aa a base by the United States tor the protection of the Canal Zone, parte ot Central America, oand the north cout of South Allllrica. 2. The Ecuadorian mainland ia of illportanoe tr0111 a a1lit&17 "t'inpo1nt, beoauee of it. prox1jait7 to the Panllll& Canal. Ita desolate unprotected coastline is an inn tation to the en-,y to establilh a be~ud within bombi.na diatanoe of the Canal and to establlah hidden eu'lllarine tuellng baaea. ). Ecuador ie an qricul tural country 1 but 1 t haa creat potentialllineral waltb, which makes it imperative that Ecuador be protected from tallini into the hands _of a f oreign en~ power. '

6 REPUBLIC OF ECUADOR AREA COMPARISON Map compares size of Ecuador with that of NtfiP Mexico II CHART "A"

7 -2-4. fte Un:1tecl states hu approtitlat.el.t,ui~;ooo inves&d in Ecuador. ' The larger part or this investmeritis 1n the " ~th American Develo~nt Company, 'llhich operates the only act'i ve gold-producing mine in the.c ountry. The remai nctoar of tbia- capital is,invested 1n oil, coffee, and bananas. Location and Area OEOOF.APHICAL FEATURES l Bcuador lin on the northwest coast of South America, Cld 1a bounded on the nat by the Pacific Ocean, on the north by Coloab:ta, and on the northeast, east, and south by Peru. Its exact area has oet6i been accurately measured. lfa:x1nmm PeruVian ola1w credit Ecuador with only 116,000 square miles of territory, while maxiw1m Ecuadorian claims give this oountl7 337,000 square lllilea. A sur.,.,. of tlw new Pen-Ecuador ~dary as set forth by the Rio de Janeiro Protocol I!Wit be oompleted before the official bo\uldar7. ia decided upon. It is eat!llated that Ecuador now consists of 125',000 square ailea of t.rrl.tory. In addition, the Gal~a Ial&1da, with an area of 3,628 square llilea_, bel ona to Ecuador.. ~ Ecuador is divides! from north to a011th by two parallel ranges of the Andes. BetWeen these eastern and western 11 oord1l.leras" lie~ valleys. The two r&n~ee are joined by ei&ht tranavern rangq of hills, mown as "nudos," between which are ~ins drained b,y r i ven 1ibicb ul.tilla~ wind their wa.y through the higher ranges. Ecuador is. divided into three distinct popoaphicaj: regionar. l. The hot coastal lowlands, about 425' miles in length, and about 62 ailee in. width. 'nle t.peratin-e here rqea from 60 dapoeea Farenheit to 89 degrees Farenheit. 'nle averqe rainfall is 44.5' inches per year. Tropical products, aruch aa bananu, ~n~&&r, cacao, etc. are cuj.tivated in this region. 2. 'nle highlands, or Sierra, ie tbf,t sector of 1110untaina and valleys which rise trom t he hot coastal pl.llin to m altitude of floclll 8,000 to 10,000 teet, exclusive of the higher peaks. ~ruo, the~ eat, reaches '76 feet. 'nle te.perature 1D the Cctral Valley "111Z'ies very little f'ral 5'7 degrees Farenheit. 'nle valley bm u annual rainfall of 5'8 inches. I ' 3. The Oriente, or Amason lowland8, ie a country alaost uninhabited except by Indiana. Ita clilllate ia "aillilar to that of the coastal lowlands. Ecuador recently lost 110et of thie terri tory to Peru by the Protocol signed at Ri de Janeiro on January 29, In lddi.tiod to Cb1wboruo, otber...:1.1-kun-a ata1n pmka ant ~ feetj Pichincha, 15',918 feetj Antieana, ~715' feet1 Cotopaxi, l9,6l3 reet; Il1nisa, l7,u0s feetj and Sang~, 17, feet. t

8 '..... REPUBLIC OF ECUADOR -~ -~ PHYSICAL FEATURES... CHART "B" Fl

9 \ 'V - The rivera tlowin& throu&h El OriaDte in t.ni' l~on Buill 'c-e ~ moat iwportant. 1n Ecuador. 'l'be l&rpat o! theae an the x.po, the Curar~", ft&re, Putua, Yorona, Paute, and Zallora..bon& thoee tlowin& to the Pa. cific from the Andes are the Mira, Eameraldaa, Chonea, Daule, and uayaa. Larpat of all 1a the R1.o Napo, whose total lqth 1a approx:111&tely 700 ~, 'he atreama o:f the Andean h1&hj,and reel~ are all torrential. and t1ow both to the Atlantic and the Pacific. The l.argeat dra1nap baain on the nctea 1a the Putua ayatem, which 11 co!apohd of the eou.tb-.flcnr1ng Patate and the north-tlolring Cbambo. 1'helcmcitwUnal val.la;r in,mich thq tlolr 11 approxiately 100 milea lon& The two atreae wd.te at th8 Aiddle o! th1l sector near Banoa (6,000 feet) to fora the Putaaa, add enr.tull7 reach the Amason. J Becauae of its lofv mountaina and the Humboldt Current, Eculdor enjojii a am-tropical c11mate in apite of the fact that it ia traversed 'b7 the equator. Since the elevation~~ of th1l count.rt extend fr<d aea l.e'nlup to 20,576 feet, the climate varies riom the tropical lowland cout ftst of the.a.rua, through the t-aperate c11mate of the Sierra, and to the frigid eu..te of the puke of Chillboruo, Cqambe, Cotopaxi, etc.. The averap t i«t&tare of the littoral between the Andes and t.he sea is floaa 82 ~greq to,84 dep'eea hzoeaheit, and the uan temperature ot Oua;1aqu1J. 1a 78 degrees!'arellheit. 'l'be tellperature falls with the increue in altitude, fr<d 79 de P""8 hrw:lbeit on the p]a1na to 43 d~s on the cord111era, at a he:l.sht of 1) f.eet. The ch7 season extends from June to No-...ber, add tbe r&1dj' aeuon lute' from December to Jia7 ~ the whole, the el1ute ils healt.jv: for the tropica. The chtie zonae mq be cl.asaweci ~.f'llo& the 1'1CTU caj.i.. enteaj Templadea (6,000 to teeth Friu (ihcj.nd1ng the uj.to Plateci)J 8Dd Nnadu (mow-capped height s ). Bcoadot' baa oal7 a fn 'al ends, the l&rpat of 11h1oh 1a tb&t of. Pima, in the nortbeut part of the ].f of ~. It u 29 m1 lu Ion&, IDd ~ 8 to l4 miles in width. The iajidd 11low IIZI4 a:u 4 1.and ita. ebozw are tridgec1 with aad banka except oo the eaat. It' ia"dea"lt wagcsed, in IIRked contrut to the oppcaite Perudfl aborw,,_ ~ H ~tl~ the veater part of the year. It baa a I>OP''tioa Ol ~ ),900, with 800 ooncc~ated in the 'rlllp of Pima at ita~ At& 'tr' Boat puote are tam cm here to make the trip to 4 ~.~ ~ uo other &landa ot arq _.ih '!;!' ~ct 1 :mcept, ot.. cour.., ~ OielApe ~- Gel!f!CO! Ifl endl t ~l" ~ Gelapal" llnda are ala known u tbe Uob'peltp ~ Ccloo, mel conei.lt ot twelft l&rp ialadda and II&D7 =Uer ialidda. ~are

10 - 4 - ~., "~ ,.',...:,it~"' :. 5~.....r' ~......_ located on the equator about 800 miles southllest of Fa.nama, and 600 mum' -' due west of the nearest point on the Ecuadorian coast. These islands were discovered by ~e. Spaniards in -t;he sixteenth centart~ but only "tbi:ee of, them have been utwmd. to any great extent, these chiefly as convict s~ 1 tiona. ' "'!!~' " ~ t) ~ The EniJ1sh names of these islands are& Albemarie, 'Irlaetat1gab1e, James, Yarborough, Charles, Cha~, Hood, Barr1ngto~, Duncan, Tower, Bfhde:. low, and Abinston- Al~le Island, largest of the islands, is 75 miles in lqth md approx1utel,1' square Diles in area... rile Shol'es of these islands are low and and, but the vegetation is 110re luxuriant in the interior. Large craters rise as high as 5,000 feet in the center of some of these 1'alanda; the craters of J.farbcirou&b are st:ul: active. The Antarctic Humboldt CUrrent keeps the temperature 'around "the Galapagos well below the equatorial average. The islands name is derived from the Spanish word 11 Galapago"" ' meaning tortoise, and refers to the giant forma which nave eyolved on the islands. '1'hey' grow to a length of tour feet or more, and weigh nearly four hundred pounds. 1'hey SOJ:Ietimlila reach an age of three lltmdrecs or four ~.. dred years, and are the oldest living animals on earth. ' The political ill!port&nc~ of the Galapagos Islands will be discussed' in another section of tb1a Slll'V8Y....,.t : ''1.. + In his ~k "Ina1~ Latitl ~ica," John Gun~er Stes 'tti~p:,t '!'J.be Galapqos group is one of.tile moat UlN811al in the ll'orld.; No Iridj,_~s- ever got there. One isl.arid, Albemarle, hu 600 1Dhab1~ CJlatb ~ ~, 1 and Indefa~gabJe about looj on Flori~ li'yes one can f~,nilmed C~, - and one German tamil;r lta1l reache._ the Galapagos about o~.~ monthj there are no shops on the islands, no newspapers, no hotel, 1!0 mone)", no radio; the people live on fruit that gr01f8 wild, g~ an4, fiah. 1laturaliata frca Dlnin to Beebe have towld it a paradise. Volcailic eraters make perfect natural harbors. l- ::. The blip of Ecuador are coilllllonl;r broad ~ta.~ona, with the exception of the Olalt of uqaqullj and the rivera diacihargipg illtioc thpm are ged~ obstructed by aand bars, 80 that the.,.., l. porta' o't the co~t do not afford ach protection to shipping. '\~.. 'I" ':t -&~ the auit of ~ is the largest on the Pacilic coaat ot. South Alleri~ Iw!IO'lt!Hs 140 miles 111de, betnen La Pun~ on t.tle "'~:.. north and CabcrBl'anco on the south, and it peoetzatea the lmd.utnnr 111th a al:!ght oune north1nlrd -et 1 ts lie~ 'ror a d18tance ot ' about ' i; ~ llinatidg ~~tbe Oaqaa ElltuaJT and R1~, on which is 'tbe 'poh; of~.,. I a!to (9,$00 teet) the capi~ of ~.dar, baa a. popul.a.t.ior] o t " '.

11 il'i" te~ 21!,000, IVld ia the oldest ca.j;al in ofbe Weatera H8111ipphm-.. ~ r--.,.. :& u ocmnected. ld.tb,- <Nqaqu:.U, at a d.ia,~ of 290 milea, b.j the ~aquil & ~to Ba:l.lliiiiY C-oalpaey, and wi.th ot&ulc, 90.,,. to ~,and Ibarra, l06 wnee -DOI'th, b;y another railroad line. - The?&,.,.., ~-conoeeta a!to ld.th Bo&ota, Col._CIIbi&_, and at the present t1ae i.t ~ bein& ~t;;nned to join t:he P1111 Jaertean ~ - in.peru..,, ;; 1.o < uito is Ia{~ aa "tba city of ehurehea.n' i t ia ihe p<)"fttic&l center of Ecuador, but in the last fn years baa poown more pro!llinent in c ee. Ita chmate is that of perpetual apr:lng, ld.th the daofa 1IVIII and the Di&hta cool. The a-yerage temperature ia S6 degrees hrellheit. ~ the raiey aeaaon, frcm December to Jilaiy, it rains almost every arternoon fer at least u holll'. The principal hotel in uito 1a the Ketropolltano. 'l'he Savoy Hotel 1a tbe ~other satisfactory hotel in thia. city. The moat suitable places to stq are the &lropean-operated penaionea, or boarding houaea. uito ia served by the Panagra Airlines, with service to Gu~aquil and other cities in Ecuador aix da;ys a week. It ia also served by All-America Cabl.ea. ~' is the chief seaport and commercial city of Ecuador 1 lyin& on e bank of the river Guayaa, approximately 35 Dd.les trom ita.auth. It is 800 llliles from Panama, from llhicb point it is served by the Grace Line, Ch11ean Line, and Dutch Line steamers. <lw'aquil 1 a population has increased within the last fn year a trom 138,000 to its present population of approximate~ 200,000. The ll&in streets of Guqaqu1l are now pated, tbe sanitation has illlproved, and the conditione of public health are satisfactory from~ to Deeeber, when the elilllate, with little or no rain and cool nights, ia moat acraeable. HoweTer, moat of Guayaquil's more fortunate citizens visit uito.or other hi&hland cities during the r~ aeuon, trcm December to Ma,Y. ~' harbor 1a 2l lcilg, with lt mil.ea of qaqa, and baa a p-eat deal to do with the town's commercial proaperiv. ~ is a part of call for all boats goinc north or south, and ia also a atoppijl&' ott place for the international planes of the Pan Alleriean-Orace ~a. Allbato lies 90 miles aouth of uito on the ~ & uito Ba:l.l~, at an al.titwli of 8,435 feet. The climte there ia t+tq41l'&te. Atabato u kddim aa "the &arden city of Ecuador, ~ such truit as atrawbeniea, peara, peamm, appl.ea, and grapes are grown there. Jabato 1a gener~ beccwtnc 1Ddutrial.ised; it baa tenile willa, fiolll' llilla, and tattneri... Ita prqent popnlation 1a approxiaa~ 21,000. J. tine road lude trc:a Atabato to pelueo, JS k:1.l.c-.tan awq, add traa there to :Bmoa, wbich 1a a...u-tnom atartiji& point of the uam region.

12 II>, " 'II> -... "', ~? _ l"'lll.~ ~ ' I ~~;. -l..., b _..;.~',! 'C.tr Riobamba 18 the' ~api ial of the provin~e of chim&raio'i r:ancr ffej 150 m;uee nor.thltaet of~ on the main illi!.to ~to, '8.~ 1 an ~tituae of feet. R1oblimba 1 s population is Its ~cipa+ u\dii&iea are the ~m&nu:tacture of liquors, 'woolen aild cotton goods~ ciarpets ~"' sh'oe!if'~ cheese, and butter. Cattle raising is carried on in the province-!!"~ quantities of qricul,t.ural produce.are shipped by rail to G~ tor e:xport. '.. - :... -s r:~o.. l. :...,. " ' 0

13 ' SOCIAL, ~.. "11 ]R'T Jq:_:r ~... r<) lo aoowatu oena hal _. beela tabb ol',... latiru Boua4or1ua popalat1oa, lblou a snat part of the~ 11 ~lored u4 1nbb1tecl 'b7 IDdiua1, wbom ~er oua maly 'be.. tmate4. JlowWer the late It ofti.ow ultmate plaou the popul&t1oa at s,zoo.ooo. Other utboritle1 quote a..,.....,..._.e troa 2,000,000 to S,&SOO.OO. It 11 Mid ~t caq 1 to 8 per oeat of the pop\llat101l ~ of pure Spu.llh phit1'7j 110n thad 60 per oeat are pe 'bloodecl IDdiaDIJ 25 per oeat are ltbo in 'llhioh IJI41ua 'bloocl prmcefaei;eaj ad l&ltly, qproxlaatel7 15 per oar Jesroea.!hu pare ID41ua el=..ua up.-.q 100 per oct of the popu l&tla ot the S1err tbe ooaatal res1oaa are 0;0~114 ultl;r 'b7 Necroe IID4 tlo with aal7 a fflft oo m1t1ul of ;a a bloocle4 IncUCIIo At UT rate, a.ther or DOt tlwee eltiaate1 are JMM~r ~true t~roportl?ge, 1t oua 'be 1&14 that oal;r a nry ~1 peroentac ot 1;Jajt populatl.la ot pure 11hite bloocl in Bouador. ' r The tollowidg tipre wwe o'bt;a!wecl,.._ tm Atlu Geocrat1oo del Jouador, o~1led b)' Profeuor.JuaD Monl.aa~ wtdoh wa ooaa1clere4 ~ Oft1o1al Text by DeorM fo. 101 ot tbu Eou4on.t4 OoYea at Oil July ~. 1N7 t.. Prcrt'lDoe Popa1&"oa C&p1tel a.upoa o' I.lauq 280,000 C''RPZ Bol1nr uo.ooo f) I te Cuaar 112,000 Caroh1 110,000 C)1wboruo aao,ooo ~ - tiobzek B_.aldu aa,ooo B_.aidu ou.p.a 5ao.ooo Gu.pquil Iab&bara 185,000 Ibarra Leoa 210,000 La~a Loj& w.. ooo Loj& llen+l aeo,ooo Portoriejo Jape... uo.ooo..,. 11 oro 8s.ooo abala Hob' DOha 1!'1,000 uito 0 Loa Uo ,.,.b 0 suat1aco zaore.... ooo aou fapl'ahu. w.ooo aas 11t\'sto 10 e 4 or baa al-.a bma ~ ' mq Catholio, 1Nt it 11 leaa.-:11 ola~cw1e...s thad 1te Micllboro Pen.!U """' oh ud.tat. are Zlflo ratecl 11rf C..Unt1.al law. Boauvec. t.hrue-tovtaaa ot Uito 11 olwa olrr a d, D1'"" 11 p...s.ttec~.u,. 1ro h, llllll obtl.arr\.p ia lepl.,,. ' ;

14 ... REPUBLIC DIST-1\IBUTION OF;.. POPLATION ' f..jf -:" Each symbol" represents 5o;ooo persons, J:.tltiuqoq ', ~.a!~,:'}:. Vd: J~.co:,.!:...::... ' Total P~tion'., 3,420;000. ~ (~~ :..-'f '"'~". ". '...' II....' CHART "C"

15 . ~~, Jt'J e ~if. I e-ipf~ I i~rt=tifl!'~~il I : I r;'ff.l ' r :!. f : t 3. :t a. f. ~I r J rr; ~'g ~-: ~ ~t. ~;l:w ;~I:.~ 11 ::: '-c. f11 l ~~iti It; ~~~ Ma; ~,~~~~:f t~~~~ i 'c ~~~ It.!it 11 ~s ~ 5.rt;t ~... If If ~ l~~t~~t ~~ t~ it ii l:. a.. I;! =I E f ~1 ~ r ~ [i;; ~ 11 i I'! f! ftl '! I II i I l! (... I i ~of a.. ca-l at ; i I!' I... i I i r.....! i e.,; i l a,.. J ~. =., ~.o _ ;: 1 lit : t :a&!.f ;~ - ~;. II... ~ i l 0 ~~~~[ J~if if }il ;~lil ; : i ~~~ ~ ~~... 0 ~-' ~ 1..!! ~i! 'e II f ' i {( l ~ de I. l f :;', i H IJ i! i, ~. f. ';,--f f I f r I I i I ~~ es'.! { 0 f ; : i \. ' t.l.. \ ~

16 r-ent1)r added -to i~a tacultiea ot 1-, -..di:able, ~. a.obool ot W!n1mg, md a eohool -or!)aintljii md lithograp~. ldto h -the looetlod ot the 11111tary College, and Guayaquil 11 the eeat ot the Jllll'tuy A'flatlcm Sohool.' ' ' ', Colte ot LiTiDg Eouador 11 probably the oh.apeat c0u1at.r'7 in the 'IIOl'ld u whioh to lite. An &Terage li.x-rooa houee, tundehed, M7 be reat.cl for til per _tb, the telephone eervice aaounte to approxt-tely tt.tt.ell o..ta a..-,.,..t oolte t1fe1te oenta per po\llld, md a good pair ot ahoee ~ be pwu&mcl tor $4. To hire a ta:.d. tor an hour will coet you titty oeutej ltreet.oow mad blla tare ia t1fo-thirde ot one oent. HcnreTer, theee.prlo81 do DOt app.ear o~oo.? to the aterage Eoue.dorlan, wbo aakee only 1100 INOree per '.oath, t!w equitaltdt to only SS Aaerioan dollare. An Bouadorlm geural 1n the Ant:! -.De onl7 t60 per IIDllthJ a uniteralty profeibor JMkel l%5 per.olltbj a polioe.a l&rlll traa ts to 181 a oook earna only t3; while a CalliDet Kinhtera aalary h tlzo, ud the PrealdiiJlt ot the Republic earn $300 per. JaODth. Food 11 oheap, ae tar aa naticmal prc>duote are oodoerdeel, but illported goode from the United states and othel' oountrlea are YW"f expen sin. HouillJII taollities are beooiiiing.ore d.ittloult to obt&h eaoh dq in~ Min oit1ee ot Ecuador, particularly Guayaquil ud Uito. It h illpoeeible to tldd a roca at the hotel 1n Sallnae, linoe the lbsi'tld 8tatea ~ and J..wl toroee ~ed in duria& the latter part ot 191. Penliemee (boarding houet'i) are perhaps the.oat reaacmable plaoea in wbich to lite. AJ1!ouadorian pcdod will oharge &boat S()() 8Orel, or $%0 per month, howeter, the aore exptnaite onee charge appr«dtel7 800 euoree or t.o per 110nth tor three uale per day add rooa. Theee are un ally operated by!.\arop.an retv.geee. public Health Guayaquil 1a no longer a dangeroue plaoe tor the ateraga.&aerlcu traveler to Thlt. In addition to the una! -T&Ooinatlod' '~at.ulpox required by the Eouadorlu Ooveruaent, trateler'e lhould be llmooulatm agaln.et typhoid tner, wbloh oooure on the coe.at aa4 in the Sierra. Pw hape the greateet daji«er to gaar4 a,aibat b dyeaterr. Wo 11Moote4 neetables (lett.aoe, -tercreee, ra411hee, celery, etc.) or Ullbo11M mll: llhoald be taken. The public health work oc.ee UDder the Health Depaz' t ot ~ Kiniltry ot Social 'lfel1'are, L&bor azul RMlth. The Social SecurltJ progr ct the linllltry auert ccmel4erable lntluedoe em public health thro\i&h ~ ~ prneattte add. trtlwtit taoll'itue proride4 by lte cli~e, iad bf ooa.traot with h.oepital ~<rr the care o~ it oaae Plane tor a 1oo,lal ourli:y boepltal are allo aader ocmeideraticm.

17 \ , , fl~~ Beom ot ita \ich ai\ u:ud6 aad r~ olblat. u.ito baa 110t auttered to the - extent troa tropioal diaeuea u han ~ lown. A~ the illportu1t health probleu whioh...- n.., :.:..., parte ot the OO\IIltr7 the heal~ au~itiea ~e ~ tjpboid tner; ~~1DalafVU1toHa, u4 ~Ml dihuee. ~aria.h, pr...q.e~r 1D the 1e: a w fj HOtS.~.. 'IIMre the~ Maqv.lto.nate. '..! tft::oi

18 .. \ Ba~gr~d POLITICAL 4l!;.80&6 ell t; 1 & <.. ""'l~t'l 111 oa.,,,j. es';;. ' ~At ) a 6oiiat1tuticnial Convention in"rlo'buitia traia ~i.une~ lflto.lseo!., 1,. ~:....,.! ' ' ~ J,. '''.a'"r -";"\fll',,. :-x... te~~~ber 29, ~o30, the throo 4oputillollt~,ot,Az,u~y, 11uay~, m~& ~y1to,~~rr.a.-~ thsm.elvee into an independent state called the "Eftado del ECU:aor.a Colcabia." and adopted the First Constitution of what 11 now Ecuador. General Juan Joae Florea was elected President and took office tor the tour year& beghm1ng on Septber 22, The Federation ot ColOl:lbia wu not ottically diaaolved, however, until the adoption ot the Second Constitution at Ambato 1n 1835, when the name "Republica del Ecuador" was adopted. Ecuador& political history has been one or constant unrest an~ r6~olution. Since 1830 Ecuador has had thirteen Constitutions Gabriel Garcia Moreno held office longer than any other Ecuadorian Preeident, aervin& for a period or ten years and five months. He waa initiating a third term at the time of his assassination on Auguat 5, UDder hia leadership Bcuador enjoyed a period ot strong gover~ent and peace. It haa been said by pre&ent-day Ecuadorians that all of Ecuador a good.. roads and bridgea -:ere built during Garcia Moreno s regi.d.e, which began in However, his government baa often been referred to as the Jesuit Government, beoause the Church Party rose to its zenith during hia relgn. A number of Jeauit priests eminent in science, euoh as the geologist, Theodor Wolf. were eent over by the Roman Catholic Church at "hia request. Juan Joae Florea is second to Garcia ~oreno in length ot ortioe, being the first Prellident to serve three te.nns, although one was shortelied by revolution. Ecua4or' a revolutions and cabinet changes since 1931 have been.. too great in number to enumerate. There have been twelve Presidents in ottioe ainoe that date; the present Preeident, Dr. Carlos Alberto Arrayo del Rio, came into power on August 10, 19f0, ~d although he has had to make eeveral cabinet ohangea, he 1a etill in office. However, rumors or a revol~ioil to dilplaoe him have been prevalent einoe the ~r ot 1941 GovemMilt Ecuador 11 a republic, with po.er divided amodg the legialative, judicial, and aeout1v brenchea. The Constitution 11 the aupr8m law ot the lend, and ru;y be changed only by a JP.'.I.jority of the Senate end the Chaaber or Deputiee. Congreaa convene on A~st 10 or eaoh year, tor. a period or ninety ~ unl it is extended by preaidential order. the a.aate 11 oo.poeed ot two Senatore troa eaoh protilloe. the Cu.ber or Deputiee ha one Deputy tor aoh thirty thouaand ijihabitutij bonver, auy prorldoe -y elect a Deputy, even it it laolte the r~miulred populatiod. the Preeident h eleoted by the people for a tour-year tara. He - hie 111n1 terl tor the following departm.ntaj ; Miniater ot Foreign RelatiOila Minister ot Interior and Juetioe Minieter ot Agriculture, Commerce, Indurtry, and Kinea. Minister ot Social Weltare

19 -. Minister of FiDance and Public Credit Minister. of ~tional Def~nse Mi.Dister of Public Works ll1n1ater of Education..., no.u:., ";~ \,,/'l.t;.""';(_. ~~.::: The dutie'a. bt the Ministers are. detel'lidn8d bt ~e ~titution,.. and tbe Special tan.of pongreaa. ~ '-' ""~ r~, There are. l7 provinces~ 6'Ccan~~ add 498 parialiea. kcli.~rince 1a ruled bt a Jete Politico and each pariah 18 ruled bt"a 'l''!id"en~ ~ Politico. The Galapagos Islands are under the a.m1n5stration ot:a' Tetri-. torial Chief. Before J~~ the Oriente~ di~d8d i,ntostbe ~ pro'finces ot Jl&po-Pastasa and Santiago-Zamora. It should be opt in mind~ banver, that tbe pol,iticai <li~icw. ot Ecuador has under~ a revision since the settlement of ~e;b~ ~ ~ dispute w1 tb Feru, hence the above tigqres w&re ODl7 accurate up to tb4t.t date. The tidal survey of the boundary line has not been ci:dpleted, 'and: no otticial figures have been released. " The Supreme Court sits at uito, and is ccmpond ot i1ioe ldniater judges, one ainiater tiscal, and tive usi~~t judges. Tbe six superior cour~ ha'ft their seats at uito~. ~~ Rioballba., Cuenca, _Loja, and Portorlejo... - Present Parties and Leaders... Ecuador, like moat Latin.&aerican countries, bas two ~t. political parties~ namely, the Conaern.tive Party~ ~ ~beral l'art7 In Ecuador there also exists a CtJ!IIImist Party, a Hationalht hrty the Union Hacional Eeuatoriana, and also several 81118l.ler unblportant ~liti-. cal groupe. ' - - For the put twlve years the Liberal Part,- baa~ in power. The present President, Dr. Carlos Alberto Arrrsro del Rio, fa the head.ot the Liberal Party, 1ri name if not in power. Dr. Julio E. wonmo, rresi- ' dent of tbe Senate, 1a the de facto leader of~ Part,-. ~10 del Rio ' cam into ottice on.august 10, 1940, as a result ot a ~oalition ot th...,bere of the Liberal-Radical groups in Congreas. 'l'bere?9re;. Me, ~ ha'ft been tied~ and he has achieved the reputation ot beirig a wu, 0 ~"' sertive President ' "" U Detore entetitlg politics, Arro-ro del Rio waa a success~ laluw. in tbe city of ~ ~preseqtug senral J.aiop Allerl.can. corpor&t!oilii~''..... ' ' (' ',.. ' The l.e era or the Conaern.t~n P~t,- a:re the Arcbbiahop of Ui~ and Jacinto Jijon Ce8JNI!lo, one ot the waltbieet in EcudO:r. A poe-, s1ble Conaery,ati'ft Part)' candii:l,ate tor tb,e pres1daq 18 Julio TabU: ~ llho, until the latter part of ltarcb, 1942, waa the MfDf..ster of.roz:e!p t Relatiou.!h1a is a position llhicb has traditiqall7 been heicll:i)- a a hr of tbe ~ti'ft Part,-. A

20

21 -14- '..... _...,....., - t1f"t7 ulipm to take onr tu ~ part ot fh olt}. tlt'tmd to b the radio at&tt. tltteeg to Hiae tlw telecnph natl. aa4 GthG' croup to bendje aild.lar taab. It 11 bellnm that uotber rnolutlodut atte.pt..., tab plaoe at uq t~. a-er. the Gcrtw t;._.to haye o.trol ot the lituatloa clue to MillY polltloal UTelta. t-ra are trecr-t to the etteot that O&lo Plu.a. 1lbo la reported to be Tery pro-uilitecl State lu. han b.-..._ leuer. althouch liad\t elejata ot \DU'elt apparently are not ader hia ooetrol. It la bellnm that he wuulcl - u the lead.er ot all auooeallhl. att-.pt &&aiut the Goftr at;. PlUa Jilu at&tecl that ColGMl 11oarclo.latucllllo0 C ander ln Chid ot tha lowlodorlu Azw wov.lcl do u ha orclerm wha the t~ oae. the latelt ridi01" la to the etteot that &D01Iba' rnolutlodvj' att-.pt will tan plaoe 'llliea PnalCletit'.lrrO)o cle1 110 Tiiita the 11D1 ted Statea. )

22 !0 ' ' ~~ BVO O!il. g;;-u!.i: I REPUBLI $ of ~ ECU~ ".j: O~"l i ARMED STRENGnl I Eacll sy; bot represents 1.oOO~ne1...=-.. ; v.. ) 40,000 50,000 ~ lair Forcel I ~!Navy I !National Policel 4,000 TOTAL ARMED STRENGTH 106,323 CHART I

23 \ -~--.. ~ 0 Jou&do ua-a..,..,... ~., u.m oft'leel';tul... with...,..., ot.o.ooo... eehnc to~ ot 11,171. Ill a441tloa it ~... 10,000 'folllatmi' rlllnllo fbi ail' foi'oi b & Waoh Of thl U'IIIY 1114 OOD line ot 171 aou ~era. lfitht.a the pan tit --~,..,.,&1 povp1 ot '::f - haft l».. aid to tu 'Uialtt4 ftat.a to H "-f'te4" 1.1 ;ts.: oal Mob' aa4 pu.na. &ppr~io ro-cyi s 12&1a1 are ' at+adfaa thea aolaooh. At the,., ts. the 'Uial.. e4 fta11ta ry Air lllais.oa la lo\llodor ll...,... wdfta aolaoo1 tor.._. ro-c..,... IM'laa the tll'n part ot llll'ola,.,..1.,. ot the 1a11on w vasi& p1.,1 arrln4 la qd11o to M 11U. 1lo la.. lteu. l.fi&wo otao Ulu 11hM p1... sus.u ""'II' I \ ll ~W 1111 l..... w.. ftpilb& pl... &11 tu... tbla. ftl., 'IIU ttrrlr vat=tl ~ ettlewa ot the lwlaa llrft lllall-..._ oo1.. 1 ailie:ll ti ltltlol'l. tu o-aot tor ltalll& auitarr lllaaloa 111 a. IIUidorlla Gfta apil'ed oa J\&17 11, 1t40. lttore We 4&te, bow" _,.., aro a.-nloa aa to..,..u lllaal 8M&14 M ~4...,;_... "- lo\&& doriaa Go PI* waa ,.,UC the ltau.... Go\'~ tor at. whioh ha4 Me delbeud OT~ a p~iocl ot tial a401' a ooiltrao~ llpe4 &OI"t17 betore the pr.. ct lforlcl war. Thia?traot ~TOl,.ecl a aua ot oae lllllioa INOI'IIo Partial delitery waa 41 b7 the lt'allua before Itaq llltvecl tm war. but at the tllle ot the Brltllh Bloolcade 110 tw-ther cleliterlea oould be..u.!u ItaU.ea GOTw a nat uertl4 preal\ll'e tor the ~t ot that purohue UDder the OOiltr&M... lac the ammsnta W ~14. fbe lollt"orlu GOTII ct w.a ~11 to..a the ~. eo the Italic GOT11 at deatol"l4 to la4uoe loudor to alloii' tu It&liU BallaD to r h tor,_. tim atll the.,. ~or u eata, ftloh wwld han b.. applied to tu 1&1 ariea ot tu.-!~era ot the Mi.. loa, ha4 bmd ezheurk. The C<nma»dtrln..Chiet ot the lo\ladorla UIM4 Foroea h ColODtl Rloardo Aatucl1llo ot the Enche Coqa.!he Chi.t ot statt 11 Coloael Auguatln Al'baa Borja, the lllaltter ot 'kti.oml.detaae 11 (l1)1onel Alberto. c. Rcaero, and the SubSeontary ot Batloaal Detcu 11 Colonel 11\aberto Roaalea. The Chiet ot lat10dal Seourlty ot E1 oro PrOTlnoe la Colonel Pabl9 IDr j& LllrTMo Col-.1 Ritto.&IMidlllo, C :ec!w 11: e ArM4 Foro ad tor.er C Mer ot the Povth lllllt&rf zoae. hia proricl to be a Tez'7 popalar l.uer. 11 waa 1n ~ A:r., prior to ArTf tioa eleotlon to tm prelld&oj but waa relined ot bh o "" 1lhlll ArrtqO del l1o ua il Ida ettloe. 1lbiD Bo~r waa attaobcl b)- Pww. em Jvly 0 0 1Hl 0 tm oltil_. ot ~1 requred that u lie -.de 0 ""w ot the POIII'th lld.llt&rf ZGM. Coloael.Aitu4111o 1a bellned to han ha4 pro-.&.lda rtfta beo&\lae ot hia eclnoatloa 1Ja Ital7 u4 hia oloae aaeooiatf.gd with the ~.- ot the Itallea llllltary lld.uloa, but he 1a uw belbncl to be pro.,amcoratlo. Oolcmela Al'baa Borja. Alberto R..ro Pablo Borja are kiigiiil to ue: pro-.&.lda ayjsp&thlea.

24 { REPUBLIC OF ECUADOR h=l=-==- ' I SEVERAL OlD TRAINING PLANES 3 RIVER GUNBOATS (2 OF--nc.M et:mfdiilb YAOITS) CHART "E"

25 r; 0 Ecuador ia divided into the tbe following lllil1tar,y zaness~,,.... Zone Headquarter a C<nnander - I ~to eolamej BatMl. &r ja n Rioballlba Colonel Car-loa 1. ~ ill' cuenca Colonel u1l,l.sl'iiio" But.. ~ IV Ouqaqull Colonel CeAr ln1baj. lfel~c!o v Loja COlonel llanuel E..?ion. w, I 'l'he Lhhon Officer betaean the ~ Govezwt ~ ~.. Uai ted Statu torcea in the Salinas a ector 1a Colonel Cristo~ Toleao; In tbe nmt the war reached the Ecuadorian coast, ColAlael foledo nld be C.: ""'er-1n-cbief of tbe lll1ed Fozcea. ReliAble eourcea haft.reported toledo's pro-lad 8111Patbies and the tact that wbile>he waa director of t.be Mil1tar;y College in uito, be dissw1nated Nasi teach1np. and propapdd&. It 1s re~nttable that a lcey position in Hemiaphc:'e d. fanh 1a in the banda of an ind1:rldua1 of doubt1ul loyalty to dellocratic principles.. ~ Ecuador's nav,y may be described brie~. It consists of tbree former yachts which have been converted into 'sun bo~ts. Ecuador has no suburinea or arq other type of naval ahip. Ita peraonnel 09Daiate ot some 37S officers and men, under the Jl.eaderahip of the Camandarite aerleral, Juan Francisco And&. ~ 'nle stoey is often told that yura ago one of the H&v,r's ship's set out oo an inepection tour of the Glapi&Oa Ialtnd, blat upoo not f1 nch og the Isl anda returned bciiii, and reported that the al.apaaoa had disappeared into the sea. Sinoe February ot 19l.U., the Uaited Statu hu had a Naval Klasiem in EcllAdor. On February 23, 1942, the Naval School waa inaugurated, IDd new quarters were assigned to it on tbe ll1ll.tary CoJlep sroudde in ~to. The opeaiog clua at~nce was approxijd&teq one ~ atudente. Jiat10Dal Pollee ~or'a National Police eouiate ot ,000 Chow (»eati&aa), knolm as CarAbineroa, IIICXI.led ~uabat on th;8... llnea aa Chile's National Pollee. Ita officer" are well ~ hwcl, having to atten4 a mllitar;y tra1n1ng school. Tbq are conei.derecl as... u t.r1necl as the resuj..ar 1nl;r officers, and a atroa& riftl.ry ~ l;lebween the.tnv and the CarAbineros. 'n1e CarAbineroa are pner~ coasjdijred as tbe protectors of the President of tbe Republic traa arq attellpted.ll'ii" 11pl'ia1Dc. 1 new or&aai 1 at1on ne inaquratecl on Decmbr ls, 19U, by' tbe C?"andoeia General de Car'abiner0a 1 UDder Colooel Hector Salpdo, conaiati.jii

26 - l "r' - ot JliO lted troopiji'' tra1ae4 ia the "'" ~ N rl"'"ta. ~ CaraMlllroa- pr~ atrtioea' are to protect hi~a. railft 1, telephou all4 telecraph llua, id adcl1t101l to replar polioe work.... ' COiltlilrt Betnen th Preaider&t IDd the.ar!.y,pwlllc Deoll!l}lero U,.U.! an inoid-t took pl.,._!~wbioh will Ul11etra~e the ~abed relatlou aiatld& between the Prealdaat ad the u.,. file Prel1~ ll~ a or"ur to allow a PII'UTia &IIboat-to cter tile harllor ot Guqaqull ill OS'der to ret\u'd to Gu.pquil a Mr of the ooa.itth atud,jidc the bor4er 41apute. the Ufq. 1pore4 thla orc~.c. u4 wwl4 ~ allow the paboat to.ter the port beoalule ot the csucer ot the o1111a_. telrhc.. ls aotioa aplut "the OHW ot the PII'UTia boat. ri ~t turu4 CNt tlaat iibe boat waa al1on4 to prooeed part ot the wq 11p the Guafa liter io JalfloO ~e tho ~tt".-ber 1IU traaterred to the care ot t.bll Joua.dGriaaa. fo llluatrate t\lrther the breaoh ftloh meta betft the two. the Mallte4 polloe, or Carabiuroa, are oauuerecl the Prea1~' 1 arm4 aupport U the u.y ahould turn ac&uat hill or att.pt to pwt hill ~- ot otf:ioe, Aa a reaul t the two orcaniaatlona are Tery jealoua ot their reapeotln apherea of authority. Ottioera!be tollowljic 11 a lilt of offtoera of the OU"Uiuroa, ae ot February, lnlt.. t Colonel Beotor Salc&do Dlreotor G«Deral ot Car~b1Derol Jlajor ViotOS'.&114ra4e CarrUlo.l.. latant Director a-ral ot caruhaeroe LilllteD&Dt ColOJWl s. Vir~o au.rrero c. nder ot the uito Battal~ Lieut-.ut Coloul Carlo Jl. Jloaalea c ndr ot the o~l Batt&lica Lieut-.ut Coloul Leoaidu A. Tepea Direotor of f;he Jllll~ Sollool tor Carebleroa id uito Captaia Viotor TaiiOOMI C.nlloe 'D1notor ot the SObool tw su-ottioere cllptah" Jllpl Pellpe (lut111o C der ot the Moa Battal1ca llajor Azaibal Jarrb c ""er ot the cotopui Battalica. ~

27 . (.. ' II&Jor ~ n...r.,,~ '~ a v f' C em-ir ot the ttjfiaohala" Batt&ll O?l "' t:. w "\,.,...,,~,""'\ Captain Viotor SIIOMsi CGN C nder ot the 11 CI.D&I" 11 B&ttalloa CaptaiD Leou Baaipo llalo C nd.r ot the "Bolinr" B&ttalioa Kajor Cel&l" a. Gallego c. C nder or the ~ BattaliO?l "' J... ~,...,..., ~ i-.. :'ii,~...,..., llajor GutaTo 1. Torre c..,.. ot tu.uuarr B&ttaliea Captain Gaillmso GIID4ara C,Mer ot the "ChiUoraao B&tt&lioa CaptaiD Sercio B Perea Velaaoo C rer ot 1;be "E_.aldae" Battalioa,.. ' captaid JUlio c. Jfa&. c Mer ot the "to Rio" BattaliOD Lieuteaat Coloul Federioo Danlo Dil'eo~r ~ ot rrauit tor _the Jlepublio Dr. Edllardo.a.Lloar ~... SV&eOD llajor &114 c~et ot the DepN'tl' tt ot Suaita~ 1 '. I '.

28 - ~~_ ~ ~~ - J. REPUBLIC OF E~~,om: AGRICULTURAL RESOURCES - t (]) ~ "" :it mou rnns 0 emil i - 'f,,... l conoo ~- ~- -- I CHART "f'"

29 \ I r< Ecuador :l.a UMDUll7 aelt-contatnect idaofar aa apolcultval. producta are ecmcerned. It baa loag been lmolm to. ban a one Orop 'econg~~;j, namel7 cacao, which baa proyed to be it. ~mcw1o dolatall. At aae t1m cacao._.!cuadars chief export crop, &ccoiiiltillg foi' --tbbd of Jrcudolote export trade. '!'be cacao crop wu attaclcecs b7 a pod cu.naae 1ft and''! b7 the witcbbrocii disease in l922j oonsequent.l7 laudal'. ce~~petftin position in the production or the world's cacao has wakeoed. ADother factor which has coatri!ntecl to Bcudars poor' ec~c situation bas been its turbulmt politi.oal b1.atal'7 PoU.tictlana bnt U6ad tb.ir control of goftmmnt to enrich, th-mlftl and tbeir o01l8tituent8, at tba aacr11'1ce of the m.ddle and lower ow...!btd, too, them ral1ng clu... bpe e1tabl18hed an ab181lteecw:wl'lh11) t7i» of eoor..., which 18 silllilar to the economic systems o! the teudal-baroas in tb.3!!iddl Ape.. The World Depression COIIIIII8nc1ng in 1929 bad its effect 1lpOil the dalmtallor Ecuador's economic structure, and aa a result then abmntee landowners han returned to BO\uldor troa Europe. A new era is now in sight w1 th tba encourap!iiiult b7 the Ocmtl'mlent ot foreign capital in the denlopmnt of Ecuador 1I1Mral and qrieultural reioul'oelo Public FSnanoe Budgeted expenditures are about $9, annnlq. 'l'b1e 18 tbe ~t per capita apeoditure in South ~ca <62.7S, caapared with t2s.oo per capita in.arpntina.) 'l'bere wu a deficit ot froo,ooo on a lndpt of $8,000,000 in 19,38. Tbe Central Bank has'~ oalpelled to oatrt the bardcl or deficit tinaneing because there is DO internal HC1U'iti.u la 1 and Joaador could not ftr7 well obtain 'relief b,r ~ ~t aerrlce, wbich ehe bad al.rud7 suspended in the 1920' IDdust!z and Production lcuadora popal.ation :l.a part.icalarq 'CIIWDterpriaiDe and of an espec1all7 low living standard. The..., waltb;t claa 1a of a t,.ptcal absentee ttps which is umdl.ung to risk capital tar the ~t of Bcuadar' natural: rescmrces. There is sc.e oil, howftr, which hal been exploited to mall degree, and gold production aounts to t2,ooo,ooo per,..r. 'ftalre 11 no reuon to expect t'llrtmr ll&jar expansion in tb18 latter fi1ld 1 alt.mn"' its potential oil output :l.a great. ID Jouador there are 4 oil relinerin, 19 Wzt11e wtu., 3 ~hoe faotarie, 8 camwries, 28 fioiii' w ) npr plata, 1 1arp blwwaz), 1 ce.nt plant, and 22 soap faotari 'fha Ootw' nt CGDWol» ~ and ale or alcohol, per.tu.e, tche, tobacco, and Alt. Fareip ilmtstaents W»wst to &bent t2s,ooo,ooo; ot.wbicb apprgli1- t.a17 t12,ooo,ooo 11 Merican and tbe 1 r,... r!fmts..h. '!'be' obiaf.&mrican

30 ' ' in't'eetlllent is believed to be the South.blerican Develor-nt c~ which controls the onl;r gold mines now being actively exploited. British capital is developing the petroleum industry, has invested in the railroads on whose guaranteed band the GoftrmDent is in default, and cnm& the telephone sya~ in Guqaqull. Telephone ~ telegraph outside or Gu&l'Bqliil are operated by the Goverl'liiii!IJlt. The International Petroleum Co~apa:ny,. a subsidiary of Standr Oil of New Jersey, has been maid og geological studi.ea throughout Ecuador for the past several years./ It ia expected tbat the -- InternatioDal Petroleua ~ will eoon begin production. ~ :1 Hostility to foreign capital is noted in the policy adopted ear~ in 19)8, wtiereby tbe Goft1'1ll!lent decreed that the teras or a:iating concessions are no longer binding on the GoweuW~ent and ma;y be reneed by tbe OovenJMut in the interest of the public. Howner, it is to be noted that in tbe latter part of 1941 the Ecuadorlan aoven-nt annulled tbeae decreea precih~ tor the purpose of interesting foreign capital in exploiting Ecuadorian reeources. Foreign Debt Ecuador has the longest history of defau1t oo foreign debt f ~ country in South America. The record is especially notable tor ita recurring accounts, due to the lack of a sense of respon11iblli ty on the part or the Goftrnllent, almost- complete disrespect of 'finance administrations for the accounts or their predecessors, and the prevailing public feeli.jig tbat debts should not be paid if the projects for which they were incurred turn out~. In 1935 Ecuador settled a three m11hon dollar Sndiah loiii b)' paying only 22t cents on the dollar and claiming inability to pay more. "'"TWo years, later she secured tram Italy a one afl11on dollar 10&11 tor five ysare at fi't'e per cent, to_ f1naoce purchases or Italian llilitary equi~t. 'l'bi.a loan abe has paid.taithfull7, interest and amortization ~ta aountin& to t416,ooo in 1939, and $2)6,000 in Her internal debt 1a OftZ' two million dollars. The chief expenditures made by the Govenm.nt are tor defense aad education. The following figures will set forth the percentages expended by Ecuador in the various branches of the Governmenta Badgat of Ord~ Expenditures ot Ecuador. 39., - Per cent of Lep.alature aad Judici&r7. Int.er:ior.. Foreip. Aftai.re!clucatiOD..... War am RaY)' PubU() Workst, t...~ta and Telegraph Soqial \1eltare add Labor.. ~01n1(:~

31 Agr1cul.ttll'8, Tnduat.r,-~ li1n1ng IUKLCcee ~ ""'-" 'l'reaa'urj" Public Debt Kiacelleneone raanisa~iori General bpene ad4 PUai.Ona llodet&rz Exchenp ~. I, l Jl. ~ "' The prilllar7 lii8cu.llll of. exchange in ~ u the lucre 1 which 1a pegged at ls sucres to tbe Derlcan dollar',. ~ nerap excbedge rate of the sucre wu $.0878 United States currenc7 in 1937; $.0708 in 1938; add $.068 in Jm\1&17 end July or As late as lfarch 1942, the sucre had m awrage 'fal.ue or $.0675'. The regulv rate ol exchange 1a sucru fnr a~~.&.ericm dollar; h0'1118wr, 10 centa't'oa are deducted rro. t.tnt- ra~ as a defense tu. In order to purchase United States dollars, one lll\i.st go to the Banco Central end pay t11'teen sucres for each dollar The 1941 budget 'Was estimated to balance at sucree, or $7,813,333 in United States curren1:7. - BR!k1ng. ~ There are thirteen OOIDIIlercial banks, two mortgage banks, end one central bank in Ecuador. Commercial ben!c1ng is dciiinated b7 a natin-owned bank, La Pre't'isora, which does about fort;r per cent of the banking buatneae am challenge the Centt'al Bank tor principal inftstmjlnta in ~ banlc;lng etructure. There is a branch of a Britieh Bank but no American Bank 1n Bcuedor. Until the lat~ part of l9ul the BIIDco ItaHeno u:iated, but th1a bae eince cbmged bends and 1a nmr called the Bmco de aqaqull. Tbe Central Bank._. established in This bank is mrned b7 the n 1147' badd end the general pablic; there is no go'ftrdmdt ownerebip of shares, although the Go'ftrmlent namect a port.ion of the Board of Dl.rectora and in practice controls the bank. Thi.s set-up is similar to the Federal Baser'ft S,.tea in t._ United States. lleaber banke are requested to bu;y ah.a:ne 1Jr the Central BeDk at leut to the IIIIOUDt of l S per cent of their capital edil re~. In Bcudor there 1a nmr a 1.aw tijc1ng aaxijiidi interest rates charged on loanl. 'l'be Central Bank ia the creation or Pi"ofeseor L w. Ee-erel"' of Princeton uniftl"81t7, 'Who-. an ac:ojalic atoo}' or Ecuador' lw!lr1n& 171te in Tbe principal vnuracturing i.dduatriea of Boudor are cotton add wool textiles, shoes. c811181'lt 1 nour, cigara 1 cigarettee, ~ bate, soap, candles, rope, matchel, and the re.t'1nin& o~ gaeolillll, aroaene, add gae oil tro. petroleua. One of the count.z7 1 a 1eed1ng exporta u the ToquUla atraw hatj bowewr, the wearing process 1a llltirel;r a be. ~. Foreip Trade 1'be following t1gures were taken tram u i of.t1oial report 'b7 the!cudorian Gcmtrm.nt entitled 11 Inf0l"'lle del Senor U1n1atro de Bacienda 7 CNcHto?ab~oo ai"hcncuble ~lacional., dated atto,l,u.

32 ... t REPUBLIC OF "ECUADOR if~~. ~ PE'l'ROLEUM AND MINERAL RESOURCES - K~ & "'' f: , llad,iiitt.icdit -.. ' ' CHARI' I'll"

33 \ ,.., - - ~ ~""' Ecuador' a foreign trade for tbe JNZ' 1940 reached a total of ,U8 811Cl'ea 1 as compared with JlS,800,41S sucres in 1939, an 1ncre&N of A-4 per cent. i'otal illporte in UDted.to 173, 7S3,)12 'lnklz"'ttr, u c0111pared 'ldtb l47,86o,226 eucre in an increase of 17.S per cent. Exports totaled 167,8S0,8o6 sucres in 1940, as Colq:ared witb 167,148:,_189 sucres in an increase of cxlcy-.4 per cent. I.llporW!be le"''l'\i countries of origin in Bcudor 1 e t.r8de were the tlaitecl' states, J&}*l, t.be United lingdaa, Ital7, and Frmce. TheM fbe COIIIltriM together s PUed 8$.1 per cent of the total illporta of!cudor in ad 67.6 per cent in 19)9. lllport.a. tl'oll the United States throllcb the JUI'S to 1D40, 1nc1ua1-.e, a-.eraged 42.2 per cent of the total, and tboee t.roa_japan aounted to 7 per cent, the United K1ngd per cent., Ita+7, ).1 per c.ent, and J'nDoe, ). 7 per cent. The le*''l'\i 1aporta of Ecuador in 1940 wr. u follow CGttcm tat.uea, pipu, tubes and tittinga of iron, IIOtoil' pa-t. ad eia,. pllu IUICeUt.ical proctuota, wbeat tl.our, wool textil.n, cot.too JU'D, and tbz ul. The foll.olr1dc table a bon tbe Tal of!cuadori.all pu1 emma b7 COtllltri.M of or1c1n for tm tbrm ;yure' l9.36, 1938, and 1940 '. :Iaporta (Valuea in ~ of euel'n, 1. e., 000 cmtted, ad pet'gelltq,im tbenof) Cf)WI!:!.z , Ollited state. 33, ~ SL,.lll ~ 103, Japm 10,2b8-8.7~ 10, , S. UJd.ted t1nr~. ll,3sl - 9.6~ ll,b62-7.7~ 12,980 ":" 7.S. Ita:i.T 2, ~ 4,68S- 3 ~ 7, b.u Oet ''7 2S, ~ 3S, 767 -' 2b.1. 3,391-2.~ Jxeta ~ Ecuadorian expo1 ta reached a total Talue of 167,I'S0,806 ~ in 1940 u cc.pared nth 167,148,189 euoree in Tbe ~ted state., t1raguq 1 Pv1l, lllld Oola.bia were the.a1n colllltriee to 1Jipolit ~ prod1lota. In tbeee four coantriee C<lllb1Ded purchued 76.4 per Oimt of lcudore exports. ror tbe foar,...r periocl t.roa to 1940; aatpea ' to the Ubited states ~ 4S.3 per oat of the total. ; '

34 \ (Values in th~oos o! sucres,~i... of... 0 ~f.....,..., ; ' f L.l Y"'lt ""! e., 000 olli:tteclj and perc:en~ the.'reoi) Coull~ ' 191&0 United States.. 67, % 63, % 100,49~ % Japan 2,611- l.b% 4, % 5,h52-3.2% United Kingdom 4,655 - ).3% 7, % 3, % Ital..7. 2, % 2, %. h,25l - 2.5% ~ ,676-29, Cc::&o Ecuador shares the distinction with Venezuela of. ha'f;ing cmoe been the premier cacao-grarlng country; however, in 1910 its ~rtation of th:la product 1IU aceeded b)" that of Brasil, and since that tae varicms other countries baft also talten precedence over bar, eo that ~ Bculldor stands appru:wi-te}t nidtb in thia product.ion. Eclllldor 1 a -sta~ baa obanpd beoaue of tbe tact that.bnau,, the Oold Coast, and llicar&8'w have ra~ inc~ their production, and also because of the dif~c\llt growing couditiona wpi.$ the Ecuadorian plants have encountered. The ravages of the witchbroom disease and the J!onilia disease, another menace, bave rapidly lowered production. Exports han decreased from about 100,000,000 lbs. in 1922 to aroum 4o,ooo,ooo lbs. id Jitmlrtbeleas cacao rema1m Ecuador' chief agri-cultural c.rop and ita ll&in aport item. During the last two or three years, cacao exports from Ecuadar have shown an upward trend, which would seem to indi~te tbat the c,ountrt ~,-iri the tuture, regain its normal product.ion value. Ecuador baa approxl.. tel7 100,000 hectares under cacao ~ti"ffltion. 1'be pllllltat.iona ~ extenabe, their nerage siae j:leing about 300,000 hectares, while qtates of cme on or more are not uncommon. llost of the cacao is growmin tbe tift pro'ri.does of Los Rios, GUI'U, El Oro, Jl.anab1, and Esmeraldas. Of t.heae tin, Loa Rioa is the IIIOSt important producer,- and grows a choice. ~fiavored bean known as "Arriba." The cacao crop is consumed chiefly by the United States and is shipped from Guayaquil, Ecuador's chief seaport and c~rcial center., ~ PreeaiDg l"'dds Oil Fabruery ll, a cio~t ~- -.u 1-.d trw~ tbe. tunde of 0011paDies agel printe ct:t.i~ of countries at wvt1f1th the d l:" c~a. J7 th1a deane ohadpe in tbe lftadbiii'ilt- of a tj..m to ~~o ci tisens who would act as a bl.inll tor tirdis on tile B,).ack ~~._..(rbidd~. Under this runr law, the ccamercial banks IIU.St tranater all froaen lunda to the ~ BW- '1bia decree ~ ~ tm.t. PNWODe ~ tbe Black List ~ cn.r up ~ ~ tbou"" -noree per 11011th 111r U'.Ial :.., csep"'111nc on. tbe aecurit.7 ~ put stgdrd At lirldi of tbll iadin~. ~.. " (,.. t. :>1 'l At this point it mq be added that the treesing of tunds F.Ot.t<t,._ to be no particular barrisr in the conduct of busineaa. Under the decree t.. 't ul:

35 \.._..... ~ REPUBLIC OF ~CUADOR TRANSPORTATION Key -JI"-- Airw2ys -- ltil._....._ High'"l' j'.. J.:.L.. Scnmship llouccs II Pall ~ Ainnys Inc. IDiinains incanxiocw tir..,..;a "' Ecwdor ond holds m...,...,.._ awl-. Thctt "" "" ilwstwiouol odophoec... ao... The incmw edt flo!loe,_""' -,goo a...! or u lkd ond oli< only """'"-lu"g Ecwdor bal7 t.-lavi., SU<ioar, niac c( wmc!l..,loacal in ~ CHART "H"

36 ... On August 6, 1941, Congress granted President Arroyo del Rio unlllllited powers in the economic a;!d mill tary afi'aix:s of Ecuador. He was thus empowered to remove any Government officials_, incl.uding members of the Judiciary, and,.to assumt control o't'er all publications and Wte diase~tion or!len, "in o-rder to maintain public order." " J.,, l \ Transportation and Callnnmication.. 'l'be Pan Allerlcan-Grace Airwar-s, Iil~. (Panagra) maintains an illter-.. natioa&l serrl.ce four times 118ekly, both southbound and northbound. Guqaq1iu is the connecting c~nter of' thi8 traffic between the..canal Zoae and the tjni~ States on the north, and Peru, Chlle, etc., to the south. f Panag:ra also has the Ecuadorian Oovel"'IIII8nt contnct tor intenal air..u sentce. This service is given ev!!jry d&7 but Ttnu'~. Panagra gives excellent air mail service, both inte'mal an4 1 internat1onal. The on:', criticia-tbat can be offered is. the Goveuwt. adiiij.nis'tration ot the. post ott!c* imd the diatribution of the mails."' J.ll.lilail. is controlled b7 the Ooverument. Regular mail service is given by tbe Gu,;vaqull and uito Railwq. ' CompaZ'. Prior to the outbreak ot the war, reg\llar llllil boat aernce was auppll.ed b7~ Grace Lines approximately twice mon~, both to the north and to the south. +. ' Neither mail nor 1Dternal telephone service is censored, although the Government is how censoring telegrams. ' Telegraph '. 1'be telegraph s;y3tea covers 3:~78$ lllil.es, and bu 168 offices The AllAMrica Cables C0111pa117 provides international cable...-nee. 'l'he Go~ aent now has an!11-.aiiitrica Cables t..chnical expert settlu.. up and improving lcwldora internal telegraph facilities. 'l'he internal cable aerrtce 18 controlled b7 the national Oovel'lliii8Jlt. Tbe ~ and ui.to RallftT 1 CcapmJr otters the most efficient in~ radiogram serrl.ce.o::.~ Telep!loDe ;. The ~t owna and controls tbe telep&ne qstea ot uito,.. 'llhioh Cdn811ts ot -acae.3,000 telepboaes.. ~. on tbe other badd, bas ' an ~pendent 171telll operated bt a -eubaid!.iit ot the Electric Bond l SUre! CorPontion. Both ot these qsteias otter mediocre seniee, and an. quite out ~f date. I:mpro-..iment is needed both in the adw1ntstratin az 1 pen""del MCt.tcme, and in the ~leal eqllij88t. louator'baa no internat:l onal telepboae coanectiona. nmi ~l and ui to Railway Company otters, an internal r.di.otelepbone semce; hawenr, this is ney incon'nnient since prnioua U'l'allp- I...

37 ' \ ~ ~ ate t ~ u4e b;r.._mall Ol! cable->for.the UMcofthta service..:! ConversatiOI)S ; be ~ucted in the. ~Uicea,"Of ~tbe Ouq.U and ~to'tr&il~lb Ccapen7 ~ql!ejjtj.t tbe noeptioi\fil.{a\llt7 ij '111""' -~~"':1.<1 tfl f. ::11 ~ ' lc ~1'-.~.!!l...ltl~ t'.radioa f, "Tr..:- U e:a '1'be weekl7 newspaper "La Defensa," edited b7 Colonel Fllemon Borja, also a Senator in the Ha tional Cougress, is 'the leading pro-!l.li:ed'.dewapaper. In an editori.al on Deeeaber 19, "La Defensa 11 took c~t for baving'taken part in the closing of tbe Transocean Hews Agency and the other t1lo ftek:lies of.uito, 11 Intereses CCIIII8rcial.ea" and the "Kl lo!uddo." This article stated that tbe "La Defensa 11 ~been attacldng To:talitarian organa in tbe coun~, ~ tt:tr fourteen months, and tj!at it '.,;,olio lwi been successful in baving un;y ot ita objectins cl.oeect. It lient on to 8&7 ~t llbert7 ot speech add tbe' 1 pl.. l '< in a democratic country is. one of the best assurances against. Tota11.~ ingression ot ideas. B7 an official co!iijim1que of the ChancUlerr d&tedtr Decalber lil 1 the t1lo 118eklies abov8.111entioned had beentcloe~l tbe7 "~ propaganda incompatible with out natioaal democrati«f i.&lol.ot and 1nst1tutloaa. ~.~w31 a lculdor1s roads have improved during recent JUl'S w:ith ~ a11e. of new hi&hi!wa constructed and the older~ roada lllllde suitable tor motor,~ tl'ai'fie. There are about 2,200 miles of _graded and gr~!l,ed I~-~:'!:! ~-... throughout most of tli8 -year; However, tbia period. tl'ca,june to Deceber,J * the <117 season, is the ~est period for motoring. In accordance with the international policy of constructing a Pan 1111erican Higbwoq, Ecuador is now developing this project. It. 1.8 now possible to travel f'rclll Bogota, ColCllllbia, to uito, add as. far south as Cajatiaatba.!'be continuation of this international hi~ is being extedded through the province of Loja to connect it with the Peruvian section of the Pan AErican Bigtnrq. '

38 ' , ,_ Tbe jorit7 of roada 1n tbe Sierra region are Mile ot stcmes or dirt and follow tbe D&tural tra1la used b7 the Incu.!be Interndioaal HiBtni' CODDecta tbe towns of Tulcc, Ibarra, otaftl.o, uito, JBbatoJ..a Rioblanba. In the dry seaaon it is possible to continue b:y car to uqaqull. Bwles and private autadobiles comect tbeae towns. The road between Ouqaqu1l add Sel1naa 1a one of the 11108t used roada along the coast. Tbe coastal roads are uuall7 paftd or ude ot dirt. ' r, ~!be total railroed.u.qe ill operation 1n lc1*tor 1a allgtrt.lt "' IICil'e tban six huddred.llil.ea. The OUiJaqu1l add uito Rail~ Line, coapl.eted 1n 1~ codatitutes the greater part of this lllileage and connects theae two principal. cities ot Ecuador. Until reeen~, passenger tra1na made the trip r.rc. {)aquu. to uito id two ~' bat it u.;y now be JUde 1n ODe da;r, tbe tl'ip t.alc1ng a8'f'8llteed hours. It a n01r poaaibl!j to traft1 between Guqaquil add uito 1n a aborter t:t. b;y taldjlg tbe.train or auwcarr1l trcid Ollqaqa11 to Cajalnsha, alld there hi.r1dc a 'Priftte car, thus wa!r1ng the trip id twelft hours. The various railroads of Ecuador aud tbri.r aileqe are aa tollona Proposed or UDder construction Ccapav T l KUc.etera au.,.qull-aito 478 JlaDta n.ta AD& 60 Kilcaeten 81rioan Br1ti.ali 1 "Bah1ac.nq...chcae 77 - French Puerto llolifti'-paaaje 7S - ao..n.ent Bbat.o-earara ot1811 ;t Sibaba~ca OoNiliii&Dt uito-ibarra 173 Ou.qaqu:U-8&11 naa 138 1$0 ao..rmaem. Paerto Boli-...r-Aeazonaa 1S 110 ~t ~t ~ Govwtwtt Chone-aito - lote=ildlceegr eqnle.62 illea l..

39 REPUBLIC OF ECUADOR HISTORY OF PERU-ECUADOR BOUNDARY DISPUTE.- = r,.. Key J;m; ,. or 1890 ~ Modification by Perwi.ln eo..m _, - PtOPOSt1 tjw Ecuedor presem.d " -- w..,.._ o. c Perlfa muimum dlins --- [3iC I!JIII... ; CHART "! "

40 ,_ ~ore a proper ~aia of the cauaes of the Peru-Ecuador border disj?ute C&ll be made, it llll18t be realized that the solution of th1a problem waa illlperat:ive for the solldarity of the Wsetern lllmiapbere. Kany rumors have apread that Axis apnte are the inatisators of this contlict, but no specitic proof hu been UDearthed. The act1nt1es ot Dr. Frans Spi11man are well known to interest.d obeeuera. Be 1.8 Hid to han encotu'aged ci tisens ot Puerto Bol.1T&r to capitulate to ~ PeruTian aida at the Uma of the ua&dlt on th1e town b7 the Peruvian forcea. Be il'l a.ll'lo reported to have done espionage work tor the PeruTian J.:rrq in tbe J:L Oro region, in the ~ ot sneral JapmeM palogiate and a aupaoted agent b7 the nam of Joee Pablik. After hoat1l1t1ea ceased, Sp111vn waa denied entrance into Ecuadar. It 1.8 nat lalolm how mazo- other.lld.a apnte participated in tl).e encovngement or thie contlict b7 1ntluenc1ng ICUdcrian and Peruvian A:rrrq officers. The Rio Conference haa Mttl.ed the ~sput.s, and it 1a belirntci that no ~r contliu l;a Wlli anae betwen nat.iona in Ute lleeteru iiaupbere, at least for the duration of the present World War. A short history of the confij.ct and the reeul ta ot the Rio Coate renee t oll ow. Background en the ac~ aaap are shown the territoriee poemeled b)' Ecuador at the preeent t1lle and also indicated an the bo\1ddar1ee of Ecuador since the Protocol of 18.)0, l.luch ot this territort wu in di~ untu AprU, 1942, wben the final IN1"f87 settled the boundar,r ae eet forth 1n tbl Protocol or January, 1942, at the Rio CoofereDce ol Forei&n. ~. It will be noted that the line on th1a up wbiob rune hom north to aouth daaignatea the central cordillera of tbe Andea,!fcm whe" the land etarte ita gradient toward the eut to 101'111 ~ SCII8 of the cnio Plaine. Theee eastern elopes of Ecuador, u well L tboee ol Peru, are ~ bepnn1n& of the b,ydrographical routea tor the peuetratiod of the tm"'u River and the tribes liv!ng near it. uito waa attic~ establ.iahed u a oolcdial entit,' 1D 1SJ4, In ls42 the son waa diaco'ft~ by the upedition ol Ooasalo Pisarro, UDder the emmam of Lieuten.ant lredciaco de Orellana, wbo D&'f1pted tbe Hapo Riftl' to the.&mason, and proceeded to Spain tbrouch th1a Dft route. Tbe d1acot61'y ot the eson b7 Orellana,..,. d.to the dcw1natica ot the vson ftiftr. '.tbu Gtendecl to the tctitorj aoutb of tm ason 1llllt.ezoed b.j' the Ucq&U and the Hll'llp Biwn. 'Dl1a poait.ic:d ot pri~ 11'&11 m&intained throughou.t the entire ooloaial period, u the doollimdtl of.. tabl.iahllent ot the Preeidei!CT add Coart of ldto ot 1S63, 1n1, 1723, 1739, and 1740 proved.

41 ' ',.., (....!be 11011Uc&l. euuwtjon I' 1 etned tba ~... clar1q the colon'' period, deltpite ~tbi Boo 1~ c4 l8o2 1 llbi.chtwu.of eccled.&lltical aad ll1lltar;r eeni!.oe add~ c4 tcri.toftal NOeeaioo, as Peru baa "''"" in the prnent oent1u7. The oolcm1a1 period ca.a to an edd. oo!quat 10, 18o9, whe ldto proc'''''*' 1teelt independent. This proclamation 1IU tbe beginning or tb!t great epoch which aaw all of tt. Ss-ttett colonies in the aericu liberated. uito bee- an idr:leperlilen" atate y add waa later jo1ned b7 ~. in Bowver, ita t\111.1ddepea:... oe datestn. the Battle or Pichinch&. ill lbm she joi.ded Colabia, Vene~Uela, and pen,.. to!01111 tbe Cootederacy c4 the reater Colabia, of Boli.'flll'. ' Peru uaert.d 1te 1Ddepe,...,. b7 tbe BAttle or ~cbo ill 182Jl. Peru took it 1lpcd benelt becetm ot bar powz in tbe earl7 oe>'jcm11 period to direct the des1;1n1.. of tbe Dft nations. She ~pll ber pol1c7 or aareaaion agahat Bolin& ill adi1 ap:tnat tbe Oreater Coloeia ill 'l'broagh the BatGe of 1'arqui' llbd the %zeat1 of Jiroll tol.loll1ac that of ~ ill tbe...,.ar, Pwn PR tut1""";j' other knowledge of tbe CJIIl\U'8hip of tb1e disputed terr1to17 as being part of the Colonial Court and Pl'esideDCT ot uito, as had been decided in A:a tjd.a aclaiowledpent 1nclud8d tlie terri tort soutb of the Amazoo R1-..r, tbe mo:utba. ot the Buallp add Ucqali. R1-..rs ~d ColOIIb:l.aD propett1, tbu ~ the out.let or Peru to tbe u1n r.1:t1ir, a llituatioae 'tbat wu to aro... aa;r a eonmct. Here the PIID Ai.riou genius of Bolinr._. rcrt.a a hll ~ held of bu ~. bt reoc11u's1dg tbe ProtocOl ot ~~ 1T 1 the :rslm.. t,e Moeqaera- tjtat the bounda17 betaseo tbeae tii CCTGDtriea 1 Co"!-'!' ADd JWa, ehoald include the caurae o! the son ti't'vo!bu bomwhe ) is.,_ ad the ap bj' tbe. l1de ldd.ch atenda!raa Tumoes to the boundarin ot'bruil. -.n ~.,., OolcW.Sa, ad! Bc'!!;'sr be~ MpU'&te r.pablics ill lbjo, Peru z... Wid the~ poliq_of peaetntioo 11td.ch baa continued to the present date. During the put century, Peru baa used the I'Ubtertugea o1 ad obeoured d1plmc7,~~ t.m aiatenoe ot tbe Protocol or lbjo, de.a;ring tbe r.i.gbt.s,'iidil.l'oblipuo"*'o't tb1e tr.at,-,aftd.ftn when ite exiatence.,... pwtecl1 ~the ":JMl aettlaent. tt.ru established lines ot status qa.o which waz-. 'riolat.cl ~, tiat to U. In order to continue her ad'y&nce. Peru, however, baa 1Ditiated ftl'ioua negotiatioaa 1td.ch unt01'tlmate17 ba-.. not been reali.aed. Tbll Herrera Garcia Treat,' or 1890, shown on tbe ~wap~ia the 0"11call! ot one~ these.!be PWu't'1Ul Congress ~ Ylll"1cra h1cll. per.l.ttecl 1'Wu to cuact,.. 111th the preeen._t a.pabhc ot Col '' tbl ~ ot Pa.l f'o ell O&qaata.!be boud:taz7 &plata _. M;' 'to spa.trl, bat. h11 tlbralagb._ 1.t wae diaoo'ed that the~,... to be..ng.ed ill f..,.. of?eft~ 'l'b11 ooocund ill ~ <- 11 Ia 19iJ.. fwll. Jlll'lo... u. probl to. ta. UDited statae Oil tbe ti ne ot the oentenar)- or tbe Battle or qacucho. It was aleo the 8Jiftifti'NI'7 or ite aettlnsnt of Tacna add Arioa with Chile. ll'oa that,..ar oa, Peru bepn neeotiationa tot' a detinita eettlsrnt. In 19.36, BcuadOl' took ita

42 <J. er. l ~~~~~f~ rjlij~ a:i 1 Jllf; ;~a~!ji~~~~~,!if!1 --.fj~r!!-!jef : hi~~~~!'~ f:~~j~;;!r. Jlh! :- f - _ ~~~: 1 J. ~(it'll; i 3 if ~~~lr; ''f ~,; :11 II g.. ~.. I'«?. ~ ~~ ":t. (f- t:=~ I \ ~ t.. " E i ~ i. ~. J i ~ F'.! i b q I... s f J a' i' l i!:.: -.. _ ~Sf!._, rtf ~( ',l,le;!l(f!< I!i ;J Ia f I~.!. J g -~J 1 ~. 11~ I t. f; f.: ~f! 11 1 : l. II ~ ~.. It r. r a. ~ : I s. ' I, rfl fr...; ri!i ~ ~ -. ""*'' i ' 8 ~ f " "' ;..;. t -.. of -I' f... fl ~. ft ~t 1 '... - "'. i; ' - (. l'+ p :.,... lri ~..... ' ' ""....., - ~... " i. '"., -.,......,....s.... ~. '. t

43 - 30 -!8t of tbe Protooal. (t.nnilitlod h'& tli8 sppdeh)!be Ouvezwte of Eoudor aod Pen, desiring to t!dd a eolutica to the centur7-l.oag dispute 1lb1ch Jw1 separated tbl two uat.iau,.n8glwcl' - to celebrate a Protocol of_ PMce, Pli.endeh1p 1 add lloaddariee. The eoluticd to th1e probl. was lln'iwd at 1D the presence of Npneentet1..,.. of the OuWZZWIIIbte of tbe ljdited States of.-.noa, Arpot:lDa, Bru11, lllld <2lil.e 1lbo offered their ~ eenioee tonzod this end. '1'he spirit ot " ~ which pren1l.ed at the Third BnDion ot KiDi..tere of Foreipl Atta1re of tbe.&.ericen Bepnb11oe was mother motintidc factor... Dr. Julio Tobar Donoeo, Minister of Foreip Atf&lr8 for Ecuador., add Dr. Alheclo. Solt 7 Msro, JaD1ater of!'oreipl Atta1re tor Pen, wn 1D &OC01'd with tbe following te1'1118l A.rticl.e I 'lbe 0owl'mlltnts of Bcudor aod Pen eol.eaml.7 attira their decided purpo of M1Dta1g1ng between tbe two D&t.icme, rel.atiooe ot peace a:od triendsmp, of uadent.addidg md good will, a:od to abstaid troll lflit acta wbich would c!1at.urb the relationa. Article II 'lbe 0uven111tot ot Peru ebau retiz'e, witbid t1fteen daj8 trca th1e date, ita llilitart forces to a line set forth 1D Article.VIII of th18 Protocol.. A.rtiole III!be tllitecl states of America, 1rpDtiD& 1 Bra11 1 and Cbile w1l.l cooperate b7 aue of ldlit&ry obeerrere, to the end ot adjuet.idg tbl retiridg of troope trca the ocoupied territ.or,'. Article IV '!'he ll111t.&r7 forces of the two comt.riee will stq 1D tbeir 01111' poeitiou till the tld&1 iiw 1 of tbl boundar7 lidis. ljdt.u then, lcnijidaro w1ll ban tbl sole o1y11 j111'18c11ot.ioo 1D tbl.,nee 'ftc&ted b7.peru, wbich w1ll stq 1D. the ditioD u that ot the d..uitarised soae ot tbl Act ot Talara. b ottwr ot the ljdited states, Arput1Da, BraU 1 cd ObUe will ooat1du 'IIDtU tbe t1d&l dlluzooatioo ot the borden betwen Eoudor a:od Peru, tbu Protoool. I 1n1nliD eftwct add its CDOUUOD UDder tbe paj'iidtee ot tbe toar abow e iuoi»d Ol"'llltriee. A.rtioleVI Joudar eball esajor, tor tbe uarlpt.iod ot tbe.....,.. a:od ite

44 - 31- I' ' -.. "' MDif tributaries, the same concesaiona wb1cb Brasil arid Colcabi& enjcjt, md, more, those wbich nre :lnclc..,ed 1D a~ot cane~ and navigation designed to racuitate the tree navigation in the abot&-llwlltioned riwra. Art1cle VII llbateftr!soubt or d1.8cord wbich ariau baa the ~ ot this Protocol, eha1l be. aolwd b7 t.be part.us. co.ncen»d by a JilB!~ ot the representatiws ot the United States, Argentina, BruU, ant,i ~e as soon ~ posaible. Article VIII The bolmdary l1dt ahaj J be datinll4 b7 the f ollow1ng point~ s A. In the West: 1.!louth of the Capones and the OCean 2. Tbe ZarlmUla Ri:nr and the Bal...:l Cld ~u B.a-rima 1A - ~ J. Tbe ~o or ~ s R!-.r up tc- tbe C1e~ ~ 4. CUaderos 0 S. Pllana Rarlll8 to t he Ch1ra Riwr 6. The upper waters of the lira Riwr 7. The upper waters or t he Macara, cal. vas, and EapiDdola Riftra to the source of.the latter at the Nudo de Sabn1llas 8. Fraa the Nudo de SabanUlu to the Coach1a Ri-.er 9. The entire course or the Conch1a Rinr 10. The lonr waters.of the!1mb1pi Riftr to a point llhere it joidi the Sao Francuoo RiTer. B. In the Oriente: 1. From t he S&n Francisco Ravine between the Zamora and the, Santiago Rivera to the judotiao or the Santiaco wi~ the Taupi ' ~ 2..1 line to tbe!louth of the BobonMa oo tb-. Pa.tt.aaaJ j~ion of the River CtmlaDbo with the P1nto7aou oa the Mftr ftcre ). Mouth of the Conclaaco on the Cvarq, l~r waters, to Bell&.Viata ~'

45 .. ~ A line to the mouth ot the Yuani on the Rio lfapoj alq the lonr watere ot tbe llapo to tbe liouth ot the Aparico 5. Aloac tbe upper watere ot this to ita.11idc't1on with the Lagartococh& or Zancudo with the Aguarico 6. Al;oac the upper watere ot the Lagartococha RiTer to ita IIOUl'Ce, and!1"0111 there on a atra1gbt lide to the Guepi R:twr, and alcmg this to ita mouth on the PutomqoJ and along the Article II It ill understood that the 'bc:jimdart abote described shall be accepted 'b7 Ecuador and Pftu until. tbe 11U1"n7 'b7 teclmio1ana in thi.a tllrritor.r tor the settlem11nt ot the 'boundal7 between these two.countries h&a been completed. 'l'be two countries abll be able, nnartbeleas, to prooeed to occuw t.h1a territo%'7 and to take adftdtap ot reciprooal concess10011 which tbll7 c01111ider con'ftniedt to the end ot acljuating the boaddar;y aciedtuieal.lt. Said nctiticationa abal.l be Jllllde with the collaborl,tion o! the representatins ot the United States, Argentina, Brasil., and Chil.e. 'l'be GoTenaentll ot Ecuador and Peru abel l present this Protocol to their reapectite Ccmgreasea in order to obtain their appronl within a period ot t.b1rt7 dl;yw. In tbe hope that the abote shall be &ecciipliabed, the abcm~...utionlld in Cutil.l.UD Spmlllh, 'in tbe plenipotentiarille aign and seal in two copies~ C1t7 ot Rio de Janeiro at ooe o 1 clock ot the twanty-tlinth dq ot JUIDII'T, 1942, ot tbe premnt Protocol, under the aupicea ot Hill Bzoellii!IC7 the President ot Brasil., and in the presence ot the lt1d1aten ot Fo~ Attain ot Argentina, BruU, and Cblle, and the Sub-SecNt&ry ot State ot the United States ot Ueriea. (Si~Md), J. Tobar Doaoso Onaldo Aranha Juan B. Roesetti

46 ,. " ',"!~; ""' ""'~ <!Ill'...., '~. o./ --:' " The sett~t of tile Ecuador-feru boundarf. dispu~, 'llhich puts an end to the last controversy of this type among the Am8rican nations, has been sought for ~ y..e~a. Looking back Mi'Wal years, we.see that on June 21, 1924, the 111nisters of Foreign Att&ire of Ecuador and Paru signed in uito a Protocol b;y virtue of llbich the two governments on the invitation of the Government of the United States, sent to l'as~ton their respective delegates to attempt to arr:ue a't a.trienclly aettloment of the bordar question.; After failure to reach a definite settlement, they decided to leave the question to the decision o! the President o! the United States. For various reasons, it was not iuitn: February' 6, 1934, that the l?eruv.lan Ambusador and the J.linistsr of Ecuador to the United States conferred with President Roosevelt to solicit hia aid 1ri the settlement of the dispute befu~. e umding their respective delegates to Washington. President Roosevelt accepted, and on September 30, 1936, the plenipotentiaries of both countries met in Washington and hel<t a series of conferences which lasted until September, On this date the conferences termir..ated, since no agreement was reached over the demarcation of the sene which was to be presented to President Roosevelt for his tinal decision. The dispute was still pending llheq, towat'd the end of,1940 and' the begi.nnipg ot 1941, a rumor was heal'd ~t there had been several cja~es along the border be~en the armed forces of.these two countries. Then on. Jla;y 8, 1941, the governments of Argentina, Brazil, and the United States sent a telegram t;o th8 lb.disters of Foreign Aftairs of ECu&dor and Peru, in which they offe~ed their services to reach a de!ini te settlement of the. cent1117-old dispute. -. Despite the fact that several notes were u.changed, no meeting of emissaries was held, end siilce the hostwties continued.the three media~ countries, at the invitation of Ecuador and Peru, eent six neutral milit&r,r observers, who, together with the military delegates of Ecuador and. Peru, met in the Peruvian town of Talara on Octobe~ 2, An agreent was f ormulated creatillg a dem1l1'tarbed zone which bad as ita object "to assure the cessation or hostilities# which had _ alre~ been accepted b,v the two belligerent countries, and the delimitation and eetwng of the moat a.dnnced positions of their respeqtive military forces," which rema.ided ~as~,de- -termined in the agreement. '.. 1 In addition# it was ascertained that the tinal. boundaries of this zone implied no aclcnowledglllent, present nor tuture, of azr:1 title of sovereignty or ulterior justification of rights or possession, except that the document could serve as a basis tor a.tinal. Protocol# "in ca.ee the litigant countries and the mediators resolve to ampllt1 t.he terms ot the contt-acted comproiiiue, hoping that these countries would hold to the letter and spirit of the agreement." The teru or the agreement "!8re complied with,fai:tb~# add it 1ras in this state that the two countries 1'ound themselves when the.f'oregoing Protocol or aio de Janeiro was sigded. This docuii8dt not ~ dopes honor to the two interested countries, but also to the c n cause of inter-american trien4ehip. '... '.

47 #.... ~..j. *.....,..., "";;J---"",.,..... :,...- ~ OTHER ASPECTS OF THE RIO CONFERE!~CE a 4!"l'le""~ (!" ; J.l'rcin \be stan~int or contirien'tal. selidat'!t)p' th8 si;ttj.ement ot the :iarig~ 'te~t.orlll dillp!lte between Beuador iah(i Pe~' lful.:an UDUpec'ted b\1t h1gtlly 1JDI)ort&nt result or the 'lllftt1fli. 0 Berore t~~~t-m... ~ ~~ ' took place,'' the EoU&c:lOr1an delegates, together 'With a grouji ot other 'ilellbere 'ot '~ Coqfer8lice concerned Witli' eontiblrital. 8b-1~t;';~eol:ved.. to 1':lDd a solutiod ot the controversy. On the tinlil:1 \tar ot 'tim" 'tcilire1enoe, a ccmpl"'oidse eatistactoey to both,parties was siped. 'rhus te:iliihated eoe ot the 1110st ditficul.t and extended territorial disputes which have menaced the peace ot the ll'~stern Hemil~Phere. I t ~ Jc~'' Ecmc:i!1c,... - "'.."'{.. ~ A c~tive continentsl qetam designed to-"'eate'gward the ~ structure ot all ~he rytt"ions ot the Western H8m18ptiere'was set up""at 'tliiil' Rlo Cooterence. Pi'ovision was made tor the Hte:ranoe ot i'!danoial. cut ~ relatione with ~e Axis powers, a'liiost!mportarit IIMJUure ill 81ll1Pl... ntiili the severance ot diplciiiatic relations. ot the.ijiidisters. or Fi.Dance It was slso decided to hold the ~~&etidg with a "l1er to establiebiilg a Stabilisati.ori Flmd which would pjoclteot 'the C\ll'Tenc:tes ot the variou8.&merican RspubUCs from n,ol;«!t. m.-.ttooi, : -~ but w~d &leo tend to strengthen the ccilmereial t:ies betllleh the ~ Republics.. r,.. 'tj ' "' : *"'K.C;. A I,., ~1' "'"'.'f,<jo J.f... Ji. Ot.her economic SubjectS ' dealt With at the Conference werert:..l f$ _J.... _. ' ~~ -!,. 1'-f ~ ~ k, 1. The ueur&nae ot 81\ 8(Wquate supply ot.billie and strat'e~c materials to the 'c,ount:ries ot this oontident. >Y 4' L 2. The maintenance of-the &.listie econadm ot the counming countries b7 equatit7 of'aocess to inter-a~mrioan I' ' cadiii8rce and r8lt' mate:risle, with preference being given to the nations at~.i 3. A ane for sillpl11)irlg and eqjediting control -of.a;po;rt license and priorities. : i ":..,_ r~...t..-, 4. Increased etticienc,- of trazi8porlat1~fac111tie, '"both inwi"'iationj 17 and within the countries,; ~~" tu 1.!). A conference ot 'repreeentatiwe of.oenf;:raj. badlcs to BtaMart\1.. prooedtlre OODMCted with ' badk OreM~anil!l '*otllertidancial trwact1.ons' o{ ci'tlhiuf of.. AJ:ie':pilaeie.,.!t.. \.j.- \....,. ~'~ a~ t! Cifl!. 11 ~ 6~ I.nCreuing the proc!uct!on of' necee8&1'7 f:ood"pro*ieits and raw materials. "t.. ~ ~ ~ "".:nf' --.1"' J

48 ~ 1 ~I ii'!j ''l 111:11~~ ~ill ~~~ tt~t'l I II.. f"' ~~ f. s h!r. b ll~r ~~~~~~ ~ fr f e-1 8 'rr..! : i -. f.:. ~:zf ~. ~~~~~!.. ~ i.. i. IJJ :wlc I f :r!a'litl ~ fi ~ l r.. i' i~ 'f' i:-ir r~ - ~ _. f tt} if ~~:~~~~~:alif ~i-jt ' t:l-4t fziit. l r. ~ f. 8.. ~ t t. -~-!i I : ~-. ' l., ~

49 ' - ) ,...,._ broadest upeeta, the more direct probl.au ot 1111l.itary and naval deteruse were not overlooked by' the representatives at the Rio de Janeiro meeting. Ecuador hu ala abown its willingness to cooperate by' allowi.n& the United States Goteu111ent to eetabliab a llilitart, natal, add air baae at SaHnu on the coast. Statu ot Boa Belli&cente In.ceordaoce with the resolution adopted at the... tini oo the treataent of noo-belli&erenta1 Ecuador haa proel1mecl the UDited Statee... a noo--pel u punt. R!pre!entatifte ot EoWidor at the Rio de Janeiro Contercce The Ecuadorian repreeentatitee at tbe Rio Cont'eren~ wve u tol- Julio Tobar Donoeo, lhni.ster ot Foreign Affaire - HuMez:to llbomos, Delegate ilejudro Ponce Borja, Delecate Jmoique br070 Delgado, Delegate Lu1.e Boesano, Delegate l'.durdo S.J 11ar ao.s, Delepte Gons&lo :iloudero lfoecoeo, Delegate Juan L IUrcoe, Del r.. te C.Z.loe 'fobu' Zaldallbide, SeeretarT ' L L (

50 ' TC1l'ALITARIAN ACTIVIT&'3 Totalitarian penetration inw the social, ectonomic, Janel politioal lite of Ecuador had been progressing for years before tb8 llbited States took an active interest in this small South Americlil no republic. It has been pointed out that the United States owns approxi- 11&~ $12,000,000 of the $25, foreign illveat.dta in Ecua&lr,; but this wealth is concentrated in the hanas of several large corporatiada. 'l'be number of mall business men, ahopkee;.ers, fancers, etc. of Allerican citizenship ie negliaiblo :ln oo<npari:son with t he large ~ nw:iber of Gel'::lan and Ita1ia."' business men. The majority of this group has been established in Ecuador for 1ears, wh~re they have married, had families, established businesses, and become r9p1esentat1.ve in ~ munit,r lite. The sympathies of most of tne Axis nationals and eit5z9na na~ lie with their homeland, which ~ proved veey 1netraental to tbe active Nazi agents and organizers who have filtered into Ecuador during the past decade. This survey, in analyzing the extent of Axie penetration, will portr~ the detailed steps, toget.'ler with l;he lll8'thode employed by these Totalitarian powers. ' It should be borne in mind that Ecuador has s8ftl'ed diplomatic relations with the Ax1a powers, and hu tann atrong meuures to reduce the danger of internal subversive activities on the part of the Ax1.e apnte. The direct effect of the break of relatione between Ecuador and the Axis powers will be brought out in a later section of thia 8Ul"t81 It 1a to be expected, however, that the Ax1a powers have prepared for such an eventuality and have set up the framework for an "undererounct 11 organisation. The Spanish Falange has taken over III&IV of the duties of the Axle agents, and is openly spreading Nazi and Faaciat propaganda. The danger to the United Nations' war' effort now lies in the activities of the Falange. Foreip-Born Popul&tion of Totalitarian Countries As has been heretofore stated, official Ecuadorian population tisane are at beet an estimate. The following figures were derived froa a detailed CCIIIIP&rbon o~ etatiotico publ1bhed by the Ecuadorian OottitiMnt, nrioua well-known authors in their books of South America, United States GonrnDI8nt agencies, and other reliable sources. 1heae natietiee appq to the time prior to the expulsion of Ald.e nationals froa Ecuador in April, 1942a Total nwdber of Germans a Gerun nationals: (Approx:l.lllatel.y of the total are Jniah retupea who -'.grated to Ecuador)

51 REPUBLIC OF ECUADOR DEFENSE AREAS and Distribution of AXIS POPULATION Total Axis Population 11,028 c u 0 - ~.- Key CHAR! "J" '

52 ' ~ uito ~-~1 ~ - llallta, Aabato. B&DOI, SalSpea 0.to. total auaber ot Italiea.a Italian -tioulaa CODOctratioaa!ot&l muaber ot Jap«m 7~ Guqaqu11 ZOIC- uito 10% - Kauta.&abato, B-aldal, Salt-a,.to 6,000 1,600 Z8 (all bell.-nci to be -ti~e} Coaoctraticma 18 were internecl in Riobaba 10 had ciip1cu.t1o 1111P1111i ty add were ataticmeci at Legaticm in uito,

53 - 39- GIOPOLl!IOAL!B!lORr II RBO,.RD!0!!pU!! tplca...,... ;:,:; ,. ~ ' ' AD art1olo by J. o. Jlo1ohealwla appevlji& Ia tu "Die Zo1t=c" ot Loa" - DtO"hlll' lo 1Ml0..cl eatltlecl "llbotw w&"ri PIIUpel '1'110 Jaal t'd ill BW*a! fer lloath Jlilr'IO&. ndt4 ~ \hi acrw"'falia.ap of loutll to ftloh Prolidea\ loonh111 rfrerr.a la OU 'ot hh "til"lll..., hl4 1t ol'ipll ill -~ ldeu' ot ilhtprofllilor... al ~-' 1Rmtbof au1c ilhaf lt Itt M l~ the popoli\loal' tadtaol ot..~ Bitler Ul4 ll1bbatrop. ~..: - '!M ptui'j ot Baaahoter &n ~ r;'ll,.,. o;) c..., Aiiordlllc ito Baulhotw; the ceopolltt.oal 'fliaii.tt of 8&v;t.h-li.jrloa w!.u 'be ooatrolle4 by Ollt tbo oolllltri %a otmr wr4s. oa1j tfn ~ lh.."ll 'bo ade.pta'blo to the 1&11 411UIIe full fl'f"' U"'I lz'u~le AJ'CctU.o Cbillt Pin ad Col 0 he ~ Plll'&piiJJ "bel.. fill' CIOpO~oal 1'M11 to Arc...SU Bolt."f'ia bel~ tooidlla lciudcir 'bollltll to Peni ~ r CJi... br1apbm4e 'IH.t~M~d c"po11tt.ou OOIIUotioDL wf.~ dooe41dt;"jiitalijou4..,.. ~ rao1 co tcfll'u11. P llj...,t.oiiiiu. -'WS,u ~o-ciria ' OoloM1a. m4 v.. aula. aplo1to4 bj' Br1tilh ou o i toa 0 w!.u alao 'bo oddect to ColoMia. Balbofor Pla ot o,.n.tt.cdl, I) r Jlnehofwa pllll ~... the fit lat0114 ocnberi ~ IIDd 1ibt llppeti'iiiioi ot crter pctast. II ltopoe"to aold.w. llh...,. bj' R plo1t1q tu nrioua bcnmdar)' 41eputoa eziltijic ia South.&Mr1oa IZl4 b) oultit&tijic "il111nc" within the o0\&trio1.!heir tr~ ~11 be ooiiiiidotecl ill e.balaill; ooll.aulatoi. leptlau. '-Jut. 1G"b7 orciliii&tt... ia Sollt!l Aaori0& 0 u4 it UOOIIU'7 ija JJUa la ttd.l =v. Gw' " i ~Wlll ooi.- t#ol the ~llac llll4 tbj'oup thtil ooatrol tbi' ocnmtrl Iboro-Aaer1oan lllat1tuto!ida aohool ot thoupt Whoao proll4at 11 G-al Pupol 11 b aooord with Bauahofar Olll7 ia tho rol'\llt o'bteho4. Paupela Iutituto 11 tho auoooaoor of tho old "Ibaro-JMriO&D Inlt1tlato" ot tho V*li'ferlit,. ot Ber11D, llbj,ojl at = tim n ou ot ~ at lllpol"tut o1111tar1 ot 10it tulo 1D'foat1cat1GD ia all Buropo. It na baal4 = the creat oultaral Ul4 coocrapblo tracllt101l ot the tjrd.'flrlit:y ot Barlt.A. 41rooto4 oapoolall7 tonr4 Spa1a South A!Mr1oa olohly oodmotocl with noh illportuat.. u BWiholdt u4 ll1ohtota. UD4er the 41roott. of tho t8mcl author1 t,. Oil Spa1ll u4 South AIM!r1oa. Dr. uell the I!Lit1tuto lim... ou ot tu ~11 ot aoleat1tlo aplrlt. Thoro aro tn ata'to- ia 8pa1a er lloatll MIOI'loa Who 0 'botoi'o uaz. -r DOt t.ator'fltlft4 b7 11M "JI&ator" upoil tlwir 'flaltl to GOI'IIalllt'. 1IMR llollo 41ecl0 Paupel took oh.arc of the IaatiWto. whioh Mececl ita... to the "044 -Illvo-Mnrioaa IuttWto aa4 bao autmm tt. Faupel~-. 89'ltll.tMrlM u a LllU~ 1Ju1inotor IIDil later na aa4o abaau4or to Spda b7 l!ltler 1lpObl t1w uiniptl ot ponr b7 P'ranoo. Wldlo at the Inltiwte. Paupel wu a baokor ot tho aoo&uecl "Br14cohea4 ThoorJ." to '

54 ,. \ ;_;;:----.,...,.,.,. 1 'Zbe Bridpb.'ld 'ZMCil7 atatee illpl.t that na- v UcNld tau " adftdtap ot tbe Ibero-~cen1a cultlw ill ceriaid illte~ c~ ill SpaiD ill Ol"du to create a bridpbuod tor the tutu. doetnauod ~ Soutb,.. rlca. In Otber ftl'd8, th1a abould be an en\itj' tor tbe h:twn 4-DI"CID ot South Mal'ica, ~ IJelollav abculd ue tbe In lfatii!ni11at.apesn u a wazw of daw'natidc South.AMI'ica. r&upel wu aent to Jlldz1.d to cona~te tb1t plan, preparat.g17' wtrk wu auconatul, althou&h becauae ot his llilit&r7 tailure ill the Spn'lh' CbU War he wu cll ed back to Berlin add replaoed b7 tha prot.. aicmal dipl.o Mt, Vcm Storer. A.a a nnlt. ot i'apel'a watk, tbe Spen1eb h'enp aa CCIIl'fV'W, oot aaq ill Spa'" bllt. ill llfttb ~. ~a clocue illaw mt ot.a. poutioe. Bectm1na with SuDer MweJ.t, there 1a DO Nana;5-t l.eami- wbo baa DOt 'riaited tm. IIJ&ut.ar" ill the Ibero-A8PI'ican IuUtute tor lld'dce. Fa.pel n. Bauaboter Bauahoter adtoc&tea aial1dc t.atea, au~ to all appearuaoea, wbue la'11p81 deairea after tbe lin Order 1a eatabliat.ct, to retum to Spain u a kopean ":!fuon.her, ":S.-t np~ colgn'~ 1D South.AMr:Lca. ~ in tbe latter c... would control SpaiD and Spein, 1D turd, woul4 CODtrol her colodim., ~ It 1a interutina to DOt-e that t.he two Dationa 8Vu1&]1nl for CGDtrcl 9! ScNtb Merica U'e 8pein mid ~ J mid ;,wt. t.ba direotora ot tb.a two.rridc bema are located 1D OG 'IT' Bauboter 1D IIIIDich, and Faupel 1D Berlin.

55 ' -41- GERIJ.All ACTIVITIES.. ~ Background Since tbe beginning of the Hui-Fasci.at internal o!'!sdsi:n.in tbe Western Heisphere, the Cel"!llallS have had two objectinst (1) to control ccw tree with tbe Japanese, and (2) to incite. arrtii-~rhhst Hntimant with the object of diaplacina Yankee and &lgllsh Imperia11a. Baai penetration in Ecuador has adapted itselt to the conditions inherent in that country. Ecuador's economy is of a semi-feudal type with an incipient indus~ try controlled.a1nl7 bt fore1811 caapanies, requiring speoi.al attention on tbe part ot those wbo desire to be popular with the Bcuadoriaa nsea. '!be Ge:r'llca cad It.l ian business men haft for lll&ll,t 18&1'8 enj013d tbe ccafldenee of the llcudoriml public, in contrast to the AErican companies 11hich lv.n maintained a very uni'opular superior attitude toward the natin business men. It is curious to note that 1n its aim of world.ng i.l"to the confidence of the people, Haai."'D has exploited perfectly the uaticmal. ~tam the attitwle of interiority created bt economic and racial caadi:tians. Nazi agente arrind in Ecuador not only as business 1118I1 1 but also as 8Xi)lorers, scientific investigators, ni"ww!!!'&p4'1t' 11'.1"", and uni.veraitv -;ro!',.saars The German Pedagogic ~fission that came to Ecuador before Nazia cleared the wa:r for the cause, becau:;e the intellectual element favored Ge~. This is illustrated by the case of Reinaldo Espinosa, who is 1101r in~ in tbe employ ot the Ibero-"-rican Institute o! Berlin and the D. R. B., wbo 'llllmt to the Galapagos Ialanda accaapan1ed by Jlbotograpbera add llui eng:i..., the trip expenses being, paid by the Ecuadorian Ocm!.ruuent. At aae U.. Mr. Espinosa had under hie control an organisation or Ecuadorian professors, and because or his position and connectione with high gov8l'liill!llt officials, be was able, and is s1;ill able, to sene Nazism nsagniticently, formrly inside Ec11ador, and DOW in Geru.ny-. His "conferences" broadca.st cont1nmjj7!rca Berlin, have been and are DOW beard with especial interest alld sen. u an excellent nhicle for difi'usion of the Haai progru 1 s "lew Order.". The German School was the meeting place for Ecuadorian intellectual.! on Sat~ aftenloons. Lawyers, writers, and professors; under the paternal protection ot the OeNan llini.ster, Eqea nee, once gatbered there.!be director' ot th1a School was Dr. Max W1.tte, an BcuadoriaD-born son ot Oezw pareata, and a ferftllt Nui. Nasi pr0papnd.,n.s ware abibitecl tbere~ llui literature was diatribated, and inst.ructioae were gitsd tor.tutare activiti'!s on the part or those elements in the various socw, cultural, and ww'bre' ceoters. Dr. Max lh.tte, director or the Genun School, was also a professor at the Mejia. lfational School, and a deput7 in the Hatioaal Congress. 1lheD Coapus decreed the ol.oei.ag ot the s.clta iirli.de, a nbrid1az7 ot Lutthanaa, it._. Dr. 11lt.ta 1lbo report.ec!r telepbamd the... t.o Sedta, baton &be secret nseion or Coacre bad terminatecl. Sedta was ilitol'md or 1111.,... and bad su!ticient time to hide valuable apparatus such as r'adio transmitters and z-.ceinrs. '

56 .. ' AUSLA.NDS ORGANIZATION.. _... --~ The framework o! the Uazi organisation in the penetration ot ~or follon the general pattern prescribed b7 the poli~g diviaion of the AuslaDde Organi:aation. The head! of the local part7, or I.andeegrupped-' leiter, of Ecu.dor was the o!'t.-mlmticoed ll'alter Giese, official :rejji"esentati'ftl of the AuslaDda Organisation. The Ausl.ande Organisation is under the direction of E. w. Bohle in Berlin. Giese Tiaited Stuttgart, 0e:r~aan7, ee'ftlral tillee in tbe early part of 19U llh1l.e he was ata,.ing in Berlin, where he often contacted the Preaidant of the Deuteche's-Ausl.and-Inetitut at Stuttgart, although he was not on 1:ba ~ of thia Inetitut. On se'ftlral o~ his Tiaita be dali'ftlred lecturea to the Abteilungsleiter (beads of Tarious departzmnta) which is 1ndicati'ftl of the esteem in which he was held. The core of the directive in!luence in the Auslancts Orpnisation group is the Huional Sozial1etische Deutacbe ~iter Partei" (lational, Socialist German Workers Part7, or then. s. D. A. P.). The Part7 z t~ ship waa reetrioted to those llellbers of the OenlaD coloa;r of "pure ArJan" blood, and 'Willi dedicated to ~he principles of Ritar's "Nn World Order." Gestapo Oeman espionage activit7 in Ecuador is carried on b7 the Oeheiae StaatspoliHi (Gestapo), 11bich is caapoeed of apeciall.7 ealected rnbera of the Scbulzata!fel (Klite Corpe-s. S. ). Thia, in turn, is fol'lled tl'a aalect«l m Mrs of tlw SturubtaUung (Stora Troops-s. A.), a mllitar;y organisation composed of men!r to 60 years of age. It is pointed out that all Gestapo agents are mbers of the s. s. and in the event an s. A. trooper becomes a Gestapo agent, he autau.ticall.y becomes a ber of the s. s. Part7 ofticials generall;p' are not 1 tera of the s. s. or the Gesta;>o, but are -.bers of the s. A. All officers in these various organizatiolls and members of the Gestapo are appointed in Berlin. The S. A. leader 1n Ecuador was WUhela Schneider, and ailit&r7 instruction of this group was under the direction of Lieutenant Col.onel lldo Slaviero, a former 11811ber of the Ital1m ldilitar;y Minion.!be s. s. wu headed by Wilhelll Schultz, while llil1tal'7 training wu under the direction of lfajor lfario Slaviero, also a f~r JDember of the Itl1m Jlllitar,- JIUaion. The Military Divisi on of the Nazi Organization wa.s composed of the S. A. and S. s. lllelllbers, and 'Wils under the direction of the above-llllled leaders. When Giese was deported tlrca Ecuador on Januar,. S, 1942, his place was taken b7 Hrinr1ch Loeecbner, aa l.&ddeqruppenleiter of Bcua!or, Re1naldo Scblralbe r=e1n1ng second in c end in the lfasi Orpnisation

57 II CHART "K"

58 Dip1oma.ts \ erun V1n1ster to Ec~ort Dr. Eqen JO.ee.~ stationed ;in uito. ' \ \ l: Secret&r7 to :the Gerun Legation: r.nr. AmO.Haluil&; 'rep!.~.by Walter Gieee in the earl)' part ot _. ' '.. Chancellor: Willi Schulz.. Tran~lator ad4 Preas Attaches Drw.Alfredo L Cuhne {Jrowin Hauptmann). Official propaganda agent attached.. to the Legations Walter Langpap. '. Clerkas!!:.1Ho Weinelt, Frau Marta Wosadtka.. I Diplomatic Couriers: Hel'll8DD Sum, Karl Wallaac:hec:k 't'oil W..Ufel~. Nat-ional Soc:1al1st German Workere Partz {N. S. D. A. P.) - ~ 1li I!':! The leader or the Nazi Party in Ecuador since the early part ot 19W. wu Walter Giese. The C>ryegruppenleiter of ui~ wu formerly Fed~co P. Partmu.ss. Heinz Schulte haa a,j.ao. been 11181ltioned as the Nazi Chief in uito, but it 1a believed by reliable sources that Schulte was the tr~~,. and H1ltsverein of the Nazi Party. 'l'he head of the German Labor Front,.or Arbeitstront, wu Albert Mickelsen. Leaders ot the Hitler Jugend Movement ~ were George Kei.derle and.adolfo IO.aere, Jr.!)irec:tor of the German School was Dr. Jlax1m111ian Witte. Instructors at the German School 'Were Karl Hartac:h and Rudolf Lklebius. ' President of the German Club was Karl Hartac:h. The German Clubhouse director, and also Jlarlager of the Transocean NSWB Agency and Radio Station, _, Pablo Roehl, an ardent Nazi. In addition to hie duties u the Preas J.eaiatant in the German Legation, Walter Langpap was also the Chief Press and Propaganda Agent for. the Nazi Party. 4..I "The Sedta Airplane Company- photographers, Gottlieb Hirtz and Paul' Huras, also acted as the official photographers for the Nlzi Party in Ecuador. After Sedta was closed by the Ecuadorian Government, Hirtz established a small photograph shop in the Pasaje Ro;yal in uito, which was also a favorite, Nazi meeting place. Acting as courier for the N. S. D. A. P. and the German Legation wu Dan La Fontain, who 'Went to Peru during the first World War and ~re ~ married a Peruvian. In 193l or 1932 he moved to Ecuador with his fam1.l.7,, and he was tirat emplo;red by the Fenix Construction Ccmp&lV in uito, and later with the Italian Construction Ccmpaey in Oua7aquil. Both he and J. lfontero were reported as couriers according to the tiles of the Transocean Nne Agency office in Bu~nos.. ~a, Argentina. -~ "

59 -!:h - < ' J..'lf Geiheiae Staatarolizei (Gestapo).. "'~ -CJ "C r..., ~..j J The Gestapo was under the leadership of Walter Giese, who in tum, it is said, took orders onlj,traa the Gestapo Cbie! in Sao l'aul.o, Braail. The Gestapo agents ~ Gl,1&1f'l~ took orders!rca Emat )~oahe. Ino,n Geatapo agents in Ecuador were Walter Woeblermann, lltredo,..ijei}een, F. Butidu, ud Hans Bemouille... ~ t,.. -:.~ r t.. ~ '"t... Records on German nationals tor use b7 the N, s. n; A. f add the Gestapo were ~~ted under tqe. dir~t.c~~od of JZ..~~ CuhJie, iiid hu assistant, Alfredo Neilsen. It was r eported traa ;n~liab1e sources tbat the. Gestapo made a record or the amount of money mdp~ in the b~ ~in ~or by all German nationals, l!hetber Ar7at\ or Jn. They a.j:so inquind aa to what :.elativee each German had in Ger~~aey and other parts of ~zi Europe. 'J.'hu the Gestapo was able to exert' pres~ure on German ~ And ' j1ewa in Ecuador who would not contribute to the Nazi cause. "Sociedad Equator iana de Transportee AereoS'" (Sedta). It has ottan been stated t,hat ~ center of German fifth 9olumn activity in Ecuador was the Sedta Ail'line which links the Tarious towns of uito, Guqaquil, IWlta, Salinas, CUenca, Loja, and Ee~~~eraldas. In July of 1940 it was reported that Sedtawas hoping to obtain the Government mail contract in its interior service. J.t the tire Sedta had two good.junkers planes, 20 pilots, and a ground crew of 50 mechanics, besides a large and busy office!orce. 5edta 1 s management explained that its large force was lll&intained because it expected to exparxl. In September, 1940, Oe.lo Plaza, retiring JU.nister of National Defense, intimated that it was very urgent for Ec;uador to eliminate Sedta, llhich was a aubsidj,acy' of the Deutsche Lufthansa. He stated that the Ecuadorian Government would be glad to take whatever steps would be necessary to al11nate Sedta if Pansgra would only agree to pr ovide the services which were then provided by Sedta. At that tillle Panagra furnished Ecuador only with an international service thrice weekly. At first Panagra was unwilling because it staten that i ts services would not pay, and would haw to be subsidised b7 the United States Government. P.Laza stated that it was blperatbe tar the United States. to do tis, since Sedta bed requested permission to bring in two more planes, and that tha.ecuadorian Goverm.nt could not hold out IIUch longer. Sedta provided m.m;r tree rides tor Ecuadorian otfic.iala aod polit i cians, and also provided at very low rates or.tree, a c mication service with. and transportation of supplies to the Ecuadorian ArliT lmita oo tbe!ron t ier. Sedta 1 s contract was suspended by the Ecuadorian G9Ve~nt on ~ September 1, Its inter ior service 11.nes had been paral:lsled by- - Panagra or the tiro months previous to this date. How8ftl', Sedta had established itself 1n the favor o! the, Ecuadorian pub~c,, Ul_!l it has been ft'r7. ~ difficult tor Panagr'a to gain the. contidei}c6 of tbe people..., ~. r1 It.is reliably r eported that one of tbe reaeons for the dittioult7 in cancelling Sedtas contract was because of the business comectiona that ,...!

60 - lis - _,. Ratael P1no Roe&, brotbel'-in-law of the Preai~ent, bad with Sedta.. 'l'hia point was al.ao used by ap. groui)s antagonistic toward the Presicbmt, u an incident to accuse hilll of being pro-lazi. The Chief o~ the Nazi.ur Force, and technical IIIJ1&g8r for Sedta in Ecuador, was Horst D. von Ba\lllbaob. Sedta's general.anager 1n l!'.c:u8dor was Pablo Degetau. In 1939 Count Grat von Cutell.arrind in Ecuador and aeswaed the duties of Chief Pilot for Sedta. Both ho and Christian Drexel were old and experienced pilots who provad to be ver;y popular in Ecuador. 'nley lett!cuador in the ear~ part of 1941 for Gerun;r, and it baa been rumored that these pilots are now acting aa instructors to Nasi pilots in occupied France, teaching t.bem the secrets of~ in the high altitudu of South Merica. other pilots wre Joachia Huebner, Anton Panke, lf. Saltsberger, Walter )(. Stadler, and Kurt ThCB. Radio operators on the planes 118re ~ton. Bossareck, Hana D1ebler, Conrad Gertich, and Werner Penke. The official radio operator in uito was Otto Weimaun. Section Leaders The work of the Nasi Party throughout the small towns and cities of Ecuador was carried on by the following leaders 1 Ri.obambaa Cuenca a Ambatoa Ibarra: Salinas: Yanta: Ludwi~t 1f. Weber Cecilia Brandt Friedrich Schlundt Waldemar Boettger Adolfo Klaere Oerhard Altgelt. The Ortsgruppenl.ei ter of Ouqa.qu.il was Ernat Boobe. llembership of the liallli Party.. Dr. Cuhne, whose real na.e is Irr1ng Haupt.JiaJ:m, was rel1ab~ reported to have stated that the Nasi Party.-berahip in ui to was Cc:Bposed ot 32 persooa. Other estiutes have placed the DUIIber of lias! l'art7 ibera in Ecuador at 4SO persona. It 1a estimated, hawaver, that ot tbe 2,.$00 o,r.an.a.r,yans in!ouador, over 95 per cent ~ pro-genun, although not necess~ pro-nazi. Activities ot Bali!gents 1&111 agents have explored ~or in ita entiretr, inclllding tbe Oala;>agos Islands. Dr. Franz SpUlllan, as Chief Geolo~st tor the Coapan1a l!i.nero Petrolera del Paci!'ico in 191!0 add 19hl thoroup;bl)' explored the Esaeraldaa and Ori ente regions in search for ou with the sn-clled "Japanese geologists." Sp1lllllan is also accused of being a SP7 tor t~ Peruvian forces,

61 ' \ tor during the Perurl.an attack on Puerto Bollvar in Juq O.~ i.a~~ ~o baft urged tlle :SOUIIdoriaDa in that sector to r e1n 1n their hiiiee au4 capitula~ to tbe ~ aide. Becauae or tma ewnt be,... ltter denied re-entz7 1Dto Bcudor, adj~ laat reported -to be.. iln Pena., "'l ; r ( 't L,.,., ODe ot tbe mat I'Bterioaa ud. t.aned,oof 11u.1 apdte _, ~ E. came, a tomar Vin=ne.&JW7 captain. Caluw;arri...S 1A laudor- a pe4 MI' 7N1'8 ago, and bu at variciu U.. 8Cted- u...a doctor ~ ia trop1cal. Meu, a ~"! apert, a-political.tri...,, aud a 8eCIZ9t. sen1oe aud.s.u.tajt operat.tlldji.expert. It ia,nid that )Ia 1(N ~ in the el-ct1ca ot OeDeral. Feclerloo Paes u P1'eridat in icallala...w the countr,r, aince Paea lioul.d do nothing without first consulting ewm.. CubDe then organised a Secret Serrtce Btlreau. He wu &lao later called upoo aa an idu..te polltioal.cn.aer to tbe PNaideDt ad wu 'aogd..17 ;rue1ng to draw up a plan tor the protection ot Ec\aador t'raa Pvll, 1ltddl aimi.-4 tbe llilitaey- operationa experts or the General St.att. - a.n Geaeral. Paes -...,.,,..,, eutme.retired to a hadeada wbicb he bed pure"'.., witb.f\mde: accmnltecl wb1l.e MrriDg PMtl. llc:jiiinm, h1.a treeclca wa -.bort-li...s, tar Gneral l'aes'a nooencii' orderacl Clai!M'.an.t, ao4 he wu }?l&oecl in tbe Ecuadorian PeDitentiarT 1D aito. Wltld.ll a abor.:t. tim CubDe had reorpzd.hd the..ainiatratin set-up rill the Ptm1tent1.u7. C 1 was the de facto director. Upon hie nfleaae abollt a 7M1' later;f.the 1t'IIZ'dlo ot the Penitentiary tbanlced Cuhne tor b1a serrtcea ad wrote a l"etter or c ndation in h1l bebalt to the Kiniater ot Goni to. OuhDe tiled a.- lllllnced his aeti-rl.tiea aa a liaai agent, md iras eomidered the leader ot tbe ae.tapo 1D Bcudor 1mW he.. ncoeedecl b71fll.tel- O!He. l'l"oil that tim on, CaJme IIIIDk into obacrariv Uld "1'7 Uttle_ 1.a lm<rd ot b1.a acti-rl.tiee. Be apent tbe laat rix mnthe ot h1.a.tq in Ecuador.,.,,.., aad n.uerial t'raa malaria in tbe tom ot Kaldot.So on tbe ColCIIbia boz <Wr. OeNan Club!he Oer:u.n coloa.t t each wek tor eoc'l ptheriup at tbe o.a-n Club. The leaders ot tbe llasi PartT, buwwa,.t onoe eadb mnth atdltan houae. Cahne stated t COl tim tbat tbe principal topic ot di.acuaaion wu probabl7 er1t1c1 ot tbe-0eman Lqat.ion. n 1a aa1d tbat. Dd.tber nee oor OubDe 1IW1'e ' ot tba- lui Patt;,y. It baa been leu'decl t'raa rej1mle &Oill«<H that an almcwt ocapl.ete collection of Nasi propaganda literature._..bpt at the L1brer1a 1In~ 1- naeional, with Goldberg,' the Jewiah retllgee owner. 'lbia literature wa d1yided into three oateceri 1. PropapDda 1n OerMn bjr tbe- - OelwD colaalr I A,, ~ei!l'oij l. Propapnda in 8paD1.ah ~or tba 1oel. ~uoo. ~o xm.tf)l),._ 1 ~. 4! ~no!.tat : ~ ~. ;t 1 ~e ',!o&t 0.1:3" ~...

62 ' - 4'( - -- Col!J1o l1. n Ill u U't1c1e appearing 1n the 'uito -pepers, 1t was etaw that the Dil'ector ot-b::lucation or PioMncba ProriDce tmd id!'ox n:l tba National Department for Ed,lcation that 8oc per ent of the students at the Dolello Aleen... ~ an! that so per cent.at * raclllt7 or the ecbool wre Zculdorian. Bowar, it 1e c;a.ou knoifledp that. ell o ttblt J!!fneore; 1IMthel' Oe'i'lan or lcuedori&n, ~ 'lftlreupr.o-nasi.!'he':l,cbildnd ~ Oblipd to tudt tbe' aenan languge.m to singr<the GeruD a&t.ic:malr;antar at... bll"m1ng.ot cll!jnee. each dq. )lae1 princi-ples,... taught. ud~ture s of Hitler and..utib81'1111ft hung 1D ft817 roalb n. atte""nce o1 tmi a.rman Sobool llwibered 200 c:bildre.d. BerliD. wo 1'bere 1lltl'8 16 teacbere, 1108~ Oemnne pa1cl b7 w I JIU.i t&j7 '!'n1m DJ ~ reliable aourcea it baa been aacert.ai.ded that the llas1a practiaed dr11.11rlg OD tbe ~ bejmpng to Captain Cibello, en G-otlUer of the Itel1en inl;r at Oaapolo, a nell town Dear uito. 'l'bia.,, not wu J'lnqced b7 tbe Oer n end Ztal1en Iagatiou 1D uilt#, add appearecl. to have ~.pert.. or a geaeral 8Cb to -otten up the 11111t.a:!<7rpal!tT 1n Ecwldor. Thie td.litary -tr'"'"l waa 'll!lder. the.direoticn of the prerl'ousj;jmient.iooed bro~, Colonel.Alclo Slni.ero an! Ma,1or Mario Slarlel'o. ' l" ( 0. en Pre Prop-p='.- ::} '..-.. c Tile emery LeptJ.OD ept11&t apprmtwte]t $S(t per...t;b 1D uito 1n placing Totalitarian propeprvtl 1n the ~, and Ul"""d tbe -..:-mt tor th1.e pwpom 1D Oallpqa.11. Dwae articles ware written b7 Oelwana using fictitioaa nnea, and also b7 Bcu.ldor1.me who ware }aid for tt.ir Hnices Atter the collapse of France, these articles -re directed egmt tbe Jflft add the United States. Their theme was to show what great thinia a.a.&n7 bed dode tor Lat.in AMrica, end at tbe aau J;Ue point out the United States exploitation of tbe Latin Allericu.t...~.. ".u~o ODe or tbe principal a1ju ot tbe 1uL Part)' ~ lcv.ldot- tta,s rbeen to mold public opinion 1n favor of the ~~ -cauae. ~ Tbia progna bas...!lot been carried out partieularl7 b7 the large and ponr.tul newspapers, but b7 tbe l]er akl1es am dau1es, 11biob 1 with tbe eaa:ept.ion or ttta Defenaa," edited add publhhed b7 ColCMl PU=cn Bcrja,.am ftit pro-totaliterim.. One of the leading propagencu ate i1t en Baaedor1u b7 tbe.- c4 Bateel P1no Roca, who carries on an intenaive pro-totalitarian pt~p""a cupaicn. B1a paper wu m... ae tm ~ ~~~ {DocuMDted Tru~). ADother organ of "lui propaganda wu!'la Vos Obrera," edited b7 Octa't'io Pal&cioa....,.u-_.,.. labor ).nkr who~ out a 111eleact1ng propt.pnd prograa. Manuel Zapata Troacoeo.. ed!.tar"""of 't.be Mwapaper "lntereaee ec-rciales, which... nbeidised b7 the Sedta 11rllnes, add AD&elMenNee, editor of B:~.:<...,ol", It.el1,..11bbdd1secl~ ~ eii11p4:tecl tm Totalitarian nationa. Ill Loja, Canar, and Aeuq, three..., 1ftleklies under the 1\IIIIISS of n Criaol," "Kl Tr1buno, 11 and La Vos Catolica" published Nasi pro~gadda

63 \ -!:3 - The nekl7 nnapaper "La Voz Obrera" was suaperned by the Oovemment 011 luguat 15, 1941, because it had.ade "c~nts injurious to President Roosevelt. Nazi Ppoll It is reported that the German Con8ul in Oua)'aquil, Ludwig Brueckmann, turnished all Germans who were unempleyed and had no 1118ans of support, ll'ith their roaa and board and 50 sucres per month tor pocket IIOM7 The source of the mone,. which Brueckmann so lartshl,- spent on unrortunate Gel'lllllllll was never ascertained. It has also been reported that Lorenzo ToU. continuild to pq salaries of the Axis employees whom he had to discharge after the outbl'eak of the war 1lben Sedta'a license was taken away, ita empl.eyeee were placed ao the payroll of the Otto Wolff Ecuapetrol 011 C0111p8J11', as 'W!,re maey of tbe crew of the German ship 11 Cerigo. uter November 12, 1941, the Ecuadorian GoverrDDent decreed that no ia!dgranta would be allowed to enter Ecuador who did not haft parenta or children there before the war began. The reason tor this move was that these imigrants sought onl,- a refuge for the duration of the war, and bad no idea how to earn a living in their chosen coimdunit7. German Economic Influence During the S1liii!Der 110nths of 1940, sale81118n for the Gel'III8Il ci,e irnuatr,. were in Ecuador for. the purpose of ta!c!ng orders with guaranteed delinr,- ~n or about October 1$. Orders were also being taken for steel., am in some cases surety. bonds were being put up by the German salellll8n to guarante' deliver,- in September or October of that year. As September drew near, the aer-n agents teared that the,- would be unable to deliyer on the date specified, and began to place duplicate orders in the United States tor the articles ordered by their South American clienta. Of course this meant that they would take a substantial loss, but it would relian them of the auret7 bor ie, and at the same tim would keep their orders. The moat aignifi.cant fact is that -tt.i " German tr.mt IIOTe -.. &D atteapt to retain the aarket of' South America for German goods after the war. Another illportant feature is that it coincides with the German prcr.- gand that the British Blockade was ineffectual, since gooda wre fiowi.dg troll Ger11aD7 to South America. This Oenaan trick of f!ak1ne orders ll'ith guaranteed deliwr,- date bad a decided ef on Latin American public opinion. In the c n belief' was that Gei'ID&ny would win the war and would be the nation 11'1 th which to trade in the future. Motion Pictures ; J. IICl'et showing of NaSi propaganda!ilma was reportedl7 hew at the house of a llazi b7 the n&lll8 ot Eberle Schotel in OUaquU in the aut\iiid

64 -49 - of l9u. This ahorid& was attended by Lorenzo ~. forme'i- Honoraey Spanish Consul, and t110 Ecuadorians, Co~nel Ricardo Astudillo and Otto.Gilbert, in addition to the German Consul, Lw:brig Brueclalann. These f1l.ma were later transported to uito by Lorenzo Toua, Jr., and stored at the Casa.Poppe in uito. Movies were also held from tilde to time at the Casa Alemana in uito, ahawing n-.ra o! Nasi rlctories and thus raising the morale o! the German population in uito. Attendance at these movies was limited to German Aryana, add admission was by card only. However, it should be noted that high Ecuadorian officials were o.rten invited in order to imptsiis. them with the Nuia' atr~. Attendance by the German coloey was compul.aoey. Mational Defense Zones <kl Januaz'7 3, 1942, the President issued,n executive decree conatitutina as a national defense zone the cantons of Santa Elena and SaHnaa, in the prorlnce of Guayaa. The reason tor the issuance of this decree was bel.irfed to haw been!ear of a Japanese attack troa the sea on the Anglo 'lcuadorian Oil plant at AncOD, with th cooperation of German support by land. ID that event, Ecuador would have been without fuel oil or gasoline of ita end without an opportunity to illport any troa abroad. If Salinas hid been seised, ita &ieyort and oil supply' would have made it impossible!or ~r to recapture this section.from the Axis '!'hare was also the poaa1- b111ty of a German and Italian "putsch" by land, but the ene1111's chances!or holdi ng Sal1naa were negligible ll'ithout support from the sea. Pattern of Nazi PutaSh Froa reliable sources the following plan of action is claimed to l'l&te bean the one which the NaziB would have uaed in their attempt to seih pomil" in Ecuador l l. Revolution would begin in Ou.ayaqu1l add a fn houra later would start in ui to. 2. Civil and 111lltaey authorities not in 81JIP&tb1' with the.monment.,uld be apprehended, especially the Governor and Jl:U1taey C«-MMer in uqaquil, and in uito mmbera of the Federal Goverlliii8Dt anclll1lltaey officers. 3 Plllld.lies, particulazoly children, of Ecuadorian o!ficialji and prominent citizens not in a,mpatey with the Nazis would be taken into ouatod;y. 'l'his step would also include foreign Consuls and!lllliliea except those of GermaaT, Chile, and Brazil, and some other special OOWltriea. 4. C<-mn1cationa, water supply, and other public utuitiea "'lve to be Mised. S. l:!elp troa the outside wu.expected, ~IIUIII&bl,y boca Peru. " 6. The rnolutioll would be, in all probem111;y, in conjudction with 111m11 ar uprisings in other Latin J.aerioan co1111triea. '(

65 .- POSSIBLE DANGER POINTS ' - DUE TO SABOTAGE OR OTHER ENEMY ACTfON, r ' 0 RELATIVE LOCATION OF THE CANAL ZONE AND GALAPAGOS. ISLANDS '1.'0 ECUADOR.k U.S. Key Ail and Nanl But ~ Poooibl< Lo<ation of A~ l~lllllllil. ~ Suhmarioc -.._..,

66 The denpr. -50~. -.., ~t Rah ~at~ hall~ -.}i"'r*'-1 ~e the ere~ t1oo of a United Statu ll&ftl, I.Di 1 ID4 AU\..~&\ S(AMi b the latt.r part of 1941 In conjunction with the aboye-t~~~~ntiojiled "SAltach, 11 it haa alao been l'wiored that the OermaDa had concentrations of anu. at the Ec:uapetrol Oil. CalpanT ccmpound near Salinaa. At one tim!'resident Arroyo del R1o tbreatened :to haft the P'ounds of the c:ompaey aearched tor arms, blk be~ore thu coulcl be done the Geruna had l"8iiio"nld add hidden llhatenr aateiala bad bmd atorecl there to a 1lDkDo'lln location. Ecuapetrol' s actual baadqurters are located at this CIIIIP, approxilllate~ ten kilometers.tra. SeliMa, althouah 1tall&1n oftice is at u1 to. Pol.l.ow111g is a llat of Ecuapetrol oftic1&la prl.or to tbe a:pulaion of Axis nationals : General Manager: Aaeutat lilanapr: Cldet Geologist: Geologist: Local Vanagoar at Salinas: otto Carstanjen Julio lloredo Federico Partmuss Dr. Heinrich Haua Wilhela Kehrer.1notber Nazi arsenal 1e reported to be the Hacienda Cl811111Dtina, also the property- of the Ecuapetrol Oil. Company. It is stated that tb1e hacienda was UMd as a trai.nins center for German agents 8Dd pro-.axia Ecuadorians, and the cache of several light tield and ucbill SWlll Germa1v baa heai tated to a11ploy sabotage as a ana of &tta.inin& ita ends 1n South America, because of tear of the resulting ill will created by- such acta. 'rae Naau, along with their.ajd.a partners, hllft preferred to pursue a strong propaganda cempa1gn and an internal political penetration. Thb is particularly- true in Ecuador, -wtdch is a poor aerioultural. countey, add coneequent.j of little econoiiiic influence. Her geopaphic locaticl:l and ownership of the G alapqos Ialanda, ~. have Jl&1nta1M<f the Axis' inter.. t in Ecuador. Pr.t.ar to tm outbreak of tbe present war, the Eouador1an Ooten,_..nt ~thou it,.. up to the foreign corporations to protect their own propert,t, add conaequen~ after the tall of France and the I'HUltant oftrlar tldi 0. attitude, the Analo-Ecua4orian Oil. CO!IIpM;T, fearful for i te pladt at.&nooa, atren&thened ita guards and pl acecl th OD a 24~ur baau. Pan&P'a had repea~ requested the Ecu.ador1& ao... I 'Dt to statiod arud cuarda at its landinc tielda.at uito, ~' SaUnas, llanta,! aldaa, Loja,.IIDd Cuenca, but without auoce!be ~.tollcw1.nc tba Jap&Dese attack on Pearl Harbor the OotUIIIWilt placecl troops on 24-hour guard " dlat7 at the llbow danpr pointe. Precautions qainat the d&ngel" of sabotaae haft bean taken at the prmously Motioned dancer pointe, bllt there. mo. sneral otbare which

67 REPUBIJC OF -ECUADOR AXIS CONTROI.I.ED RADIO STATIONS.a a --..,...,... CHART "II"

68 should be obe ,....,...,. ~ wed, n:a-l::r.tlao f'iiiioiui ~~~~ ~ r.ltct.ion of the ~and uit.o Rai~, which might be sabo~ed by Axie agents in ' order t.o diarupt:_ta tloiy!}faa~~ ~ ~u ~ ~to. There 1a~ also the possibuity of sabotaging a ship in the a~ River to block tbft entrance to the l'acif'ic, and the sabotaging of power plants and COliiiiWliC8ti tions S.YIItema at uit.o, Guayaquil, and Salinas. The only evident case of sabotage in Ecuador was the bll%'ilij:ii or the German ship "Cerigo 11 by her or611' on the afternoon of Ayril 1, This incident occurred on the s81:18 date that information waa reeebed ~ Italian and Getman vessels in other American ports had been sabotaged bt their cren. The possibuity o! a aim1lar occurrence in Gu~ was called to the attention of the llinister of Foreign Affairs, and at his ~ geation the American Consul at Guayaquil advised the Zone Colll!llander of th1:a posaiblli\7, and the Naval Attache visited the ColWidante Gen~al f1f the Navy for the Sa:Gie purpose. The Comandante General stated that he had issued orders which called for the shifting of the ncerigo" to a point in 1 the river where she would be less able t.o endanger maritime tr.aftic. He also stated that he was placing a constant seven-man watch on tht~ Cerigo~ with men!rom the Ecuadorian gunboat 11.i'residente Alfaro. " ()1 the atterdocm ot lpril 1, at the approach of an Ecuadorian Naval launch, the "Cerigo sabotaged by her cr611', -.mich was then ordered ashore by th Karine Comanltazlte at Guayaquil, Fernandez l!adrid.,. The tire was subdued at 10: 30 that night. The d!l!!!lge IIIIICNDted t.o the burd1ds of' wooden sect.ions o the ship, but no major pe-ts- web pistons, rods, and cylinders were seriously damaged or 81s.tnc. Captain Paul Haller and,his cr611' were sent ashore in custody, 'tnt were later alluocl t.o ro8111 throughout Ecuador. During the latter part of 1941 the Government proclaimed a de~ expropriating the 11 Cerigo,"' a t.on ship belonging to the Hambure~can Line. Seventy-five per cent of the value was assigned by the Ecuadorian Government t.o cover salvage and repairs. Twenty-five per cent o! the value will be turned over to its owner at the end of the war. Clandestine Radio Stations The uae o! illegal radio statiom by Ax111 agents oon8t.itutes a grave menace t.o the defense o! the i'festern laisphere. It( 111 est.im&ted that there are seven or eight illegal radio trtnsmittial 'and reeei"rlng ~ tiona in Ecuador. The danger of the existence t '!/lftt!e stations t.o FIIII111P"ere detenae <*UlOt be overemphasized, since they 11187""ii.S~ be uaed t.o guide ena;r shipe and plmea on a surprise attack on the Panama Canal. In ~ tion t.o this uae, these stations throughout South America haw been~ t.o transmit intelligence information to Germany, and in turn are uett in tranaitti.a& orders!rom Germany t.o direct the activities of Axis alent. 1n SCNtb a.n.oa. :z:=. _ :-:.,.. ~ -- - During the suiiiiier o! 1940, it was reported that IIWipttcted atatiode ex1sted in the ESmeraldas and Gua;yaquil sectors, but inwstisation failed to detect an;y clandestine stations. Investigations are beine carried oo in all

69 - ~ 2 - ~ sectors of Ecuador to locate possible secret radio sta~oii8. Following t he closing of the Transocean News Agency, the Ecuadorian Government attached the radio transmitters and receivers which had been uaecl by that t1ra. Subaequent.ly the entire apparatus was ostensibly sold to the Conser-vative Party through an individual by the name of Bur&os. Aetu~, the purchase was effected for the apress purpose of aerv:l.nf; t he Nazi cause in Ecuador. The transmitter and receiver are reported to be installed 1n the office of the "El Debate," the Conservative Party organ in uito. Although the ConserYati'N Party conswmnated the sale, the capital was actu~ raised by personal contributions of principal Nazis in that city. Propaganda is reportedly receiftd b-oa Germany through "El Debate's" reeeinng lift, although 1te eource is gi'y8d as the Pari s Prese Aseociation. No longer does the "El Debate icientity its source or foreign news by the lettar T()II., Fol.l.ow1ng are known radio stations possibly employed by AxiS> qentst 1. It haa been reliably reported that a llo..volt generating set for use with radio has been installed on Floreana Island in the Galapagos - group, in the ho!!:s of a Gei'Ili&Il family which has been living there approximately five years. 2. An individual by the name of N. Miguel!raehuea, who was employed by the newspaper "El Universe" and the former Banco Italiano of Guayaquil, has recently purchased e.nough radio equipment to set up a radio station in Salinas, Ecuador, Ylhich will be called "Salinas, Costa Azul. n!4achuca purchased the radj_o equipment from a pro-nazi indivi.dual by the of Costello. There is no concrete evidence that M.achuco has engaged in a:tr:f espionage activities, or t hat he intends to do so, but i t seems unuaual. that he should sever hie connections with the above organizations in order to engage in such~ speculative project. 3 A short-wave radio station has been located in the firth noor apartment of' 0. B.!h'osskeuz, on the corner of Pichincha and Colon in Guqaqull. Groaskeuz ia an American citizen of German extraction, employed by the United Fruit Company, and is believed to be a loyaj. American. 'nle call m.uabers of hie station are HC2CC. 4. In Nov8111ber, 1941, information was received that during the past year or ao clandestine radio stationa had been discovered in Gua;raquil. a..'ld in the peninsula of Santa Elena, which appeared to be in coiiiiiiu%11cation with pointe outaicie Ecuador. The stations have the following call nu.mbera: 1. DK DK - ll8 3 DK ~ These three stations were at first identified with the lettar "H" followed by other letters that were frequent]j changed. SUbsequently the call sign 11 DK 11 was uaecl, and later was identified only with numbers, eapeoiall;y the notmber " followed by various letters. It appears that station "120 1a located in the peninsula, and "118" and "ll6" in other parte of the countey. '

70 ' #" """ ' '"fj#...- ~..,.,...,. M o.~....,i' Froa ~ intercepted 1118ssagea it bas been ascertained that the stationa are German or pro-german, and send instructions to and request information from. their trienda 1n Ecuador who appear t o have a well-establlehed organizatioo. A secret radio station i' reportedl.y located at the Calla Blanca Hacienda between JipiJapa and MachibUa, 1n the province of l!anabi.,t.nc>tber illegal tr&nll!litting.snd recei"ling set is npo~ located on the~ of the Nido" e&te 1n the lli.ratloree sector of.ambato. The d.iaoover07 of an antenna for a powerful. aend:l nc aat on the groudda ot the Genlan Legation 1n aito indicated the presence of a set witbin the LeptiDA, which suspicion waa further e~ 1rMn tbe ftllkncnm radio expert.from Ibarra, Waldemar Boettgar, waa ~ enterirlc Uid, leaving the Legation during the earl;r 110rning hours. Attapte,... JUde to locate the station by a 110bile radio detection un1 t, but> 111 th~ negative results. A report adrlnd that the tranaitting apparatus houaed 1n the Gerun 1gation was moved during the latter part of February, 1942, to the Spani.lh Lesation, where it 1e. expected that espionage acti v1 ties will now be centered. ' '

71 PROMDIENT AliD DANGEROUS NAZIS VIHO HAVE LF.FT ECUADOR The United States transports. "Etolin" and "Acadit.." carried away most of the key men in the Nad fifth column organization in Eouador. They took the leadera aa deaignated by Berlin. the mngers ot former lar'e GerliiAil busineu houses. and propaganda agents thinly disguised as Ger.an Legation offioial1. Altllough some of the leaders yet remain around '~!hom a new machine will be built. and no doubt is being built at the present \ime it i1 aignificant that suoh che.nges will be neceaaary. The new leaders. probably not as efficient as the old ones who were sent directly trom Berlin. will certainly include many pro-ra~i Ecuadorians whose activities. will be ~ dif 1cult to determine. and roore difficult to control. It is hoped that some of the remaining possible chiefs will be placed aboard subsequent ship calling for additional nationals. Aa a matter of interest. there is set out hereafter a brief description ot some ot the leading Ra~i who have left the country.-eithar voluntarily. involuntarily. or apparently on orders from Berlin. This list is not complete in any sense. It does not include Bio Beate, known &I "the Tarzan of the German Legation"J Enrique Gissel. a local leader at BanoaJ Wilhelm Sacklowki. influential professor at the uito Gennan SchoolJ or Arturo Dom. known operator ot an illicit radio station on the coast. However. it does include most of the real leaders.!:'rnesto Altgelt Altgelt was the manager of Casa Tagua of Manta, one ot Ecuador'& largest German firms. Althou~h many of the company& employees are German, Altgelt was the most active and held the position of greatest prominence. He left l&&nta in 1938 as a German and came back in 1941 as an Argentine. and in the same year tried to become Argentine Consul in his home town. However. on April the date on which he sailed on the "Acadia" his Argentine passport was withdrawn due to his failure to answer a oail - for military duty. The only way for Altgelt to reach Guayaquil ia time to catch the boat was to allow him to tly on Panagra. and this arrangement wa made. As soon as he arri-ved in Gue.yaquil. be claimed the.t he had no intention ot leaving Ecuador ai:doe he was an Argentine cituen, and he thus petitioned the governor ot the province. His true natlonali ty was quickly determined in uito. He took the boat. ot '14anta. Altgelt was the outstanding Na~i in the strategic ooast town aeinrioh Bloaaken Blosmken hal recently achieved prominence in N~i cirolea in Guayaquil. and he ia probably one ot the real chiefs. He wae ordered deported. but 1hortly before sailing tiae he stated that he could not leave

72 a1doe hh two ohl.l4r had oontrao~ed wboopidc ooupl Thil waa wppo~d with dootor 1 oertilloatea. and ap-eed to by the qed goyerdor ot t.tw prcwiaoe at Guqaquil. All ettort which wa.a4e tbrouch the PrftideDt to han the ohl.l4ren nahed b7 an.amrioan doctor had DO r.. w.ta, and the "Acadia" lett, without the Blo..Jteaa Later the Jete de la Seguridad. Jaoiou.l learned that S1otlllku had -atated he wa lea"ri.ng Guqaquil on the nut train tor hie hoput ill All!lato, ud the Preliclent waa 10 intoraed. The latter ~diately cabled the governor ordering that Bloemken re.ain in Guaraquil until further order were received. In Tift ot the poulble tra\lid ill ocnmeotiod with the 11~141! thia -tter will probably be innstigated. Waldeaar Boettser Boettser, about a aonth prior to hia ~e. Oil t» "J.oadia" auddenl:r turned up aa an otf'ioial on the Ge~ lilt. Prior to that tt. he had been a buaineaaaa ira DOrth Eouador, where he owned a JIDYle houae in OtaTalo, u4 a radio atation in Ibarra. Be had &lao aet up ~radio lhop in uito in the builcs.illc whiob f'orurl7 houecl the prcwtant Genun tiza, Griebaoh and Roehl. J.bout allr: week prior to hie deportation, he belan 11Ting at the G~ Legation in uito. At the - tt-, reliable report were reoeited that a radio atation had been inatalled in the LegatiOil and that be, a li::llcjwra radio expert, W&!J opere.tid& the atation, Althoup he waa on the otf'ioial lilt, an lntereating lecal queation aroae two da,ya before aa111~~&. whioh &lao~ prevezated hie dep~e. It dneloped that he waa heatil)' in debt, euit lllllltiplied agalut hila, &114 the local judge f'orbade hia to leave until theae auita were eettled. thia order wu rnaked oral;r a abort t~ bef'ore the boat aailed. It ~ ob Yioua to the l"oreign Ottioe that Boettser waa better ott out aide ot Ecuador, and that Bout.dor wae better ott too. Bad he resnd he would hate been blaokliated Ul4 interned, and he would have been aall aolaoe to hia "'editora.!eodor Braohetti Braohetti waa a trequlllt traveler on the liquidated Sedta airline, and liated hilalelt &I an illporter-exporter, althouch M abo aobd aa ag~ tor Yerroltahl, Be had -u.r ocmtaota with aer.an ottioiala. In Jumar;y, 111~. he began to OOZITert hia property, apparentq expeotin& to leave the oouutry at an tarly date. It 11 believed that Braobetti wae one ot Berlin picked leader in Eouador. Be 11 fcndc ad lnwllig..t. lleo..tq he Loeaohael' (the aokdowledged leader).. re aentlou<l together in a telecr trcw Berlin, allting whether or not the;r -r leaving Boua4or.Utheup he lwl Ueted hialelt a1 a volateer tor tlw stoun, he requeated pend.uion to wait \Dltil tke aeoand boat, in order to arratee peraonal atf'aira.!hh queation wa1 put to aerioan ottlo1ale to 1lbca tm ijiportaat ~ wa the oertalat7 or hl depvtwe on either boat. It wu -creed that the Spanilh lliniater, 1lbo wae prea..t durin& the laterriwwnld ClYe hie peraoaal s-rmrt.., and that Braohett1 would. Mlte DO further re queat1. Be lett on the 110orad boat.

73 Edwin Darr '.#~~"~:",._. Darr la a toraer orn wml' ot the acvttlecl "Oerigo. '%, Pablo Deg.tau Det;etau wu general Mnger ot Sedta AirJ.inel prior to, add at- the tiae ot it cliuolutlon, add an aoknowledgecl Nasi leader. When the oomp~' e~~ployeea went to Argentlu or Bralil, he re-ined ~ehlnd in uito, George Ell Ell, a reoent arrhal ill Ecuador, hu playecl a prc:ai.nent part in :Sui organhationa in other oouatriea. Be waa the party organiaer 1D the interior ot Pan llbere he apent literal xear a ohiet e~~&iiimz' tor Chiriqui lfydro Eleotrlo Co-p~, and he had allo workecl tor oil oowpnte 1n Venuuela and Ecuador. When he t1r1t arrlteci at PeniPP he clepo.s.wcl ts,ooo in the bulk, and when he came to Ecuador in Septea'ber, lkl, be brought. 5, 000 "With him. Paul Haller Haller -a the captain ot the..outtled "Cerlr;o," &114 be had re mained in Eouador together with :moat ot hia orn, (who han abo lett IIDW), although hh pape" were not in order. He - one of the tirat to be apprehended by the Ecuadorian gonrnment, and he had been in the CUenca jail 1110re than two weelta before he - taken to Guayaquil to be put aboard the "Etolin. " Ilia apprehenllon -a an 1114epndnt aot ot the Eouaclorian government. The Jete de la Seguridad WaoloDal, a olose trien4 of the Preddtat reoe1te4 tllree letter tllreatanhg hll lite. In cnw, ~ Prell cleat orderecl t!l&t certain ldiltlduala, wbo" paper tor rell~e 'IIWe aot la order, be cletaldecl. Captain Baller... in that 9'0\IP Erwin Hauptaann Hauptarm, who 11 belieteci to aotua'll7 ha'ye bea Cap'tialn Brwla Hauptaann ot the.lll.trian AzW:f, bee- th enter ot ooaatle tu.loa atoriea in Bow.clor, Vll4er ~ Ptw4ollp A E. Cllbae, he beo_. &lm.t a m;yth, and aohliyecl a pro.iact 1op0t in aunther' 1 "IllUde Latm.Aaert.oa. Cuhne,. who apeak literal language fluently, o... to Bouador in 1932 po1ing as an expert in agrloul ture add hog-breadlnc, 4 proved i hlaelf to be 1uoh. The next 7e&l" atter l..turin& on sa. little bolla troploal cliaeah, he wwnt ldto the Orinte an4 pa.. ed oat tre..-cllolae to the Indhna. Bh real r.. o.. in ln&, 'CIDder the ds.otatoruip of Peder1~0" Paea, to e. he offered hh eni.oea a aiut1.1'7 Rratocln;, aad tor 1llic. h preparecl tealble detenm plau. Following thi' t.aterlude, he wu aldlim to rearcanhe the lleteot1n hretlll whloh he d14, &lid aot.cl al ita u-4.,......

74 \ Whc the.diotatorehip.tej.l~ h-..,;;red j;o...,_gitt_yoi ende ~_,. -...,.... Banoe, 'bllt the wocee41dg gcn:enact put 1n jau, juit he ftl to,., barnet hh first oropj while in jail he auggelted ~ illprotedte s.n the da'niltratiod that were adopted. Sboe \hat"ctim,- and after hie r- ' leue, he ha been a "jaoll: ot all tradea," and ha1 nn-er regained 1:1J3'.power. A tn 110ntha ago he wa.1 interned on the Colombian border in a IDIA~l.alaria fl."' intelted town, where he wa.a reported "about done tor." - Hil illterdaelt - atriotly e~oroed, end hie departw - ar,.. rang..s tor b)",ipaoio De.Yaloa, Jete de la Seguri4acl, who Aotr bolcl.a the poll.. t101l toraerly held by Cuhne hiaaelt. '~ - Wilhela J:ehrer J:ebrer wa.a ohiet geologllt tor Bouapetrol, and wa.a Yery t~uar with the illportut Joll&llorian ooaltlinij he,..., rrtd to ban apat.uh ot hit tim tranlia& up and down the ooa.t lido ~ ol&tbr..t of' the war. H wa.a ooaaidered the leader and the braina ot the us. org~satioil at Salina, Aotr an illportut u.s. bate. Walter L&Dgpap ~ap held the 1aaewhat unottioial title ot Preaa RepreaeatAtiYe in the Gel'IIU Legation, and he -.a the real center ot prop-canda aoti ri tiea. He WU. Yery oloae to Walter Gieae who, until February,.UIU, had been the aoll:no.rlecl«ed lui ohiet 1a Bcriaa4ol'. It hu been eltablhhed that Gi.. e turned. OTer acae of the work to LI.Dgpap. Erich IJncmer r;tnaer, tor reaaona ll:nciwil probabl7 onl.7 to the GenuD ~ation, ended up Oil the ottio!al lilt. Prior to 18& he had ~rated a bl&ttoa f'aotoey 1a Chile,. together with a Chilean 1lboa 1M poacloaj q ~eel 011t 91' the bllaint11 ua profita.. He o_. to loudor ai a t.,...bllaiaea_,.and apat an-eral 7ilara 1u Guqaquil. Jle ha4 a poor repllt&tiod whereyer 1M lind beoauae of buailleaa taotioa and exoealite drin1r1dg. He regained prcainenoe when h MAle a epeoial trip to uq&qull ill Jebnu7, 18112, 1a order to. talk with. GieM, -.a the u;~.r -., parting oa a ChUeaa boat. Ilia hotel r~ma e4jo1mcl G1eH' fod4 tim bo...,. ill ooutuat o~ thereatt.r, ~e wu heard of I.SnciDer ~ 1M bme ure attn. -wareatq c'n1nc - ~ of, Mlli-ottio1al poelo,uoil 1a the GeriWl J.est.tion. lleinrioh Loeaohne'L"., ' v I,.Oetollaer aa ap~ 117 Berlla ~take Gl"'' poaiti.oa u Ma4 of tm Joudor Bui ~ Be hu t..m..._ prb.t.1a nob aot1titiea. He WU oae ol, tbe fo'jdcia ol the DD&! "".ar,..-s.aa ud ~eft tu Wkl ttt a ooay.aieat tlae. Be f!:~l7 tranled U, f.,~.-1-t, au;),p Ja...._,.~ Bou4or... a rtp"et..w.t.1-.e of, la'l't~. 1f, M4f, N<l ~...,- ~.. un J.esat1oa, add wa.a ottc aeen 1a ooaterenoe with Gi,ae. Sbonq betore he tailed Berlill bquired aa to whether or Dot 1M would be aboard the.a.oa41a.

75 Pablo Roehl.. ' Roehl, aa JU.Dager of Tranaooean, waa an officially r~o&nh.cl agent ot the Genaan goyei -t. Prior to thia work, he had b-ozmeoted with the prominent German firm, Grieabacb and Roehl. Be, too, waa detained a fn weell:a before the arrit&l of the ahips, the charge being that hia papera were not in order. When he wa.a tillcen into cuatody by the Jete de la Segurid.ad. on the atreeta ot uito after several days search, he gave the' laai salute and saidz "You are picki.ng me up now, but in a r.. daya I will be piojcin& you up." Later, when he was taken to a small town concentration center, he addedz "You just waitj there will be a revolution here 1n a tn days." Otto Schroeder Schroeder has long been recognized as one of the' ohiet Jazia in Guayaquil. When the "Etolin" aa1led he acted ae Conaul Bru~kwmn a right hand aan. -. Reinaldo Schwalbe Schwalbe has been regularly reported as the second man in charge of the!fad organisation in uito. He wa.a the owner of a large oonoern 0 Industria Harinera, in uito, and was pr~nent in all 'asi actititieao Walter Sebelefsty Sobelefaky was the original toander ot the ISDAP in GUayaquil, (and possibly in Ecuador), in Shortly thereafter he became iavolt.c! in quarrels with leading Gorman figures, including Consul General Brueolrwe"" in Guayaquil, and wae gradually puahed out of power in the grwp. He waa giten a ai.jm ot aoney by " labor group in Guayaquil and with this he aet up a... u store at Punta Piedra in tho aouth ot the Guayas RiTer, aouth ot Guayaquil. Hero he sold tooda and liquors to the Indiana, and auppliea to the hao10114u who sent their launches down trom the interior. Horat Dietrich TOD Bau.bach Von BaUIIlbach was the technical e.xport tor Sed.ta, GenaaD Air Lin... Otto Z~raan Z~r.an b a to... r Sedta.. chanio 11ho Ud beoc.e ntr.. ly active reolllltly ill lfui attaira. Although D.Ot a leader, he ia probably ODe of the 1101t aothe in carrying oat or4_.a. Shortly before hia arreat, he waa defilliteq lllplioated in the tranaportation ot 17 large cates whioh 'are belipte4 to hate oontaijae4 araa Hi oxpulaion waa decreed prior to the sailing of the "Acadia," and he waa located on an hacienda near Santo Doai.ngo de loa Colorado (11hore the arms were reported to have boon taken). Heavy raina had ude the road to uito bpauable, &lid the ottioera 1lbo took h1s 1Dto CNitoq need.cl fin day a to uke the utual four-hour trip. Arrangaente,._. Mta

76 -59-, '. ~--.ada wif.h Panagra to have Z'"""rman brought to uqaquil. had he arrived at. &IV t1me prior to the s&il.ing. He failed to do ao, AM conaequentq be was deported on the nan boat. PBOIIDIEJI'l' AND 1llNai!:ROm NAZIS STILL IH ECUADOR Certa1:n pl'oiiinent and dangerous Nuia remain 1n Ecuador,. and their right to remain there is founded on a variet)r ot reasons. Kazv o them tell within the privilege granted to Haais married to Ecuadorian n,. although the 1'11le itseu was, no doubt, conceived to cover two special cases. Kaey whose expulsiona were ordered were not located prior to the -sailing or the second boat, and were to be deported on the next vessel. Still others were permuted to remain a!ter guarantees had been taken resulating future conduct, or for specific reasons 1n individual cases. These cues are bri~ discussed below, add there is al:.eo set out a list ot persona who lllight be protected by this 1'11l.e. T'nsre ill also a list llbich notes several c aaes llbere Ald.a nationals, with Ecuadorian wives, chose to abandon Ecuador. Aside 1'011 those Nazis 1lho could be considered prominent and dangerous, a list has been made ot persons whose rejdoval.!1'011 Ecuador would be generally' desirable. These lists follow% IDdivi.duals 1n Fugitive Status on Salling Date Juan Certaintaine Cerfaintaine 1lho, until now, has been sought under thb D8llle Dan LaFontain, ill reported to have been one of the ori~ nal toundera o! the Hui part7 1n uito, and to han acted aa a courier to Peru. Be has not beed active recerrt]jr, but it is expected th&t be will be located 1n tim tor deportation on the next ship. Iurt Grone Grosse has long been known to be a paid e~ agent or the lowest ~ His chief activit)' appears to be the obaerntion ot the.bar1ou CoDsulate 1n uqaqull, and the surveillance or var1.ous lilabusy officials. Reoent.]Jr be has been batidg coftrt contacts with the Japinu tinu 1n *~ td.1r Be waa notified to appear tor the y111 ng of tbe "BtoliJlll lo' tbe GeNa CoDnl 'bllt!a11ed to do eo. Be was 1n h1d1ni when tbe 11 J.clld1a Ailed, add it ill.., reported that he 'Will be ja11ed tor rriiud 1lpOil his Mum to ~. Groue has now been located on the outaldrta of Guqaquil., IDil bis arrest will pzvbab~ be affected b7!cuadorim authoritiu at an ear]jr date. Hml Bahl~ JJehJ 'bela is another ~t Jl&z1 1D Gqaqa:U.._ ftdt int.o biding with Oroue. Be is reported to ba'n lett. Gem \1 o.aq 1llo 8lllllb '

77 ' - 6o - -- before the oat bruit of the war. end 1:o teer t:u.t he wul H tdlled. hie return tor deaertlode Bw s IOl'b. Iolb, prior to his arrlftl b Joudor, 11&4 jut Nwa Uportecl traa ColwMa t~ pollttoal aotbitlea. Ia nd~ M tsrq...:a11ud t~ the pz s t CJw m t1rs1 ot Gre18baolt Roelll, u4 dlnriw lad propqaadl.. AltJioucll lae wu IMrt arroited ill tim tw tm Milllac, Jd.1 apprt!mii llod hal DGIW bowl afteote4. Lor_., a IIOtift lui th=np DOt a lac'-,._. u ~ tr trca ~ Ia lnt, a tr... lllac ropreuatatift tor tile OoatiuaMl t&po.i! t OOIIPD.Y of JIUIOYor, G...,. Bl pre..t wberoabollt1 u...., tllu tar,.ot bowl cletwowi=-4. Car.tujon wu the W.to ropnawrtatite ot the otw WOltt Ia toro.ta, u4 wu ""ACW' ot ~ol who eo tlmda M hi!dill H. Bo pu'blioq atatos hie lui IIP&thiea, &114 baa alw,ys rmtw!d hich OD tho 11.ta of cia,.. ou. Ald D&tioula prepared bf both AJIW'lOWl &114 Brltilh om,w oae ot tho t oat8tand'wc luh loft 1D loud~, 1dlo "- DOt tall w1~ ilhe aarrle&e l"llleo Be waa U8te4 &I a Yol'lllltary d~e, but OlftW'q ohaced hia II1D4 aq a lhort tt.e botoro the aa111ji& elate. BlDG lie waa a TOlaatU7 ~. he waa allciiftd to r stp 1D tho oaatq u4 lip a par&lltjiio u to hie tatwe coadao't. It h reported that lw hal rootatlt tabji out Jlo\laclorla oltlanlhip paper wtdoh will uko hie ezpalaicm prao tloallt t.poaalblo. Walter Dl- Di- hal UYW' bowl- ot tho letidij!c 1u11 althoch lie hal. bowl ooutlllltlt aotlft. Bo r 1J!s 1D tho o0111lt17 dae to the latluiiihi ot sr. Jlloardo Ortll ot the Jouadorla Forelp Ottioo, who..,- baft rooelftd a aub.ttatlitl -tor ~ttlq Di- 1lo.U. a paruteo...tor 1111 htowo ocn"net. AI h.u ot tho C rolal hotlod, M h roportocl to baft boea clooorated b)- tho Gw 11 t..ptloa 1JI ltfl. Belu hdolt Gublta Glablta rha 1D tho ooudtr7 booauao ho tell Ullllor the rvlo ot Mn'iqo-1:o... BoaadorUL Be h a 1tz I"DC ad aotift... 1, tor 1lllaa tile nlo nltlood to oonr a._,.,.lac ot ouu.a-. Illhlwatica bu.1tools toclq rooo!9'od wllloll _, romilt Ia ld.a cloportatica. It Jlu boosj loa 11 that hia wito 11 IMrt aotallt ua BoU4ortua oit1a-. limo a _. ta swt.taw'lad. 1D wblolt 60CatrJ Jaer Ua 11&4 obo.. to beoc a MDJllsoii oltb-. It thh h TW'ltiod. OUS.h wul bo 4epw tocl - -._. fled~ r. (... T

78 \ /.. G.tr" ;t.., 1 : 1,.. ~... "f'"... _ ~Lf!. Partmu.u was an engineer for Ecuapetrol, and ru formerly the ncwinal head of the!lui party in uito. Although he ia intell1:4~ t<t:d4,a-a oould.be dangerous, there is no proof as to hia having engaged ~i-- ~ aotit.ities. H ~did gt into a w.ll-publicized quarr~ ~~th the former lui ohiet, Gi.. e, over the handl.id& of.genaen!'lm4a; rp~sa,~reaa~ '{~ a f~ to ~ Bo~riq foreign o~tioe that his return 1;1) G!~i..~cl_<w:t - hj: ~eath, ~ and ~~ 'li'&s brouglit to the ~tt~ion.ptt,~l_o~d!t:.~ 1..,... - ~ :;;;;ill"'.,.... b&sq. Various tilea tail to reveal e.:~q activity OIJ ~he_.;p~,pt~par1:lllu~!!.t BiDH hie quarrel with Giese, which makes it appear ~t his tale lllight 'iii baaed on tact. l:o&iiiiiuch as the Foreign Office was_ obvioualy s~ to,t~,.!"- future oodduot paarantee trom him, no -tter what course events had- talteia; it was decided that_ th' bes~ t~ to d~ ~ul~ be to. be ~~~derecf liberal. It waa DOt the -intezation ar ~the gov~ to swd azq un to.hi. clea~, It 1a bellevecl t~t 1;~s a'!;~~~ had ' a reau~tult; P\~uant~e!~t,~n.i,lii Poreip Ottioe during the consideration ot other oaaea., ;.. ~- IDAU.vidllals Protected trom Expullion because ot Jlarriage.,.to an ~ori~ Carlo Daesohc, tioi&la.. '.. LiDgen, ~ mown. Jasi, 18 a toraer rook driller tor Eouapotrol.. "' aathej: u~ i ~ Lisken, a toraer Sedta employee, is ~ youdg add a.otive lui. He "slipped \lllder the wire"with a recent ~riage to an Ecuadorian. He has,- how.ver, atated that he would like to leave on the next ahip. ~ Arturo Ruperti l '., Rupertl. ordered expelled, waa an.-plo;y:ee-:rof, -Br,a.opt"! t~ t~ Gerun oo.osular ottioe,in Guqaqull,where he waa B11~m 1 richt ~ -: In tact, Bruobwnn stated that_moat ot 9.!!-b~iuaa - wu.be~. ~eel over to hila. Heinl Schulte

79 - 62- Otto Solrnrts Schwartz, a prominent lad, 1a the Caea Tague. reprnelltati--n rid' auaraquil. ~ Lucbrig Weber._ 0 a... Weber 11 reported to have a sending station and. a liiddidg field at!rl.a hacienda near Riobuba, but neithe.r ot these allegation hal 'beft proted. Fortunately tor hilllaelf, hie wife h a proiiiillent touadorie. Walter Woehlermann Woohle~ ie a tonaer buaineae partder ot tho departed Bui chit, Walter Giese, and is now one of the leading Nazis in the country. Other Pouible undnirables whom the Rule of Marriage will Protect Eight Genu.na at lea.at, otficiaj. and nan-official, ohoae to take their Ecuadorian witea to Ge~. Immigration recorda reteal ~ other caees where possible deportation ot persona who may prove to be undesirable would be protected by thia aam. rule. The following person have, at one t~ or another, been mentioned on Britieh or American listsa.. Subject Wife Otto Guillenno Baldus Leopoldo Martin Brauer Alfredo Brill Federico G. von BUchwald Augusto Otto Arthur Contag Hermann Detlcen u. Tomas Gre,or Hersing Jose Carlos Moeller Hermann Ernst otto Koller George Schonberger MUller Pablo Grat Pfeiffer Augu.to Otto Sch1rarts Georg Sonnenholsner Other IndiTiduale whose Eqlulaion would be Desirable Laura Cabecas. Garcia Karia Gehin Olga Brandt Maria E. Pone Luisa Alcira Mejia Alicia Suarea EIDma Delgado Maria Rivadeneira Alicia Freire Bora Rosero AgUirre An& Karia Roaaa ~ Karia de Schn.rts E't'a Villegaa Thi1 list is.incomplete at the preaeut tiae, but it 11.. ant to include those, not thu1 tar preted eepeoially dangeroue, whole expulaion would be an adtant&ge. The enlarging ot and. pro'yillg ot thil Uat, ia, of oow"ae, the work ot the t.lediate tuture. Babinllct, Walter Baldua, Otto Brill, Max Brill,.Utred Brill, Charles Buchwald, Gustave von LiDs, Juan Lim:, Alfredo Kateju, BuceDia MUller, AlexaDder Panae, Hel'II&JIJl Panae, Friedrich

80 Ooatac Arturo Dnkbrclt Diebler. a-a DiJicelldortt, Jlml Gebel, Gorl' Grob, Erraelt Baller. Kra. Paul Iietel. GotWeb lftb 4 e, l'hil olllrla, lu'l - 6) - liell, Altredo Sohwarta, Otto Rutt, Max Peke, ADtoa Peuke, W..-ner GTUD11er, Jllltil SohDelder, Wilhela Tetta, ldpr So!lnl'k, Cvl Trecer, E:rioh '

81 '* ITALIAN ACTIVITIES """~ -...,.,_, -" '"~-_..... ~ '.,t.,.. ',. ~,,,._ ~, Although the Italian population of Ecuador is more numerouii than that of the other Axis p011ers, it is the least organized due to racf41 temperament and the ease with which the Italian ass1milat.es customs and habits of another nation. The official Government census places the mmber of Italians in Ecuador at 676 a8 of January 1, However, the Ecuadorian Immigration Bureau did not keep records until 19.37, so it ma7 be Ulfllll8d that tlle above nlll!lber represents only those Italiarus who have entered tlw countr.y since It is estimated tbat there are approximately 6,000 Italians in Ecuador, the majority having entered the countr.yin the latter part of the nineteenth century and the beginning of the twentieth centurr. About 70 per cent are concentrated in the c011111ercial seaport of Guayaquil, 20 per cent in the capital, uito, and the other loper c;:ent evenl7 distributed in such collllll8rcial centers as llanta, Esmerald.u, Salinas, and Ambato. It may be safely stated that most of Ecuador's coliiinereial actit1t7 is concentrated in the hands of Italian merchants, the majority of..mo. are interested only in operating their businesses and have no desire to engage ~ in politics. Often ~e7 are. Fascist because they: fear reprisals against tllemselves or their families in Ital7;,-et it is their obvious desire tbat Italy emerge victorious fran the war~ 1'he grea-ter part of the I tal ian colcm;r is of the poor uneducated. class which is not very well organized, due first to the fact that the Italian leaders know that the mentallt7 of the Italianil in Ecuador is low, and that tlley therefore can not impart confidential information to them; and second, the majority of Ual.ians in Ecuador have no inclination to enwr into espiooage or politica1 intrigue. Some of the Italians have made 1101l87 and have married Ecuadorians of influential and distinguished families, but even these 11 ve somewha. t removed from the town's higher societ7. Recent internationa1 develoixj18nts have caused the Italiarus in Ecuador to becane panic stricken. They are fearful of the steps the Eeuadol' ian GovenlllleJlt may take against them and their business interests, and to protect the latter many Italians have married EcU4dorians and are transtel' ring, or have transferred their property holdings to Ecuadorian relatives; others are transferring their interests to trusted Ecuadorian friends. As has been previously stated. the prevailing attitude among the Italians in ~uador is that they Wa.nt to see Italy win the war, but ~ of these Italians are quiet and retuse to pass coiiiideint or do anything which might involve them in a controversy concerning Italy or any other country, including Ecuador. This attitude is illustrated by the fact' that several young men of Italian extraction have changed their citizenship trc:a Ital.ian to Ecuadorian and from Ecuadorian to Italian. in an attempt to avoid being called into either the Italian or Ecuadorian Arrq. The Italians in business are confined, as.a rule, to lllllall shopkeepers am are not engaged in speculatin or.financial enterprises. ileuerally

82 ' speaking, they may be divided into two categortest one, industries small in nuiiiber but of fair-size capital; and t'll'o, small shops and stores handling liquors and groceri es, '11'1 th capital varying from 20, 000 to 500,000 sucres. It 1a astillated that in the city of Guayaquil, where the greatest concentration of Italians i.s located, there is a known total of 61 business f1rlla operating in that city, 'll'ith an estilllated total 8tock value of 19,1ro,ooo sucres, or il29,932. ' No attempt '1\'aS made t o organize these Italians until ~932 or At that tille, Luigi Fossati, an ardent Fasc1:st, arri'yed f'r"om I~ and lj,_,_ di ately set about requiring all Italians to take an oath and pledge allegiance to the PUcist cause and its leader, llussolini. Fossati assuiied the duties of Secretary of tbe Fascist Party in Guayaquil. All Italians who were heard maldng remarks detrimental to the Fascist regime, or who retused to pledge allegiance 'll'ere reported to Party headquarteh in Rome. Pressure waa thus exerted on all. Italians in Ecuador having relatives in their homeland, for if they refused to cooperate their ralat ives at home _'ll'ould suffer. Italian Wilitarz Mission The. contract of the Italian Military l!ission in Ecuador, which expired on July 31, 1940, waa extended f qr a period of six mor e months, pend- ing solution of the question of whether the Ecuadorian Government should p81' the Italian Government for armaments 'll'hich hari. been delivered under a contract signed shortly before the present war. The contract involved 1,000,000 sucres. Parti al delivery was made by the Italians before Italy entered the n.r, but due t-o the British Blockade no f'.jrther del1-.eries could be 118de. The Italian Government, in an attellpt to collect for that portion of the -::on tract covering the armaments dell vered, endeavored to induce Ecuador to permit the Italian Wilitary llission to rema.i.n until the sum due for al'mllllente, <.o be applied to the salaries of the members of the }.fission, had been exhaueted. This 7.ould have been t he easiest way out financially for Ecuador, and it 11'&8 felt a t the time t hat it would probably be the solution to. the question. 'nle Ecuadorian Artay officers have been 1111tll pleased 'll'ith the work of the llission for the past twenty years, and their syapatbies lie with the Italian Al'117 The general opinion of Ecuadorian officers ill that ~ has an efficient ~, but tbey do not agree 'll'ith the political doctrines of Hitler and the Nazi Party. In other words, officers are slightly pro Italian, but neutral insofar a s Germany is concerned. One of the ranki ng Ecuadorian Air Corps officers stated on ODe occasion that the Italian pilots sent to Ecuador were cowards and afraid to fiy at high altitudes. The Ecuadorian.U.r Corps pilots recei't'ed very little training after the first part of 1940, as all of the Italian Mission's planes had crashed and no replacements were available... Members of the l!ission.col onel Katioli d1 Belfiori,!Jajor Ugo Pietrantonio, and Lieutenant Renzo Delmonte departed. f or I~ in the latter part of 19M, at the termination of t he contract. 'nlere remained in Ecuador llajor Pietro Salvestroni. -

83 ' _,...,_.. adcl t.o stib-otficers, Jose Antooelll adf1 Bl'UDo l"el'r1 1 both radio apec1al1ta. Lieutenant ~cardo Pratti deputed 011 Hotetlber 6, 1940, for Ital7 na Liu. 1 Peru, Uld Santiaco~ne. Hie duties ware thom of Lieuteuant of Co 'eariat. Antonio Sauna, a n o~eioned ot.ucer, lett Oua;raqu1l b.t plant for Chlle on HO"Miber 29, Dip].oiute 'l'be fol.l.owing dip].o-.tie repreeentatina are stationed at the Italian Leption in uito: Kitrlatera Baran d1 fontana degli!ngeli Scaduto Mand.ola, Chancellor: Dr. Renato Baceinetti Chief of 111lltar;r Kialion: Colonel llatioli d1 BeU1ori 111lltar;r J.ttache (non resident): General UllaM LongO. Italian Consulates ware establ.uhed in the following cities: ~~ Anaelao J.naelai, CODIIUl.!nerald: Donato Yanuselli, Cco.trul llantaa Arturo lfaasari.pandini, Canaul. An 1ndicat1on aa to where Bcuador'.s s)ap&thies lie was th!l reception ginn,to the Italian llinhter 1lben he ~aented hie credentiall in J\IM, A riot staged b.t unitereit)' students occurred at the President's Palee, and the lliniater was greatl)' &nno)'ed b.t tile students a1 ngj ng the French natioul anthelt. ~ 111niater trad. No:rwq produced his cnfdentiala att.er the Italian lliniater, and was greeted b.t cheers ll'~ the crowd

84 -68- A. tf!lfl dqs after the attaclc aa Pearl Jlarbdio, ~ TDda"" _. "' _.. ' beard to express the following statemntaa nrst, be aaad bow it could be poasibh tor Bcuador to declare war apinllt Japan 11ban -the JaparwH W &l.read7 sudk 8o per cent ot tbe.&.arican neet? Secood, that the dollar bad dropped to 12 sucres becauae ot the..ar, aud1ftmld i!eftluate turt.ber. (A.ct~ the dollar brings onl;y ll,.so sucres on the black IIIU'ketr.~ 1lbere it wu toner~ 1f01'th 16 sucres. Tbe ot.tic1al return is still 1.4.!10, although the 10 per cent defense tax reduces it to There is a raor. that the dollar will soon be pegged at 10 sucres.)!bird, T!rada stated th&t"no lion AMrican sbi;>a would be seen in~ becauae ot Jap&Z~eae ~ act1rlt7. Faarth, Takada began to praise the nlor ot the Japanese soldiers aud tbeir.. willinpeas to die tor their countrt, a :tact wtiich he said could not ~ UDderstood by the white IIIUl. The above stataments are t)'pical of the ldlld of propaganda spread b)' the Japanese agents. 'l'he. Japanese Charge d 1 Utaires 1n uito, ltokutaro li&pllo, waa ~ 11101'8 successful in spreading the tbeor,- that Japan is 1nrlncible, add tbat the defeat ot the lllies is certain. His Mthod was to mit the 111D1.atr7 ot Foreign A!fairs ear~ ete 'ning, reporting w1 th MMs, dates, add exact figures 1 the!antaa~c stories of Japanese Yictories. Bo oaa knowa wbere be. obtained th1.a intoraaticm, lnrt be wu ver,- auccasstal., fer soon tlie 'WOl'd. would spread around uito that the Japanese had won great Yictories... Talrahaah1 Hiroji and Tadeo Nak...,ra, two 1Dd.1Yiduals reported to be ott'ioera in the Japanese Azw;r attached to the IDg1neering Corpa and ostedaib~ emplo~ by the Ccmi)Bllia lu.nero Petrolera at Bneraldas, are reported to have!lade an exact and intensive surve7 of lcuadors nor1'.harn coaat during the ~ ot their eapl0j111811t. '1'b1a aw we,. pw ported to 1Dclllde preciae data ccmcend.ng the geograpbi.c situation, ~grallb7, poaaibil.1t1es tor ]8nct1ng airpladu, and other date of strategic ai.llt&r7 nlue. 'l'bereatter tbq are reported to have c0111pleted a acientitic s~ of the ~ and topogra~ of interior Ecuador between Tlmgurahua and Caracbi.At the tt. Peru intaded Ecuador, they wre arrested b)' the Go ten~ ment attar having been found k1ng a sunw,y and taldng extensive pbotoptapba ot the lands of the Cbilloa. Found in their possession at that time wre photographic equip~~~mt, altii!mtters, two eameraa equipped with telaphoto lenaes, other 11Deerinc apparatus and extensitii data COIICeraing the.topogntab add geogra1jh7 of the c01111t17. I :'hte~ thereafter tbe7 "'l8re bfoo\lpt 'to aito and 1lllprisoned J howeftl", following. 1nterftnt1on by the llidiata:r; of Yoreip Relatione, the,- "'l8re released add their equip~~~dt retw:oad to thea. ~cerra, b)' Yirtue of hie d1plcut1c paaaport, was able to travel to Coladlia., &Ill\ Hiroji upon his releaae, retwrwid to Riobmba, where he repine<! un\u., bi Wll:l' deported on the s.s. 11 Btol1n" on AprU C a"' a ll1nero ~trolara del Pac:iftco, s.&. IH.titaka 9awatari, geol.ogiat '

85 ' Toraldti Siraaaka, topop-apaa.r ZJuiti Iaoae, polop.t Tldeo Baaaura, polojiat add int.rpreter S1l'&Nka died in JlilT, , floca pouoning cued bt a t1ah bite r.oei-..cl 1lh:U.e thbing ott ~. b cqapen;r 1a idcorporated under Colcwbian lan, with the following oft1oerea Luia Kartines Delgado, President llarco Antonio J.ull, Vice President OuataTO Diu Delgado, Kan&ger in lcn1ador C&rloa llereado, Secretar;y 'l'be corporation' stock ie legitiu.telj' in tbe naee of ColOIIbiaD add leu&do~ o1t1hius. It 1a belleftd, howyer, that tbe cqapen;r 1a f1mnmd add OCIIltron.d b7 tba Japmaee concern of l1or loo Ka1aba 1 Ltd, 'l1le Coapenh baa a coooeaaicxi of approximate}7 100,000.hectares in the DOrtbern ~ ot lmrr 'dl8 in lcudor. Jro specitic data haa been uneartbed u to the &ot1:fitiu ot tbe.japaue pologiate in th1a seotar, but it 1a!mown that thq bpe au t&)ed and upped the entire coastline within their conoesaion add baft M&8ured depths of water longthe cout. It 1a eutire}t pouible that thq. ~ haft ade plme tar autaaride b&hs tar a Jape attack Clll tbe PM CaBal. In J.am&arT, Pnulide:zlt Arrojo del R1o ~ tbe. ~te to return to uito, and forbade th to return to laeraldee. It 1a aid tbat btl iaaued the ordoara on tbe pretat tbat the Japanese -.zoe DOt..., ll l1jrect b7 tba lcudarian croea in that eectar, add that an at~ m&bt be Mda on their llns. t'h1a is true to a certain a:tent, toll.' &ll lcudoriazl8 are afraid of t.be infiuenoe the Jt!pC!eee eart aa tbe eocjdcw1 o lite of Peru, through the m Uer bua1maee1 add fand.dc. 1M real reuaa bebidi! the Preaident'a mon, hownr, was b1a belief that tbe ao-clled Japaoe.. pologiata" wre Japanese llilltar;y ott1cere. It baa bee u~ fro. a rel1mle wee that aa the DOJ't.berD cout of B reldu, betaua Jlantalw add Va1nilla there 1a an eat'11&1'7 oa]led tap.rto, l...-g.,_ch tha Ja~DNe baft constructed a l'oiid betwwn t1tt7 add MftllV W. wide- Ulll t1-.. ldl~l"'t ill lnctb. 1'11-1a a beoedland on tbe crut of 'lltd.cb & b nt haa been erected oatanaibl7 in,. of their cqapetriot, 81ru&b, wbo lost hie lite there. 'l'hia mon"mnt 11q be 1IMC! u a p1de 1t lighted,

86 - 70- e1nce it is in a direct line with the 1Y3d It is al.ao said that tbe 1lli.ta ot oae ot the Pan U.rican-Oraoe.A1rw8 olwlica recognised the c~ Japeneae geolop.t u a coloael in the Penrrl.m.l1r Faroe. B1a - is 110\ kwwu, 8Dd t.b1a tact baa 110t be:.u ~ritie4. 'fm ocmoeedon 18 ou laidl CIIIUed by the Italian Consul in laaraldu, Donato Yanuelli. Japanese-Bui Collaboration Heinrich maajceu, I:'UJ't Grosse, IDd aeftl'aj. other R-h n oocaaiona.l.l7 seen leanng hd.eo Sato 1 1 tactaey ~t 843 Sucre Street, Olubaqq11 1 at:tm' spending a good part of the dq there. mcw~qm bad long been kugiiu u cme ot the Bu1 lhidera in ~. add Grosse wu 01rdoaa~ a o..an agent of l01r rank. There was DO Ut\ll'ance 'that arrr unton.rd actint,.'wu t-llr1ug place,,..t the praaenoe ot these persons in the tactm7 on ftrioue occuioua would -indicate that it wu a ~~eetiug place tor Ax1a apnta Another indication of Japanee~Jiui collaboration is the tact tbat the napected GerllaD agent, Dr. Prans Sptlln; was eepl'oj'ed by the Cmpau1 ll:lnero Petrolera del Pacifico, and directed the actititiss of the pretioua~ -.ntioned Jap&Deae geologiata. Diplcwet. R11ao YaDa1 repznnted the Japcw ~ut, rrld& u lfidister to Colaabia &Dd Beuldor, with hndquartera at Bogota. Jloat of~ Jpc~an attairb in lcuadar WN handled by the Japmese Cbarge d'ufdr..,!olattaro ~ag~ao. wbo arri'ftld in Ecuador on lfo.-ber 9, 1940, add Mde his bmdqarterl in ldto. 'hdm IJa)rwnra acted as the Secret&r7 ot the Japaoese Lttlation in ldto, and at the eae time,.. a geologist and 1nterprater tar tbe eo. pai.a JI1Dero Petrolera del Pacifico, s. A..&n Bcaadanan by uie nae ot Pedro V. IH.ller has been the Bonar&r7 Japanese Cduul in aa;jaq«1l tar..a;r J8&N. He held this poet because o! hie business connectiorw w1 th Japan. Public Opi.nion The nnapapers throu,gb.out Ecuadar have denounc.d the Japmwse aggression, add the "El Telegrato" of Oua.JaquU. carried an editorial lld~tinl coot!nqtal solidarity, stating that the 'fo\alltarian natioua deaired. to destroy the United States 1n order to tab possession of tbe Latin Aaerican nations and subject t he natins of these countries to llaft17' This editorial is reported to han advocated the ao-rn.ent of Bcuadar placing at the disposal or the United State its islmda, coutlinee, porta, and atiation fields, and 81\T other utilities necesa&j7 to tbe defense ot the United States.lction T&Uu bz tbe BcudoriaD Ocmuwt..-.., Prnioua to Decllllber 7, 1941, President ArJ"01u del Rio had promaed that he would talce action 1=sdiate~ 1n the ewnt of a Japaneae attack 1 aptmt tba United States. The President kept bit word., and on December 12, 1941, a decl'66 wu issued b:y hia, orderlng all Japanese citisena to proaud by Dece.ber 20 to Riob"ba 1 wbere tbe:y would be interned. 1'he official ll~t

87 '.. r --. ~ - n:.. \ 'l'adeo Sato Ito Tanenobu Iawada Iawada IWraru T~to llorigucbi Hiroji T ~~eb.i Inoue Toshi take SutsUid.,.,. Sengoro Talcada CfiUhi lold. OwshibD A1"uaU Bunji T~ kao.. SMptce Hiruawa 2';;ruit1 Inoue llurti,jui& Kakoto Fukumato Morigucbi Kasao llakiehilla Onda Sra. SMsu..Susuld. Jfanuel EDdo Sr-&. Iawad& 8l!d sons Sra. Keiko Susuld. The Japanese nationala interned in Riobnba lived at the Villa Lolita. Their usual procedure waa to appear at police headquarters inr:lirtdual.l7.. qh Ol"DiD& at. ten o 1 elook, and sign ao attendan~m lol'iiij tbq W011ld ret'ul'd at three o 1 cloek to.repeat the Jll'OCM8, and onoe again before retiring. 'l'bq wre not allowed to lean tbe cit,-, altboagh tbe7 bad OOIIplete. ~ ot.ove.nt within tbe cit)-. U tbq attempted to leaye thq would be. stopped b7 the otficiub. llo euspicioue aetirttiee were detected, although a t ot them.reqeived ad4 sent. a larp UIO'IIDt ot lll&ll. '!hq w.re cla.el,y wa~ and appeared notato haft bad contact with the natives ot tbe cit)-. The Japaneee nnn1 n'ld in Rfobgba until tbq wre deported during Apl'1l ot this Je&r J

88 \ SPANISH ACTIVITIES Spaniah 'Fai5e l ; l! ' ( Aa in 110at Totalitarian ~tries, SpaiD ha.- l»uy one legal party, namely the "Falange Espanola TradioiouaUata 7 de la.. Jwstaa de Otenal.ft llaei-011&1 SiDd.ioalbta" (the Tr&ditioualiat Spazlhh Pala'iip of :latiod&l ~ :',-; Syndioaliat Attack Squads). This party 1e.n'O CC'...,lf Down aa.the' Spa.Dilh Falauge.. ~ the ao'iit nd 1-der of the party and head of the Faaoil't Spanish ~ State ia Geueral Franchco Franco. The Spanish political leader ajld JliDiister of ForoigA Att&ira it Franco i brother-ill-law, Raao:a. Serrano suza.r~ \fhe. Foreign Service ot the PBrty 1e headed by Ricardo Jia.eues ~. 'llltile Joae del Castano ls the IDspeotor Ganeral of thia Foreign DiTiaioae >,. I'Urpo.. '. Following the defeat of the :Republican foro.ea,. the Foreign Branch: ~ of the Spani ah Fal.u«e -.a. a.ot1te~7 promot.ed. '!'he Spaniilh GoTerDlllllnt on ' July 21, 1939, iaaued an order to all Sp&Dieh diplomate to toni aeaooiationa' pf Spanish bmdgriuits to further the aiaa of the Fala.nte abrcsad. The span- iah Falange baa but one purpo'ae: to regain the Spani:sh l!tlllpire. The Falange appeals to the people ot Latin Aaerica as "people of the same rae~; formed of the same f aith, educated in the aae la:aguage, and aharing the aame cult ure." Activities The Falange h&a organised ita actititiea in the Western Hemiaphere along two linea: first, the organization which keeps the public idtor.ed and maintaiua the acddniatratite otticea and performs other aooial aervioeaj and aecond, the teo ret organi ai.tioa which 1e. in oh.t.rr;e or t rannd. tt'bg ~ den and inatruotioaa thr<n&h dittereut ohnuell. Thh foreign ailitary secret police 11 II::Dolnl as the "Sill" or the "Serrlo1o de Intor.aoiODea Jlil1tarea." The organisation exerciaes "atrong-ara" ta.otioa and terrorilt e.oti't'itiee ai.li6d at Speilh u.tionala li'rillg abrou to f'orc tli to cooperate with the Falange. Thre 1a etidenoe that this group 1a closely coop erating with the local reprtatitea of the llaai Party 1a the aerioaa On OT-.ber 2, 1~. a auppoaedl7 i!ldeperadent oouii.oll tor the carrying on ot the origi!lal purpo and aiat or the Falange 1a SCNth Aaer lea waa organised, kllowll aa the "Gonaejo cle Hiapanidad (Hispanic COIUICll). Ita. purpose 1a the \IDU'ioation ot culture, eoouaio bterestt 1 and power.; relating to the hispanic world. The organiaatiou ot the Spanish Falange in foreign coudtriea is along the... liue aa the organiaatioa'ln SpaiD itself, and tollowa the pattll'll ot the AualiJUla or&aniaation.. It 11 reported that Pa1angilt of' ficere abroad are appoiuted -.d remotod by Ricardo Jimenes JrD.au, the National Delegate of' the Foreign Service 1D Madrid. '

89 \ _ "?-"-- The Palqe ill Bouador!he aot1titlea ot the Falan&e in Ecuador han 'beoo F-.n1,4cl.t lidoe the utranoe of the tjil1 ted state I into the 1rU', 'but prmoui to that tim it ba4 not bee oouiclered aa a d&ll eroua taotor. Tlw Jahns bu taken em addecl illportuoe lidoe Bouador broke ott dipla.atio relatiou with the.&zia ponn em Januan 28, l.ij,2. The Spuiah Lecatin in l&i't9,!1&1 taka ewer the ottioial dut1ea rst the G.,._, Italian, ad4 Jap&Deae LeptlOill. It ie l~ae 'belleted that eapiodace and propacu4a aotititiea tor the ~ will oezrter ero\idd the Spuiah Palqe. The llwiiber or adherent a to the FaliD,Ih~ oauae 1a Jouador baa DOt 'been cletermided, 'but it probably OOIIpl'iHI a jorit;r ot the 711 Spuiarcla eets..ted to be in Bouador ~ the ottioial oenaua ot January 1, l!jg..julio Tobar DoDOao, then M1Di.ater ot Foreip Altair 1134 ou ot the leadera ot the ConaerntiTe Party,. atated in JUne, 190, that Eouadora diplau.tio relatione with Spain had progreaaed duriji& l!j40, ancl a.ong aathtaotory renlta aeen at that time na a Spu.ilh Eduoaticmal Mission- to Eouaclor. The aympathetio attentio~ wh1.oh the Spuish Gonn~~~~ent g1tes to Bouaclor recercliq th8 selection ot Spuiah diploii&ta tor awtioe in uito haa prcwecl popular, u tor au~ple in the oaae ot the preaent 111Aiater, JoH llioardo ~~. Dr. Tober Dcmoao...Uteated the i11portaooe of iouadorian oultural propacu4a in Spain, and aaked the ).(1niater ot Publio iduoation add Tourla tor a lar& quantity ot au.itable publ1.oaticma tor dhtributlcm in SpaiD. A. oontraot waa aigned on lfotember 30, 1940, between the Eouadorian Gcwer111111nt and the Spaniah Jlinilter to -.ploy a Spaniah Ecl.uoational )(ialion in Bou.ador. The oontraot il to be in etteot tor tour year. a, and udder ita teru the Gcwer~ ot Bouador will e~~ploy tour Spuilh proteaaora... There follow the uaea ot the MI!era ot tbe llielion an4 their reapeotite cbltieea Dr.&.uguatin de Lu.ou Caaea, profe.. l' ot Sp&Diah, literature, hiatory, and artj Fernando Fuantea Garoia, teohllioal adtiaor to ohead.oal aohoola &D4 ind\lltj7j Proteaaor Garoia Perea, leotver Oil ceneral topioe and diclaotioij Profeaaor A.. MIIDdioo A.iotorea, t.otmtoal &AlTiaor ~ dcaeatlo and oultural relatione and ohlld welfare. ~ The )(iniater of Foreign Utaira... &lao latof'll!tcl that uad.er the oodtraot the Spaniah Miaaion will intereat itselt ~tirely in teohdloal matten ancl DOt with politloal propacamda. The oontraot ill Wbole or in part ~ be oumllecl at aji tbe by the Bouadodan GcwviiMAt, lf the 'n-1 ot the cm clo DOt tllltlll, thelr..orlt 1a a aatlafaoto17 """N'J tor Ti~latlon ot Cl~ae 7 ot the oontraet wbloh prohibita engacinc la polltloal prop&cand&j tor Tiolation by a ~er of the on ot aji 1 ot llou&dorj.or by stua1 acre~ betlreen the two partiea. the Jlinlater. of Poreip J.ttl.ira bu &leo been intormii 11hat it il not a propi.tioua tl- tor!ucuitid de Luoaa Cu-, Chief of the lllaaion.

90 ' to rbe the Clal.nral :.Attache of tu Spuilh LegatiotLU had.beu ~UUUW " by the llilliatar of J'oreip,.U't'aira.!he JliDilter wu al;ao, ave. that the Bcnwioriu pre.., had reoeind the - of the uplo)wat oft the lliaalola in an extr... ly. holtile.rfuhlodo It na poidted out 111a&t wen.tllonp the. papen dill DOt refleot,.the.opiaion of the GoYezwt ua the, geural publio, it wu DOt bellnecl that it wu an oppoj tcm~ tim to appoidt the heacllof"'tbe J11111ion u the Cultural Attache.!he JliJailter ot Pore!P.&tf'aira realiaecl, that the Bouaclorian pre a a wu powertul ad4 had adopted -an '11Dt'rindl7. attitude tonrcl ~ OOJIO~ SpaiD that the app!darl 1t ot SeDor AUS'lltill de L\IOaa Cue& aight renlt 1D. an excuse tor the preaa to ltart a poli'tioal.:, ~ OUipaip lfl:aijllt SpaiD, aji4 Eouador mpt lie OOIIpelled to O&DOel tbe oontraot a.t cmoe. It was also pobrtecl out, honyer, that the Spanilh profe88or!l,laad created a Ter)' good illpreuion, and that the appoi&r~ of the Cult~.al& At'taohe 1118J1'1;1cm.d &bo:re llhcnld be deterred. ~. It ia reliably reported that the oppo.itiod to the aooep:tuoe ot. a Spanhh Peclagoglo Jliuion by the Ecuacloriq Goni'JIIIellt wae onroome throup the efforts ot two Eouaclorius, Ca.rlos Tobar Zal4ullbide add Dr. Jose Jlaria Eetrad& Coello. Zalcluabide at tha~ tt.e reeidecl in Spain,. being aeoretary to the Ecuadorian Aabaeudor to SpaiD in 11Uri4. Be 11 the ltepeon ot the present, Mlnilter of Ap>ioulture, Riovdo Crespo ordode&e O.oello 'liae thq. the Ecuadorian llidilter of public Echacation, add. although h DO. lgdcer oo oupiu that position he ia lmown to be an a.rden1; ay~~pathiaer of -the fal&~~&ilt ltot-ilt add. a great adlllirer of Gaeral Pr&DOo. It 11 generally )lell..-.4." that the presence of the Spanhh Cult111l'al.JI188ion in BOuaclor. -.t the prt tt. 11 due to the ao-tititiea of the ahon t1ro '1Ddi.Ticlual.a.!his llisaion directs the aotititiea of the Pal&~~& which aotititiea han been greatly broadened since the expullion from Eouado.r of llll8ey of the leading lui ancl Italian aga.ta.. Augustin.cle :WOaa was chosen by Serrano SUner to head the ViuiOll beo~ae of hia oapability, thoroughne88, add. devotion to the euae. Be and Fuentes Gvoia "g tlie ottice ot the Viuion in uito, and are reaponaible tor moat of ita aotititi 11Dt11 recently the Chief of the Pal&~~& in Bouador waa Valentin FerD&Dclea CueT&s, a Sp&Dilh journalist aent expr.. aly by Serr&DO Slm8l' to organise the Falange in Ecuador. Shortl7 after his a.rrital, Cunu wu u4e the teohdical director of the "Bl Debe.te at a ti llha. thia JMnpaper waa badly in need ot tunda tor the,purohaae ot uw equip.a.t. Illlllediatel,., tol lowing hia appo~ as director, tlie needed tunas were -d a.t&ilable tor the purchase ot - equipunt. lfhile director ot tile "Bl Debate,", CUeT&a was eucoesam in fond.dg a Falange cell in that orsanisatiw..,.._ bera of tbe oell iilollld.ecl Dr. Jfariano sua.rea Veintillilla, Preaiclclt add.,, Director 'of Bl Debate, Dr. Jorge Luna Yepea, Director of the Ateneo Bouatori&DO, Pedro Velaaoo Iberra, -add. Eduardo Egaa llobge, u... u as aoat offthe employees in the editorial and printing depa.rt.ellte. The Ecuadorian GoYera nt soon diecotered the aotitities ot Cuevas add ordered him oontined to the tnn. ot ifaldoaado on the ob&rc that hia s...igratioil paper ftre DOt in ' order. SubMquentlJ he was deported trem the ocnmtr)', bat theoell u or.. ganiaecl oontiaee to taotiodo r Su!Jceecling CueTa.a as Chief of the l'aluge 1D. Eouaclor ia PI'&DOhoo Si~~ wcnger.ot the firm ADaola Brothera. Me.berp ot the "Accion Republioana.

91 \ B.,aola. a 80oi.t7 llhloh M.a lta ala the oruahh& ot Palact- a4rlh that Jaoobo llorco 11 aeoozul 1A 00 nd ot the Pal..,. 1A Joallllor a aatln Sp&Diarcl who ellicrated to Bouaclor. wta.re he.an bel aa JouAorbn by the... or Senol'lta AJacllta llel"oacloo duapter or Leopoldo llel'oadoo a Dd.re Uldu.ltrWht azul cnmer or a ol&arette raototy whloh prodaoea OM or the Dation' I popular bruiila. "11 PI'OCJ'I80o. It 11 bell.ncl that MorellO' 11 on a aiuioa or utr- lllportanoe 1D, amlor. bat1d.c bea del lcaated by Slmer to orcaalae the Palace oa ll aillta1'7 bub. Jltabez'l ot the ".Aooloa RepubllO&Da" acln.ae that llol'eao hu at Me oo=.- 4 a... u. Ol'&aal&ed Oorpl of e.,loiia&i agelltl azul propagu411tle' Olle or hh agate 11 eald to be Glulletta Deaoalal 0 den&j!ter or u Itallaa baalu...-a 1a lai\p q\111. It 11 I'IB:)I'ecl that Seaorlta De80alll hu eeoved &ad trenntttecl to ' the en ; illportaat eeoreta OODOeruing the.,... h ot Boaa4or1an troop aa well aa lntol"lll&tion conoernlng the.aaerloaa troop atatlomcl at SeUnu 1A the S&llta Bl- Penlnlula. KonDO hu tranlecl a &ood deal, reoelltl7 0 hanq..- a jourdej to Lba. Peru. where lt 11 reported that he ocmtuted Yarioua!llaacht eel Wall ~!he rollowijl& aecll- are nplojed 'by the Palaqe 1A dlttualnc Totalltarle propet;aada azul ldealls "Bl Debate. orcaa or the OoaaenatiTe P&l't7 IUid the Catholic Chvoha "El At..o zou.torlaoo" paeuclo cultural ollltor of the Falangllte 0 lfaah and Faeohtaa azul "Radlo Teatro LI de.amrioa. The Atenoo Bouatorlco h preaidecl OTer 'by Dr. Jorge LUD& Tepoa. foraerl7 a Deputy 1n the Eoudorlu Chlaber of Deputl Ia the.lt.mo are hal4 pv.'bllo -etlllc 11bero the exoollence or the Totalltarhn reiw. h exalted to all llltenera. Tho attendlbc are v.nallt 1JniTVIlt,' at.cl..ta who readll7 aaaiallate auoh teaohinga. It ia reported that Yepez reoeltel lutruotloill OOIIOII'DiJIC the "DAC-t of the Ateneo dlreotq tr SlDWo IDUI 'U'atloa of Ra4lo statlaa It haa been le&i'1uid troa rolia])lo ao\ll'oea that the Spaalah Falange plea to lnaupirate a radlo broadoaltlng station ln the aear tu.ture. 'l'bil atatlod 'll'lll be oalled the "Lus de.aaerioa." ud ia being lllltallocl on the aioodd noor or the Oapltal Theater Bulldlnco ~to. It h eltlu.ted 'that the lutallatloa oolt 11'111 be appron-tel aaorea. or tlo,ooo. 1A 1Jnitecl state& ezobns The ~~a~~&g.. nt hal...s. U'r&JICN 1 ta to tre't the procr... troa e audltoru. 11bere ~ publlo w111 be adlli~ to aad lllten to tho broadouta for a nte4nel fmo The leader of tho Faleglata in uito. FraDOlaoo. Silllm. hu OODtrlbutecl 20,000 norea, the CW.er ot the Spaalah Pod&gocto Jliuloa. SO,OOO auor &ad other to-do aeaal1era or the Sp&Diah ooloil;r u.- oogtrlbatecl the balaoe..wong theae are Jaoobo Moreno. RUIOD Goualea Artlpa. who together 'll'lth tho orelgu ortloe or the Paluce la Jlad:ricl ooatrlbatecl to lta piij'ohaae. "Lus de Aaerloa" ll oatenllbly operated by a SeDOr P'll&lraJ b_....,..,. it ll ball.ncl that the -.. or thll 1Ddl Tldaal 11 ueed Mrel;r tor the purpo11 or hldlbc tho lclllltlty ot the true oaer 0 Pl'&110l80o St.ila. the traulllltter - purohaocl 1mdlatel;r foll-tn& the oloalag of the 'fraaaooeaa lfwa A&IDOJ by the Bouaclorlaa GOTeriWWilte

92 "Bl Debate," ODe ot uito a thrm da1l7 -.pllpwio baa o,fma bee referred. to aa tho orr;an ot tha 'l'otalitarie -~ ill Bolaador. 'l'}le taohdioal d1l'eo. ot "1],,»-b&t." 11 ValUa r. Cunu. a Spuieb aubjeot who oa.e to!ouador lft'wal yeara t.&o troa Cola.bla. wll u wu Micl to hate b- a bull nr;~rter. cuen.a wu arroatecl 'b7 t!w Bo~adorlaD G«oa at ill llaroh tor ta1111lc to la&to bia paper a ill ortsa-, ~ be wu,raleaaecl after tho Spaaieb Allbaaaador ooatorrecl wi'l;b tho II:LDlater of Pwalp RolatiODio That Cuen.a 11 a ciuceroua oharaoter h 'beooetnc bor... lncly obrioua. OD tho clq tolllll'lbc bia arroat there appearo4 an oclitgrial Ia La»-taaa, a WHkly n-apaper dft'otillt; 110at ot ita apaoe to attolrsar; tho.alda, 1il wbioh it - ohart;ocl that Cuen.a 11 cma ot t!w 1101t clalacoroua propqandiata tor the Axi ill-eoaador. Ft.le.oD Borja, ita P~&bliebw aft'ereq oritiolaecl the G«un at tor h&ridc arra~ Cuen.a aoloq Oil tho obarco ot talliag to ban hia paper ill oruj-, aa4 atatecl t.bat u wu am... hlaapat and that tho G«w at - _.. ot thla taota eel t.bat ida eh u Jouador baa aipecl tho asr at reaohecl at Rio do Janairo and bad broltca ott cllplc:.atio ralatioill with tho.pia, propac&ddlata INOla aa f)ufta ocn14 be az:raatecl and cloportocl withollt oeldac i;he an tl&at their paper...,. JIIO't 1a oru.-. Proa reliable IOIU'oo it ci that Cuen.a addre11ecl a lettor to tho cllrootor ot t!w -cu11lo. "IUft'a iap..., a~o clo Jana1ro, llhioh later appeared in t!w "Divio Cviooa" Oil llaroh 18, ltf2. A tranalatlodrqt thia letter nnalecl that it ooilt'necl atroac Paleacht aezst!aeata and 11Lcl1- oatocl that tho writer wu ill Sollth.&.eriea tor tho pvpotol of ~1111 that oauao. CueYaa atatocl that he wu pro..tq ill Bo'll&dor and bad pro Tioualy been 1n VODO&uola aa a toobaioal cllrootor ot a..wral publioatlona and n-apapers. He inclloated that ha wu ill Boudcir UD4er oontraot with t!w G«erwt ot that o01mtr)-, nry probably for tu - purpoao, althootb he clld DOt 11Lcl1oate th11 ill tho letter. C\lnU atatecl that he aitbt pouibl7 ret\li'll to 8pa11L lbortl7 to onlht bia aerrloea acaia Oil behalf of Franoo, although he had obaornd that the Spaaiarda han a &reat cloa1 to d.o 1n South Aaorioa. Due to the 11Ltluonoo ot ~ Coaaern.tho Party ot Bouador aaonr; the upper olaaaea, tho attitwle of tho publlo Pranoo haa boo- 110re tatorahle. The COillorT&tiTo Party, whioh 11 &lao b c aa t!w Cathollo Churoh Party 11 one ot the 1101t otnoaoloua aohoola ot lalla. 'I'M Pvty oarrloa on an aotin prop&pd!la, adoptlnr; Pranoo prosr- ita -. When PrODOO prah.. Wui-. tho COillerT&tiTO Party, thr...p ita prou orca "11»-bate, doe a l~ho "Jl Debate" Otten pr~l P'i'aaoo I lpoouii 'IIOI'cl for 'IIOI'd. Dlirinr; tho laat 7ov, Fraoo propacaada hu boft d1l'mtecl &plait jmriou p1111 trat101l in Latill a.z-ioa. 'l'bil 8pplall croatl7 to the upper OlUIOio booule it atate that.aaerioan podatratioa will.n..lu.te Spula oultaro and ohllllatioa, and w1ply 'boo&uh.imr'lmll blllaatry and offiolonoy will clltplaoo the traditlod&l 8palalall li.dil ~ 'l'ho Spulall PleDC'I thrmch tbo Couenatiw Pvt7 alao FOI'Pndl I C tho laboria& olaimio 1llarouP a w±ll' II IPIJW oall.. "La Voa owwa. ~~gnyar. tbit...,... 11&1 boea b-ad: by t.m.o.w 11Doe autwm ot lltl. Tho newapaper achooato4 Jaai.a with 1lho ars-t ~~ '.-

93 .. ' it would establish a aocial1~1o:...17il:t* WMo~4~P:~lJ' ba.tlt th..--~-~ AJ:la. The "!l Debate " poli07 argued that :Julia would late the world t'roa Co-.zal.._,., o u _. ~... ~ -~ ~ \-;;t,. t '.!U Palan&e lmder spread AXi propagind&' ia"the follftla& tlolda, 1n a Te't"f effeotlte lllimaer1 6m..!lf + I' (..._ eocmolid.ca they stre.. th.uperlorit"t ot'ges ep a.robllidlie aa ocjiipared to th&t of the Unlt.a Statea, they"iranl' of tb clagert of inter-.aael'icm lilperialllilj tb.q nate that~jlui lias rr.. d Latin Aaerioa fr!'ja,the gl'alp ot 1Jnlte4 Matea lap6j'ial1-. n " 2. Ia reli~oil, they aay thl.t the Ruuiaal are cu nd ab ad oonaequentl7 denrcj78ra of IIOl'ale cd religion, they' call the worth Allerlcma "IIUou" J they.tate that :lui h 're.olted zt to destroy' Unlted States ijiperiall at all' aa o PD1'-.!he Falugiat- intluedce in Ecuador 1a pj:n1ftg a toot:bold,- add 1101r with the :lui and 'Piaollt 1Dtlu'illce hating bien abated, will' 'be etronger than titer. The Falan&e will take OTer the ~preadlng of :1&11 propag,anda ill ECuador. -.. The follcnring orguiaatlou are belieted to' be doainlated by the I Sooiedad CultU&l Bueu E1peransa Sindioato de CerTeaa la Caapaaa Sindioato de CeM"eaaa la Victoria Sooiedad de Cargadorea Sooledad Cultura1' Lqola S1Ddioato de Saatrea 7 llodllta. Cultura 7!rajo Sinilioato de Albanile~ Cul tura del Obrero SlDdioato de Caateroa Cultura del Obrero SiDdioato de Carpluteroa Cultura del Obrero SlDdioato de Choferaa Cultura del Obrero Slildloato de Zapateroa Cul twa 4e1 Obrero Slndioato Gratloo de Plohiaoha C~ro c~olloo ~ O~ero1 C81ltro l"ealalita Luaode PiohiDoha- Clroulo La Salle... ' It has 'b- fairly well established that :lui or Palmge 1Dtl.uaoe operates aeoratly or 1Ddireotl7 withia tuoh worker Oultural" orgmaatloll The Falange la being supported bt the Catholic C!al:roh 1D 'both itl pulpit and U;a pre... The CouerT&tiTo Party. llbioh is alao the Oatholio P&l't7, hat._ Cf'Oidllg ill atrejigth"due"to Falim~at intluaoe. J&olllto JijOD C«=eo, the CouerT&tlTe PartylM4ft', lqft' 1~ upod U ~ ~ Direotor of Pu-tT' but tlie "Oaucllll~., 'rho Olll;r 'pro'~i<t«rta...,.,... lett in Bou4or i i the 'llt'de'bllw ot"ttito. 'Wflioh!! the ottloial.. organ of the Catholic ConaeM'atiTe Party.

94 - 78-,......,.---. It 11 Mid that JU.. Jebot 1a the prortllolal oh1et ot the SpaDiah P'alaA~ tor G~l. Otber a- Falact..t ledera arellewe Goua'lea Artie oaoar ooua1.. Articaa., Loreuo 'l'oua, Sr., mel bia ~ x.;~o, &Del Captain Ja.oobo Jlltr-, who laaa retvucl to JouadOI' witbia the 7"1' after nid& with Pr&DOO' a U., in Spda. Other poaal'ble..-.thlaera are z V &D4 L\lla CorcloTea, Preaiclat ot the qaquil lad uito I&U111a7 C: Carloa Jieroado, ot a oicar.tte..mafa.otww. It M:f 'be ~eq aaicl tha~ the.a,1oritr ot the wealtq' SpaDiarcla or Joaa4ol'iau ot pare lfilwah cleao~ are propr&doo, it tar DO other reuod. tlwl that he bro\i&ht the CathoUe Chm'oh baok to 1 ta plaoe 1a Spda. Ceaar B. Coroul Jaaa.ade publlo deolaratloill in the "Bl Debate" with recard to bia Falmclat ~athlea. Be ~ a mhr ot the Dlreotin Board ot the Artiatioa P'C!Up Other ot bia OCII?p&trio'ta are Carloa ProeDO, Enrique ~~qa, Albert~ Bl'aTo, &Del Fraoiaoo Iaa., The Coll.lerT&tin PU'tr arcm, "Bl Debate, 4eclioatef a apeolal pace Oil Satwdqa to the ftl"kera, in wbioh Falmpat propec&dda appear It ia laioiiil that the B. P. B. llewa AcaoJ', troa wbioh thia a.npaper reoeiiea itl toreip ll.ft'l, laaa ita 'baa in Madrid. Jr FollowlDg are brlet hhtorlea ot the 110re blport&dt J'alanp leaderas Ra.on Go11.1al11 Articaaa aoualea Art~caa waa born in 8paln ad ainoe hia arriiil iii IGilidOz: -.q ;para aco hu aoo,_),ated a OOC!-11Wable tortwae, reputed to be ll ot auor He ia the cw ot 'Caloe, a tutlle ft&tlnc 1Ddaat17 Pr list to lisi he.acta repeated oolleotiou ot tuma 1D Joclor tor the pvpoae ot alcliji& the P'r&DOO retolutiouriea in 8paln. Jlltat ot the Palmclat who la&te ainoe t.llented to Jouador hate bee alc!m ~ hb. Doth thl'wgh bia perioilal 1ntlu- &Del thl'oup bia IIOMT the Bouadorian la ot 'i-.icratloil require eaoh t.aip'ant to.ake a clepoait ot J10U1 upon cteridg the oo\11ltr7 &11.4 it 1a kn a that Articaa baa repeatedly i'iu'niahecl auoh IIOllq upoil the antr&doe ot t.ai&ranta. hrther. it 11 reported that.articaa a.ota aa trea1urer tor the Falazaciata, it beld& he who proportioila the 110De7 tor the oontiduation ot their a.otltitha, It i,a like wile reported that he aenda confidential "-'"'oationa to Serrmo SUDer, using the Spaniah Lecat i on in uito u a Mcll-. 'l'hia 11141T1clual ia ooil aldered ckji&eroua, lna~h u he hu 'bee nooeaaf\11 1a iat,.a+aoiac hillaelt into the hip aooial and gonn.at c1rolea ot!0\wiar where he ia em int1lllate tenu with -u:r ot awlarl:y pla.oed 11141Ticlu.la. Jaointo Jl~ ~ c- Thia Jouador'ian 1a a pwioil ot -.oh intluedoe iii tjii liidll rat, aoolal, political, &D4 iatelleotzl lite ot the count,.. B 1a aald to be a.w.t d&ire, 'beinc the owaer o!', enral wwaltq ad auooe11tul te:rtue ad ap-ioultwal cterprll... Repeatedly he baa 'bee the COII.IerT&tiTe Part,. a CaDIU elate tor the Prealdez~G7 and ia almost fanatical in hie detotion to the P-"7.ad to the Cluroho Altr'eclo nor l cr-- nor '11 the 'bl'otllw-la-l ot Joaointo JljOil 7 c - and.~ m to be a R"''Mh adsd.rel' ot OeDaral Pranoo, the Jasll, Paao11't'l 1 &D4 PerliTiau. Be 11 nlatecl olomly to literal PeruTian. tlllliiliea in Lllsa witb whcla h.. oo moatea. Stuclata troaa

95 ' lf'.. -- the oouec.. m4 'tjdinrlitf are amn to ptur alllon dal)j at hb bam 'lllhere it 11 reported that ther are id.traotecl id the i~ ad tnomic ot Palqia all4 Kui-.. ~ Dootor Bensaa Perrea Ferre 11 a Spuilh cra4uate qt a Cftrl1tf ijl BaroalCIIII&, ipati; a.,...laariaa. Ia aito he operate a ftnnel o11jile wblre it il h =that a111eroa1 z '«ot the PalaDp PoMt. P'wre 11&1 a' lu'p iaterelt ijl tm Botioa Pleh'M, a WMl_, cine eltalllllt nt b. alto.!hil o i IV f0j"m1'l7 beloji&ecl to Cl-.ntl J114uerlao, a ui 1lllo wu pliloecl on the al&ok Ult. DuriJI& the Spaailh a.wolutiaa Perre &Jill h11 ~ ao11ecl u epie1 tor Geural rraaoo, aad it 11 rtlpor'tecl that lhe tranlecl tbr~ 8wth.uerioa a 1eoret aelleji&er. Duriac t~ :- perlocl Perre took part ijl aa ijioi~t ooourrillc 1la Uito..l P'O\IP ot. 70UC 11t114atl &ad ~11eotula IJIIIP&W&iDc wi~ ltepublioaa lpaila threata.cl to u..w.t the &pullh LepUa u ldto, the reoorcle ot 11hioh wwe la ~ M"dl ot 8aor JoN fllta, 'a Falqlat. FeariJI& th~ir lo th11 idd.irtclual. IUITadere4 all -~ Lesatioa 1 reoorcle to rerre, who kept thm hld.da 1a hil poloa tw Ea11Jtf ~. Be - tldallj' IUIT1114erecl thm to the Jl1allter Hilt 1IJ GeDII'al rruoo. It ill tvther reported that lilfoe that ts.. rerre aacl hl1 'brother llll&'ba...rz.., reoatl;y returah tro. Spaila, ooatinue to o'biu'te the pr.. ent 8pu.ilh 111ailter tor the pul'pon of iatorziji& )ladri4 OODOeraiJI& Jdl &OtiOJllo Vlomte BU'oa Baro il a )'0\UIC IW4at atted41a& the ldaiterll t,. Catral 1D lllto, iliire he 11 an aotin worker tor the Pallnc la 4iltri1NtiJI& ita pu!llloaticma aacl la..uitill& - zmhra IW'DC the 1JD1Teri111J' croap. Doll\.., 1, UJ..Z, he prontecl aa ldoid&t 1a tm 11BiTerlit,. autitori 4uriJI& the zeetlll& there ot the Jlotarlaa Cwto1oz ot Joua4or. IT Jou4or the ':ao. tarlaaa are zore than a Mre oirio orpabatioa, tk1nc a rather~ pert la polltipl -d pre1atl;y 1Upport1Jis the Li'bwal Pu toj, JICIIf 1la poww, aacl oppoliji& the ConlerT&tln &Jill the J'alqe. ODe of their ooarutioa etinga W.l beiji& helcl U the 1JDiTWdty auclltoriuz wba BU'o, & lpe01:ator la the Cal. ler;y, U'OII aji4 Orie4 lowll;y that it waa &.._ IUOh & P'Gap lhould 'be allowed to Ull the hall. Thereafter Bl De'bate" took up the oau1e ~ BU'o 1la aa ettort to obapion hl ltat-=t. other paper ijl the oapital took the oppo1ite Tift aacl ae a reiult the illo14at aaiuiiid proportloa. ot a naticiiii&l 1Jiol4eat.ll'berto.loo1ta Vela10oa.&oolta, 1oa of the IIN'ICW" ot the. JieJIOo... P1eh1110h& ii idio -a neph of Rlreli4at Tel&aoo Illarra, 1J repo!'ted to be aotlnl;y"-worklllc 'Z"''IC the ltudat1 ~the oollep1 &Jill alnnltlel 1la an ettort to actraaoe the Palqe oaumo Pedro Velaeoo I'buTaa Veluoo, 'brothc' ~ a ft'ni~ veta.oo l"barra. h pre.. liti;y MHnr; ner;y etrort to bate h'zmlt...s.tt.cl 1Dto pro ~io orcaahatiou tor the purpo of le&i'dlac their aot1tt.t1el llllcl therllij orulhlii,c thm. Be h a snhr ot the Coull'fttln Part,... a etrodc Catbollo, llll4 &1l actin -ker 1a tm PalJI& Leal Banrroa Jllftl'ro il the OWIMI' of a butoher ahop Ia uito. In hl holii ii duplq with IIIOh pr14e tm e.uu11a pllee4 a1, the hlqe Buttoa. Be 11 aa aotin worbr tor the hllaip, ~oulwlj rc the low... olu ot people, the worker~:, ohautteur1, eto.

96 ' The Spllllhh. Jlilliater in W.to, Joae Rioardo Gcllea, ba1 oodcluotecl inteatigationl of d.uferent Spli.id.arda oon1idend ra.ot ay~~pathetio with the Franoo regille. There 11 a group called the "Aocion Republioana," Whioh ia encagecl in obtai~ng reoruita among thoae who bate not ahown the11l11eln1 to 'be htorable to the polioie1 of l{._si Spain. The committee chairman t:or thil orgiidi cation 1a the red, ex-profesaor, Antollio Jaen lloreno. Keet1ql hate bee held at his home in uito. The membera ot the ooiiiiilittee area.datid GVoia Baoca, lliguel. Uranga, Enrique Limo IIIler, and TOIII&a Garcia 1f&varro.. 't Thil collllittee reoeitea inatructiona trom aiailat group in w York, 'Va:ioo, and ~antiago, Chile. Ita purpose baa been. to inaligurate a c~aign of propagancla againat the Chief ot the Spaniah State, and!;he Falange Party in the demooratio weekly, "La Defeua." It. baa been learned that upon completion ot hia inteatigation, the Spanilh 1iilliater immediately brought the reaulta aa 1et out above to the attentio:n ot the llilliater of Foreign Relationa. He prna.iled upon tla Foreip Jlilliater, Tobar Donoao, to &dopt auita~le. m.eaaurea to prnent the continuance of theae aotiti,tiea. Tobar Donoao prom11ed to tu:e action, and told the meaibera ot this iln:ealent that their aotititiea were ra.ot in lteepinc with the ho~itality which they -r receiv~ng troa the :Bouadorian GoYer~.~~~~~mt. The leader of the movement are considered to bea Jatae caetelll Jllmtal, Preaidenta Carloa Fortioh Pauret, Vioe PrelidentJ and tfiohcflaa Aguirre Breton, Secretary, at Poat Office Box 476, G~quil. This group has been holding meeting infrequently to avoid trouble with the authoritiel. Sino the expullion of Ana nation&la, the Spaniah Falange baa UJ1 dertaken to oarry on the 110rk of the AXis, and it flay be possible to utilise the abovei1uied leadera of the Free spaniah MoT..ut ta 4etel-mine the actintiel and tdentitiea of the Falange agenta in Ecuador.

97 .. \ - Sl ~ imf"cf ACTiviTIES " '. Vich7 French sympathizers comprise only a nll!?8rcen~ o.c the French nationals residing in ~r, DUIIberiilg ~- JSO. Tbia' ~a~t.;-a evidenced by all. who Sllll' the Vichy Minister,.&Ddi'e BOiaaier, present~. crede.ntials to the Ecuadorian Govel'DIII8nt in the early' fall of Boiilaiar and Charl.es Leslie Hughes-Hallet were made the accredited repreaentatiyh of the French and British Goftl'.!llll8nts, respectively, dur1dg that period,. presenting their credential.a an the same date, but at difter.nt hours. The ~tiah 141niater received a favorable reception trca the.ecwfdorian pnbl.ic, ~. Boisaier received only a fn lllild 11 Vive De Gau:lle 1 e. 'nle former Ecuadorian Jlin1ilter of Foreign Ut~, Jullo Tobar Donoao, ia known to have stated during AprU, 1941, when the appointment of 11. Boissier as Jliniater to Ecua4or was announc ed and accep~ by the Ecuadorian O<mtn~~~~ent, that he did not believe Boiaeier 1 a record.juat1tiad his being France's representative in Ecuador. Boissier waa the!or.ar French envoy in Tunis, Atrica, and Dresden,-~. Dipl.omata The present.french Legation staff~ be said to be caspletel.7. umer German domination. 'nle lfint.ter, Andre. BOiaaier, is reported-by the members of the Free French Group to have lfui syapathies. The Secretary and Charge d 'Utaires of the French. Legation is Victor Revelli,. a t;vpical: French bureaucrat, lfho at tulsa has professed anti-ge:naan sentiments, but has also stated that he would follow the orders of his le~ constituted Government. Attitude of Former - Jlinister Jean Dobler. ~ During the early part or the present World liar, the tor.ar ~ Jl1nister to Ecuador, Jean Dobler, waa one of the aoat outspoken id!ividuil.a in his eoudemnation of~ and the Ge~ Legation in uito. Re otta iasued press releases cond.emni.ng the liasi regime $11 the local papen~. Ute the French capitulation, Dobler waa beard to M.n stated that he elq)8cted to leave for the United States and resign his post. Howver, as.it turded out, the only change was that he discontinued his anti-lfasi caapaign. Toward the end of his sta;r in uito, 11. Dobler stated that France had been forced into an unfortunate war with Germany by weal~, scheming Jawe. who had tled!roil Germany and had taken refuge in France. He.turther stated that the aa. people c~ed the internal disorder and weakness 11hich underll1ned France. He then held that France was in complete collaboration wi.th Geriaaqr... During the latter part or 1940, a ccdiittee ot De Gaulle IJ1IIP&th1sera called on the American Kinister to advise hill that Dobler had damed tbat they swear allegiance to the Vichy GonrD~~ent, and had threatened them with lose of citizenship and prosecution for treason 1n the ennt of their re.twsal to do eo. The De Oa\lll.e group telt that their )flnht.r ha4 1M~~ because he had been allowed to attend one of their Metinga on h1a pr<ll1ae that he would never diwlge their identities or in azrr 11ay use the Wonation

98 \ -82- obtained at the ueting. The K111t&r7 Attaobe at tbat time, Capta!D Pierre nenu, had declared b11ue1! openly- and atrongq for De Gaulle, add wore a De Daulle button at al1 tiaes. 'nle present hench Jarge d 'Utairea, VUttor lleftlll 1a bel1eftd to be mt.i-oer.m adi pro-britiah, altboulh he bu bmd obl1iwd to follow the ~C7 ot the Vie~ Cloftiwt. Prior to the departun'ot Dobur, be ad'riaed that his polict would be to ayoid ad;r pabllc ocatroq betuuil opposing French tactiona 1D uito. At the tim et Dobler'a depal"t.un, an.lli wu accepted by- the Free French group. Altboulh be coul.4 DOt uaooi&te Wlth thea, be did not oppoee thea as Yigorou.aq as did the torw.r M1nhter. R.enlli, 011 the other badd, at ooe t.illa stated tbat the French co1oa;r 1D ldto wu ca. pri.aed of De anlliats, Vooarcbiata, add Co cm1ata. C<lld.te Prance-.Aiericpe ld April 1941, it wu learned tbat Goaulo Za.l.cta.bide 1 Bcu.ldorian M1n1ater at Bogota, Col<llbia 1 wu all.epdq a cssber of the orp"dmtiod lcnown as the "Cali.te France-.&Mriqaa," and that he receiftd pro-ftcb;r propaganda f'r011 that organization. According to the intoru.tiod receiftd, a.br1el Louis Jara;y was President of the organization, and za111te1necf hud.quartc8 i.t Ro)oat, France. It was said that Dr. Jose Gabrit!l layarro, General Chiriboga, and Ricardo Ortiz wre the fol'llltr leaders ot th1a group 1D uito, lcuador. Vicbz French Agents One of the 110st diacuased, but not 19t verified, agents of the Vicb;r Gonrm~ent 1D Eeuador 1a Robert Beng'llc87 de Seriq, a repreaentatift, ot "Lea Fila de P. Bardinet," distillers and wine Mrebants of Bordeaux, and of the "La Farge and du Teil," Jlaraeilles, U.. &D4 ar "t rnnfacturera. Since the war began 1 be has ceaaed to &"Ct as general..-at. of the latter, but baa declared his intention to start a cement factor,. tn ~with the support of French and North aerican capital1ats..lt one t.1.re, K. Benguq had planned to utabliah a diatilleey tor wines and liqueurs, -uaing ibe proceases of the Bardinet Comp&J~T, from wb011 he c]aimecf to have obtained a license to manufacture in Ecuador. Honftr the French ec-z.eial Attache remnc!ecf )(. Bengua;y of the COIIIII8l"C1al agl'eell*lt Of Oa.tober between France and Ecuador, prohibiting the manufacture 1n Ecuador ot wines "with a geographical name of oricin patented 1D France. When )(. BeniUe7 first arriftd in!cudor, he was a~ auapected b7 the French allii.&mrican Legations of being a Vieb7 agent, but dur1dc the past J8&r he has been accepted by- the De Gaulle group, add spade cost ot b1a tim with..mere ot the Free Fnmch colojit. PreYioua to thia tim, it had been learned that M. E!engueJ" had giftll ordera trca the V1ch;r ~t to Jdlliral Robert, the Goftrnor of llart1niqae 1 add bad then p~ocu51d to lcuador 'Y1a pang :te

99 - 8) - FREE FRENCH The French communit;r at uito, Ecuador, is almost entire1;y pro- De O.Ulle in SJIIIP&tby. The French li.ving then who are De Gaullista are either. French KDDarchiata or COIIIIIlUJliata and anti- VieJo'. '1be Free French CcGiittee at uito is headed b;y Paul E. Bercot who has rec ended, to the United States l!dbaaa;r at uito that no French tundb in the United States be allowed to be transferred to the French Legation in uito, tor according to Bercot, that Legation is entirel;r under Gel'IIIIUl in!luence. Bercot hae. been eo actift in the De Gaulle lii0titlll8nt that be has lost his Prench citisenehip being denaturalized b;y the VichT Gotel'UIISllt. The other lcnciiijl ldders ot the Free French in uito are Andre de JlaDlezan and Captain Pierre Ded a. The aforementioned Robert Bengue;y de Seri8;y alao cl ''" to be a IJIIP&thizer ot the Free French mowment. HoweTer, on ~ occasions he has made mti-se.itic remarka, and ia considered b;y the French colc~~t in uito to be in reali.t;y an agent tor the Vichy Govemment. Leaders ot the Free French Uovement Captain PierN Denis 18 a French World War ftteran who has li.~. in uito since At the outbreak of the present war in September of 1939, he 1=ad1atel;r requested active duty of his Government, but wae instead placed 1n the Intelllgence serrtce and given the title ot M1.11tar;r Attacbe to the French Legation at uito. His work was excellent up to the tble of the French capitulation, and since that time he baa been activel7 engaged in Free French acti'dtiea. For hia wrk be was later aade De Ga11Uets otticial. repreeentatift in Ecuador. Captain Denis and Pierre La Fargue, President ot the Inter Allied ec-ittee, together with Paul B. Bercot, President in 1941 of tbe De Gaulle ~ttee, are Considered the leading Free Franc.._, in ~or. The 6cwnercial.&.ttache o't the French Legation in uito stated in. June, 1941, that the French colony in Ecuador is De Gaullist, and tliat the French Leptd.on officials are shunned in official. quarters. On Jul7 23, 1941, Georges Hazmoun, Secretar;y GeDttel. in charge of the Legation in uito, wrote to 11. Wernle, Director ot the "Union ot French Subjects Abroad, requesting that punitive 1118U\Il'eS be taken against De O&ullist leaders in Ecuador. Hannoun referred to his rec end&t1on of Paul E. Bercot, Poet OU1a. Bolt 486, uito, as the representative of this Union. tl'.tltil shortly atter the.l:wiatice, be stated that Bercot was a representatift ot tb1a gi'oilp, ad tbat be increased the smberahip!rem three to twent7 persona. Sbartl7 attar the French capitulation, Bercot openl;r gaft support to De nu.ue, Uld jos.-4 the Pree Prench ~ rzt.!be.r-r French MSniater, Jean Dob1er, had requested eight months before tb1a time that punitift 118&8Ul'es be tebn against the De Geulli.ata, and that Bercot be re1110'fed u the repreeentat1ft ot the um.on ot French Subjects Abroad." On Karch 12, 1941, the French Legation publiahed in the loca1 papers a etatement to the effect that b;y orders ot the French Gove1 nment the French

100 8 [1 I r.\. '\\ll'l't \Bt'., ;,p, L v H L. f- _. \.J r Leption in uito stated that aa of Pebnw7 28, 19bl, ~ l'nnobn 1lbo Olltai~ of the atzoopolitan tarrito17 b7 his acta, apeechea, or writillp betrap the duties llbi.ch are incuiibent 1!pOD b1a u a MW ov of the l'reaah a dv 1l1ll. be Upri.ftd of rr h aat.1oaalitt I!be ~eel C.owftta.,is COIIPOHd of s re of the Brit.illb coloiv' a tm oolciides of Jaai-oocvpUcl coaatri!b1a o tt1oee wu orpntmd d1ar1dc the *' l' of 19bl, attar a n.lt to aito blr the PrNe.ltt.ohe of the Brit.Uh LeptioD in Liaa 1 Pvu, -.l4 the 8101"&tal7 Of< the Br.lu.h ', q in B.noa A.Uu, ~. It is ~aftd to be bmud blrllrit.ilb tanda.!be c- crt.i:jesi groape in :Ill..,,.,.. 'ttae wu WI "'Md to coordinate PNIpncte a diftct, ta. ParpoH 1'he ~Co ttee hu baokecl the not nt wb1oll hu renlteclin the ~l'illn ~ p1aic1dc D otficial ba OD the pah1.1cation of the t'otalital'illn wwapepere I~aterNN CcwwteJ.., -.:L lfijndo, &Dd "La Tos Obrera. 'J.'be Gerun airlinl Seclta was liqaid&ted b7 the ~- Oottit st;; tm TrewocMn... ApDq wu ol.ollecl, ud ~ 1Dftet.lptJ.on was carried out to attaii!ft to cl.oae the Oel'IUID Sobool. AD attalipt is &1M M1"1.S. to obta1d the CCICellatJ.on of the ooatnot of tbe.spudeb Neplic MIMion, *1ch is UDdoubtadq a atroac lled1 tor 'fotalit.ria propqada. Dle protaecl object of the IntaMP'ecl Cc tttae 1a to 1. eouwrate with the oft1c in cba'8e of ijit«c'-ell1ed pftip'"'j pnpan w111'c l.iat.a, az; w on1 p!'opai... tbrolllh the allled oolciid.., &Dd to help HC1U'e tbe collaboratj.on of local r.l1o atati~.. 2. J.aaiat the allled lecatioda in tbe tor.atioa of the m..o L1at. 3 Coll.&borata with the fti"111la l.eca~ in tm1r ettoj"u ap'nat titth colum actintia 4. PollCIIF 1natructiou of ~eel dipl.a.atic repremdtati.,... - aid thea throalb tm1r local ooat&ate ill timilr lliasioaa with tbe looal 0o fti I '' $. Contribllta tidtnc~ to charitable 1natitutiona 1 r 8UCh aa the IN Croa, eto.

101 -- ' - as -,.... COJOIUHIS'T ACTIVITIES Ecuador is an ideal nation for ~st inf'il.tratton 1M. propepiida. Ita population is poor; over ninety per cent of the people are either pure Jnd1an or choloii" (118stizos); and the wealth of the mt.ton j.a con'*'t.rated in the hands of a r- large "hacendados" and the Catbollc Church. '!'he Communists in uito ha.,...approacbecl the local Inter-illiell eo.lttee tbrougb a Frenchllan b7 the nue ot Re)MDiid lllripet., atat.t.ai that t.l*7 ban been iutnctad bt Koaccnr to cooperate wi.tb the cte.ocn.ciea 1D tbeir straggle apinat Ana ~rs. llerigaet bu orpn1md a warlalena ati Totall.tari&n organisation which baa reoeiftd pabllci't7. It is knowd as the' n:n Morlmiento Popular anti-totalitario del lilcudor.".&nti-fasc:ut IlelllonstratiOM 'fbe Sociallat and Co wdat parties held a joidt _.ting on Decber U, 1941, in the Carpenters Union Ball at ~~ tor tbe pw pon ot c: orating the t...nt,...i'ourtb ann1ftl'8u'7 ot the BDaaian i.e'rolutiod. '1he as.-bq -.a begun b7 llr. Franciaco Oqerrero, Oelleral Secretary ot tbe SJadical UnioD, llbo in the naae or aore tb.an titty labor croups ezp11ned bill -d.npoints coneenling the presedt contllct. He explaijied that it.. to tbe interest or the laborers to be CD tbe aide or the dr3craciaa, because though not perfect, they give the worker the greatest ec.-mcw1c... and recognition o~ tbe fundamental rights or man, such as protectin labor lepslatiod, tbe rigbt to strike, etc. He ana1;rmd the situation of the.wotkws 1n Ge!'IIIU!y', Japan, and I~, pointing out tbe fact that tbe7 u,~ au~ 1lb1le in England, tbe United States, and Russia, the workers edjoy ga&i'iidteea 1Dcludi.llg that of the right to strike. Mr. Rodrigo Chavez Gonzales stated that all Allerica should be on the aide of tbe United States against Nazism and Totalitari.aD1all, the. econoad.c bun ot wbicb be t.borougblj' ~. llr. Victor uintanilla, of the Socialist Parity, wu the next to apeak. He ~ the inte:mal aituation of Ecuador and ccwented on the latest ind.dents with Peru. Dr. Carl011 Palacios Saens, Gaaeral SecretazT ot tbe Socialist Party, p.-.. a long speech, in llbich, oa the bu.ia ot U. contents of talegr- and c&blegrsma publiabecl in the local... papera, he rnineci the intematin!l situation of Ecuador, and spoke on the t1tth col11d1iats in the coantrt. In the of the leftist intellectuals, Kr. Ellrique 011 Gilbert sh+ :ucd that lfasi-fucism is the denial of culture in the world, add that the intellectuals ban to be against Basi-Fuciaa because it 1a Deoesaary to obtain a world in llbich the lll&llsea ha-.e a right to hipr education, and in wbich the writers can express their ideas without being fettered b7 the Goftm.enta.

102 ' Ill'. Pedro Saad, in the name of the CC81UD1a~ Part7, aaid that it. is the d.ut,' of the world.ng aaaeea to be with the d-acraciea, becauae Oru.t Britain waa historical.l.t the tint to eet forth the codoept of libertj;r id the world since the time of the Magna Chart&; the United States CODIW the British tradition of libert:r, and Rwlai& 1a the world in which 1a beidc forged a new conscience ot!n-.n1t;r. Be aaid that the tight qainat lfuia is of special iaportance, because that is the lloijt agresabe and ~c doctrine that baa eft!' existed. He stated that it 1a MC*Ja&r7 to figbt ap1ut the t1tth colu.us in Ecuador. 'lbe.. ting waa concluded with the adopt-ion of reaolutiona condemning Fucia. The Soviet Union praised, petitions wre drawn up to liberate Largo Caballero, Earl Brollder, and the Bcuadorian student&, Mecf1na add Idro.-o. A c<w!1ttee -was fol'idsd to ccidbat Fuciaa and to inyutipte the aeti'fitiea of Axis agents. 'lhis coiiiiid.ttee wae c011posed of repreaentatina of the labor and pclltical organizations at the Aasemb:-.. The Fourth International :rn. reliable sources it baa been aacertained that the actul. position of the Fourth International on the question of policy with bellicerent countries is as followaa "1. war between two imperialistic countriesa Defeat b7 re.-oiuti:on. 2. War b7 an illlperiallatic countr;r agaiil.t a colcwiial or colonial countr;ra Defeat in the 1aper111stic countr:r and defense of the colonial or semi-colonial countr;r. T ). 1rar 'between two colonial or seai-colonial. countrieaa RevOlutionacy- defeat b7 the Soviet Union 4. War against an,y countrya Defense in the Soviet Union b7 actin defects in the enemy countr;r. S. war b;r Ule u. s. s. R. and an iaperial.iatic conntr;r on aoe side against imperiallatic countries or s colon11 s OD the ot.ber ai.dea Defeat of all except tbe u: s. s. a. So'fiet troops to occupy all tbe territories of the defeated D&tiCID8. 6. In the cue wbere a aeai-colonial natioo lau fallen UDder the influence of an aperial. Dation which reaulta in the foilllllr'a being -rel:r a tool of the latter, will defeat and oceup:r thea both. "Since the outbreak of the Second World War ll1ldden llilitar:r and political change bu been the order of the dq. 'l'h1s has occvred principallt in the wale and backward nations. As a consequence of the war suoceases the situation in those countries and their rel&tiona with the belligerent countries 1a able to change in a relatiw:- short tim, and frci8i aoe d&;r to another. The political situation in the backward countries will lead them in the direction of loss of their independence, or llilitar:r occupation, or extension or intensification of the existing imperialistic,

103 ' dcw1nticm.!bere ill another posdbuitt 'fbe... ter illper1a11.at (tllach S..)..;r b7 necessitt, UDder preslnu"e of nenta, haft to ooncede poeater iddepeddence to a countr;r. Bllt naturall7 such ccmcessioaa will be ftl'7 i.deomplete. "!be aectiona of the Fourth Internaticmal.IIWita 1. Stad7 intens1ftl7 the ec011omo, soci&l, add political situtioaa in all those countries, not ~ rrc. tbe atetic point of 'f'i.ft, but also onsidering the relation of the actual foroes add their possible nolution boca the d;jnlulic point of new. 2. Cloael;r follow and spec1al.ly ~ al.l111il.1tary or political cbadgea which occur as a consequence of tbe war ewents 1Ji those countries. 3.!d&pt TOUr politics to the new situation. "'l'he Spe.nish Allerican Republics being backward nations are UDder the dcw1nation add control of the United States of Borth.berica, add are sem-col,.,hl subjects of the iaper1&l.illt1c Yankee. 'fberefore tbe u. S. S. R. 1a not going to defend th8m in case of an attack wbich is illni.nent b7 0.1' ;1" or Japan. We muat therefore tight against the influence and control of the U'nited States of tbe weak governments in these countries. 'l'he United States will transfora these Spanish American countries into colonial possessions. ~ a Cc m1st1c reyolution will san their true independence add libertt 1r<la the iaper1allstic Yankee. 'fbe same in Ethiopia add China. In regard to tbe abo"fl!l propaganda, although there is no indicatico f.b&t the Cc mrlat PartT is allied with the Axis, nnertheleaa, all their efforts in this respect are ~ing directed against the United States. fbe7 haft likewise taken advantage of the recent arr1yals of the United States forces to the effect that once tbe7 are looated th87 will neftr leaw, and Ecuador will beeo11e a puppet of the United States. Internaticoal Coloaisatioc ec-ittee Dur1Dg tbe,..ars 1raa 1933 to 1937, the lllnternaticmal Co],oaisation c._ntee ~tioned in Ecuador for the expl'us pwpo"e of bringing Jniah retupes to llcuador. Boris Adolphe Boni (or Bonate:l.n) add" Sauel Sitlonki al'l'allgwclwith tbl Ecuadorian Goft:rm.nt to gift land conoeseioaa to tbeae rehpee. 'fbe J'rench IH.nister at that time stated this orgadisation was a Sori.et propapdda outfit, wbieh tried to gift the 1Jipreasioc that it was baokled b7 the :rr.nch GoteXwt. Tbe organisation collected IIOD87 1raa proepectin retupes, but in ftr7 fflfl cues c~ted the arrane; nt. 'fb1a c--'.ttee was ukled to le&te tbe conn~, add at the preaeat tim cr1w1ml prooectve1 are outet.anding pinst both Bon1 add SitlOII'IIId.o '

104 ' ~ -- M.ACI LIST Tbe Procl 1 Md List ot Certain mocked Natioaala in lcudar hu had a PJ"'"Cl9nced etteot 11po11 the buai.desaes ot Axis nationals ad J~P&thisen. It haa proftd nry aucceaatul in prennting the conduct o! trade I"''!i ~ these merchants IIDd 'adultrlhstl. On the other hand, tlle treesijii' ot ' all alien hdd.a bt the Ecuadorian Ooftrmtent haa not achifted tlle a1.u tor which it wu intend.t. A c in tlle decree a'tates that m indi'f1dnl]. u;r, upon declaring his allepanoe to the dm ocratie cause, continue to use his ttmda. Howewer, U an iadb1.du&l is on the Procl'Md Liat add his ttmda are bloclold, tllere is no opportuni't7 tai: this indindul to continue in buaideae. THE PROCLADIED LIST OF CERTAIN BLOCDD NA'I'IOtW.S Agenciaa Internaeionales c. A. Aguirre & Co. Baqueriso, Cl.eaentl G. Is 6F APRIL 11, 1942 Brachetti, Theodore BNuer, Leopoldo If. Bruclcmann &: Co., L. E. Caaa Alemana Caaa Tagua S.A.. cru.da--com:pania.uemana de Agenoiu Continental, Sociedad Deutsche Lattbcl.ea A. G. Dreier, Hel'lllalm Duffer, E. Ebert, Fritz "Ecuapetrol" Campania Petro1era 7 Collercial s. A.. -. Junin 216, Casilla 1264, ua,jaqull 10 de Agosto_ 326, ~ 18 de Setiemhre Estrada ( Caailla 480), lli.to Caail.la 860, uitoj and Casilla 53, Ouqaquil Caail.la 687, uito ua;yaquil and Manta CuiJ+a 394, uito Manta. and all branches in Jcuador Casil.la 787, aa;yaquil Cuilla 409, Guqaqull All. branches in F.c1gdcr Caailla 394, uito Eameraldaa CUil.la 1256, Guayaquil Ou...,.aquil, and all branches in Bcuado~ Ferrcetaal A. G. reisbach & Roehl Ou.bits & Schnrlc Hama, Siegfried Industrial Beeo c.a.., Soc. Induatrial Corozo Ecuador, s. A. Industriaa Textil.ea s. A., Soc. Kluchen, c. Inger, Viud& 7 Berederoa cie J. B. La Caaa 'l'11dng S. A. Leiberg, Rudolf Joaobim llerello G., Alberto Moller, Clllata"rO uito and Gtw;}raqull ~to Cuil.la 433' ui to Chile 309, Ouqaqu1l Casil.la 8, JA&nta ' Kanta Ascaaubi 14, ~to Manta Oaqaquil Cuil.la 556, uito Kalecon Si.an Bollnr 2106 (C&ailla 755), Cluqaqldl C&ailla 788, uito C&sil.la 930, aa;yaquilj md canes Bolivia 7 VeneS11ela, ~-to

105 lloller, He:naann Moller, lrubejm Panae, J.. Panae, -xm.eto Pierrottet, '1'1111o \ Ponto, B. uimica Scberi.Dg Bcuatorima s. J.. Bota, Luigi S.E.D.T.J.., Sociedad BouatoriaD& de Transportee Aereoa Saalmann y ~. Sacha, Herbert Sato, Tadeo Schroeder, otto SclDrarts, otto Stagg, Leooardo Stamer & eo. Suzuki, Toahitake Timpe, Teodoro "Transocean" Servicio Not1c1oso tnt.ramarea Trading Co., s. J.. iivos Obrera lroehle:naann, Walter Walt!, otto Yamamoto, H1karu Zang, Carlos E. Cas~ 930, auqaqnu ; md Calles Bo"l:ivia y Venesuela, uito Caailla 930,' Oaqaqail.; C 1 Calles Bolivia 7 Ta~s-l.a, ld.to ()aq&q"fl lfaleco1i~ SUIID Bolt'ftt'.307 (&partmo 787) ~ Cl.~te Ballen f.24 (Caa1Ua 1228), ~ Bh1 de C&racps ChUe 309, Oaayaqatl Ca.ailla 1!14, nito; add~ 20!), Ouqaqull uito Caailla ll30, Ouafaquu Guayaquil ' Ouayaquil Simon Bollnr 401, ~ Caailla $64, ~ Ca.ailla 64$, ~ Ouayaqull Calles Bolivar y CoroDel, auq.quu R1o1'r1o, Caallla 342, Ol1 to uito Ca.aill~ Cluaf&quil uito Casllla 788, uito Oua,yaquU, and all brancbee 1D Ecuador Guqaquil Casilla 692, uito... Agencia Italo-Ecuatorian& AJ.merin1, Gioftmli Almer1n1, Foaaati y Cia. Bittner, Rudolto Boc!cmi!!Jl, Hans Bonsi, Giacomo Boachetti, '1' '1'. Bptica, El.oy Alfaro Constructor& Tecni.ca s. A., Soc. Contag, Arturo Contag, EZ'Dieto Dreher, Benjain Endwm 1 Baa Espinosa T~, lil\l18 Ferrari, Herederos de ~ Caallla 20$, Ouqaqull. Ca.ailla 34$, ~ Caailla 345, OuqaquR Avenida Nueve de Octubre, Oqaquil. Caailla 40S, Owr;raquil. Caailla 20$, Oaqaqu1l Caailla 492, uito Caaillal0$0, auq.qall Caailla 584, ~qail TOIIIU wartides )()$ ( Caallla 200), uqaquil Puaja Peres, ~to Clliaboruo 1508 (Caallla 731), eaa~?ae Oaayaqu1l CaaUJ.a 1050, Owr;raqull Caallla 126, 0\ul;yaqull '! J

106 \..; Foesati, Izdgi Galeotti, Pietro Gonsales 7 Cia., Florentino Hotel Majestic Jeremi~, Herederoa a L. Jeremias, SiegtrW Jerndaa 7 Robineon Joyeria "El Bril.lante JOJ8ri& "ueirol.a Kehrer, WUhel.m lciefel, Got tl.1eb naare, c~olto llestiche111,. Leo UiraDd&, Pietro J41esale, Emilio Pernigotti, Ernesto Pemigotti, Gabriel Pemigotti 7 C1&. Rldiotecnica Ecuatoriana, Soc. Rap 7 Oal.eotti Schulte, Heins Schul ts, Wilhelll Sebele!sq, w. Stomaiolo, Cosao Timmer, Bel.Dtt Weber, Walter Wickehhauser, Julio CUilla 11 B 11, uqaqull Salinu Sall.nas C&sUla 2S2 1 uito Caell1a los", CuUla 1100, Ollq~ Caeilla 1100, Ouq~ C&ailla 1100, ~ "uito CaeUla 11S7, Ouq~ El Batan Grande, aito Calle Pablo Herrera 7 Baqueriso, uito Caailla 1101, Ouqaquil.. Palacio de ec.trcio, C&n.'era Venemela 60, aito Caeilla SB4, OWI\faquU Kal.econ 814, aqaquu Caeilla 346, Ouqaqu1l.. Aounso, Francisco Alcen ta Forttma" Altgelt, Gerhard.lndretta, Ralo1o Anaelai, ~elmo Babine~, Walter Baldu, ot. to Bar 11 Piedra 11 Beate, Bio Bet-!ceenn, a. BeltraDi, A8o&tini Berge, Wolf Bergbols, nawj Besecke, Hdl'bert Bloenken, Heinriab Elocbe, Ernst K. HeDl"J' Boettger, ll'al.<mur Bolte, Hugo Eloesareck, Anton Brauer, AlfNdo aqaquil ~qull uito uito aqaquil.bib& to Calaeali 'l'ul.can Uito uito uqaquil Riobmba P. Icasa S07, Ouiraqmil Pedro ~ 718, Oa.lllraqa11 Bolivar 72S, Olulpqa1l Ouqaquil Ibarra and Otaftlo Rulllichaca S20, ~ (OwpquU and uito) uito

107 .... ' Brauer, Leopoldo ~ ' (Jr.) Br1l:l, AlfrcJd Brill, Charles Brill, )lax Bl'uckmann, Ludwig E. Brlickmann, LuiafEdnrd Brussone, Dan1 ni co CarmigrWli, Cesare t, Carstanjen, otto He~eh Cbanange, Gustavo L. Cibelli, Gaetano Cuhne, Al,tredo Darr, Erwin De Agostini, Carlo Deckert, Hans Degetau, Pablo Detken, Hel'IIIIID Diebler, Hans Diener, Walter Di.esemreiter, 11&ria Di.ngendroi't, Hans Dirani., Franco Dorn, Helmut Ehmig 1 Anton Einieke Spring, Heriberto P. "El Nido" Ell, George Et1:lelen, Rudolf Fukumoto, Jakoto Funke, Richard (Walter) Certlich, Conrad otto Giese, Erna Giesel, Enrique Giesel, Luis Enrique Orob, Ernest Grosse, Kurt Grunner, Justis Hahlbaum, Hans Hal.1er, Paul Hal.1er, Paul (Jo'.rs. ) Bartsch, Carlos Haus, H. A. _. Heed, bat He1ntze, Senora de.. Hensogg, Hans Dietrich Hllle, otto (Dr.), Hiraaawa, Sbiptaoe Hirtz, Carlos Hoelldorter, Kurt.: 91 ~- 4! uito uito uito.t -: uito. u Calle carrion)' uqaqllil ~ Vivero 501, Guqaquil 1 uito 1 Guayaquil J!'~..: ~ - Avenidas 18 de SetiellbM y Colon,., uito Cas ill a 103, Guayaquil Hacienda San Pablo, llaradjal l!aldo'nado Guayaquil Boca y 9 de Octub:ril,. uito (uito)..!,. (uito) uito, - 12 de Octubre, uito uito Yourgeon 12, u~to Esmeraldas y Venezuela, uito Guayaquil uito Guayaquil Ambato Republica 3, ui to P. Icaza, Guayaquil,. l Riobamba Cluqaquil uito uito Banos Jmbato Ambato Guayaquil Guayaquil... Chimborazo 408, uito Avenida Olmedo y El.oy Alfaro, Guayaquil. Avenid.a Olmedo y El oy Alfaro, OW9-aquil. Colegio Aleman, uito Ou.a;yaqull- Colegio Aleman, IU.to ' 'uito Ambato Riobamba. Pasaje Royal, uito... PaJU~~D&t y Junin, OuqaquU

108 \ -92- "\~....._ Huttner, Johann ltarl Inou., ~chi l:semberg, Irmade JansMn, Ludlric Jungnickel, Paul&. Juria, carlos Kalcabadze, Ivan nederle' Frederico Kiederle, George nein, Arturo Kolb, Herman Konitzer, 'W:Uq Kud&jnsq, Paul Kunze; Albert Julius Robert Lafontaine, Dan Hans Langpap, Walter Paul Iftinaohn, 1lu T.1ndne"(" 1 Erich Liml, Altredo Linz, Juan Lisken, Clwlter ot.to Loeschner, Heinrich Lorenzen, Walter Luciano, Stefano )lalc1sima, Vasao llarotske, Hans Kateju, Eugenia Mauer, Oscar llaz ' J.tell1, Ettori 168yer, Frans Meyer, Willy lloeb,.ua, Clwlther, Rndolt Muller, Alexander Yuller, Olek Naritoma, Jlicbio Nickel, Gurte August Hana Emat Niekelacn, AJ.berto Ni.elsan, Altredo Pattrath, Georp Pankratz, 11'111 Panee, Eduardo Panser, Ferdinand Partmuss, Frederico Pablo Penlce, Anton Penke, lfemer Pension Sibarita Penaion Sn1...ueuna Peters, Frits PiaDO, Elio Papets, V.x1m11Uan Frana c. Razzini, Enrico Reimers, Hana FerdinaDd Eduard Riobaba Ambato --- Avenida Colon 458, uito lilercado Central o Jforpon 24, laito llera a.ito ---. Batan Road, a1 to uito uito uito Pedro V.Oncqo 910, aqaqu:u Paaaje Boyal, aito Jl1ratl9Ns "Boad, Aabato Puaje Boyal y Venesuel.&, uito Riobamba C&liouchilla 319, aqaqu:lj. Mejia 27, uito ~ Ou;yaqu:U Clwlpqull Colegio Aleman, uito a.ito uito Riobanba Kaeraldu llachacm carrion 7 y 9 de Octubre, laito Cluqaqu:U Ouqaqu:U uito uito Bano Ouqaqu1l Jl.enabi 24, uito Carrion 26, uito laito uqaqu:u "

109 Ridder' Augusto Ernesto Ridder, Hedd,y Roehl' Paul Boealer, Frits Botbenbacker, Kaspar Bliett' a.rtrad18 de RD.tt, llaj: RattilU, Aldo Ru.perti, Arturo Sakl.Oirlllq', Wilhelm. Sakl.Oirlllq', Wilhelm (Mrs.) Salon "La Cita Salon "Victoria Sal:nstroni, Pietro Santari, llititaka Schiersand, Carlos Sch11Jer, Friedrich Sch1111Dg, J E. Schlundt, Friedrich ScJurl dt 1 Hagiua Schllidt, ljelunn wuu Sclmeider, Clustavo Schneider, L1111an (lira.) s~, Eupn Sobwalbe, Blu-ique Selnral.be, ltatarida Scbnl.be,Re1-.:l.do.Schwark,. Carl llaj: Sch1raruml, HeiDrich Scotoni, Edlr1n Scotoni, Eagen ' Scotoni, Hilda Karia Shoaaker, Peter Sluiero,Aldo Slarl.ero, Mario Sc 1 Dholsenere, Georg Sta.r, Emilio Steber 1 vtnna St'IIU, AnteD T!!Jcabaehi, Hiroji Tettke, Edgar Tbaa, Kurt Tobar, Luis A. Uchida, -!auji Von 'Beqmbaob 1 Horst Dietrich Von Hartrodt, Kartha viud& de Walker, Wel'DIIr Walle, Gerhard Weber, Ludric We1Dit1t,!no1Uo l'ieiiditr, Seuora de , - Nunes de Vela, uito uito Avel'lida 12 de Octubre, uito ui. to Avenida 18 da Seti'EIWe 7 Tarqui, uito ---. uqaquil Calle Garaicoa, uqaqca1l. Colegio Al81D, a!.to v.ito 9 de Octubre, Gua,raquil uito Calle Boca, ~to Riobamba Ambato Ouqaqull Banos Alllbato aa;vaqull uito. OuqaquU uito uito uito uito Calle Galicia, v.ito Ou.a,yaquil uito uito uito Guayaquil Calle Gonsalo Pis8l'r0, Uito Calle Gonsalo Pizano, uito Ol1apqu1l OuqaquiJ. ~. Riobamba Hurtado Y' 'rlmgurahua 1,000, ~ cullla1076, OIJ.qaqldl. Riobamba Dito uito Oaayaqu1l Noguchi 746, uqaqu1l Rioblllllba ldto Colagio.u.a..n, uito ;

110 Winkler, Hans Woaadtka, Juan Woeadtka, Maria Yanaguida, Bunji Y&DIIUHll:l:, Dclaato.zel..ler,.Ufredo z-.rman, otto Zweigert, Heins Colegio Aleun, uito uito Legacion Al.nAM, uito ~bub&. El!lllieraldas lnto uito uito Suppl-nt m eben & Munelmer P'euer-Versicherungs Geaellachatt Gclele1 Valencia, Alberto Apartado 486, OuqaquU Vene~la 89-A, llito...

111 " ~---- ' -- ACTIOJI T.ADB BY ICUADOR AGAIJST THE AXIS POIIERS Prior to Deoaber 7, 111~, President Arroyo del ll1.o bad otioea.a pressed adxiety with regard to the activitle ot Ald. accta+ijl Joua4ol:'.. When the 1hadOW" ot the Eurcpes.n war first threateded to idtoln ~ Uilited> states in a ~econd World War, United States otticis.la in~ becaa to gather intelligedoe intor.ation and list the ds.ngerous Ald.a ns.tiou.ls.!lw oulw1ns.tion or the United States ettorts to rid Bo'll&dor dt this SWDezrl; ds.nger becs.n shortly s.tter the entry or the U'llited States into the war.!he tollow'iag etents were ot paruiount illports.noe to the United statea in lloudors )(easuru taken by Eo'll&dor ridge Deo-.ber 7, l. Deoaber 8, 19~. Dec1aration by llinistry ot Foreign Atts.ira ot the Go'l'enaent 1 s.dherenoe to the tund11111ents.l prinoiple ot aolidari ty ot the Aaerics.n Continent December 9, Order is1ued by Go'l'ernaent that propert,y ot Ps.n Aaerics.n-Grs.oe.Urws.ya ( s.irports, radio stations, eto.) be guarded to protect it trom ~ possible dam&ge. 3. Dec-.ber 12, Foll~ defense steps tlks.n by Bous.doris.n Governaenta Closed the Genl&ll n.. 1 agenoy "Transocean" and the pro-ald.s ~ies, "Bl Mundo" and "IDtereses Caaercis.les"a notified s.l1 Japanese residents ths.t they would be giten eight ds.ys in whioh to arrs.age their s.tts.irs and prepare to leave the country, s.tter which time they would be sent to Riobsaba tor interument, it still in the country. ' 4. December 12, 19~. The Kinistry or Foreipl Attcrlrs deno'i.idded, in the nu.e ot the GO'I'err.ent or Eous.dor, the oo-rois.l treaties betwem Eo'll&dor and Germany, Its.ly, Frs.noe, the Netherlands, and Belgiaa. 5. December 16, Otticis.l commission appointed by the President to study the probleas ot the scs.roity or s.rtioles or priae neoessitj, the closing or toreign.vketa, and the his}l ooet or living, s.ll re.w.tiji& trca the war. s. Js.nus.ry 3, Presidential deor.. establishing ~litar,r deredse &ones in the Cs.ntons ot Ss.nta Blens. and Ss.llns.s, PrO'I'inoe ot Guayas, and prohibitihg transit therein to nationals ot the oouatries at war with azq JMr1oan ns.tion without express pe~sslon or the Minister or Jati~ Defense. 1. Jannary 28, Sners.noe ot diplcas.tio relations with Ger mazq, Italy, &D4 Jap&ll. The President hs.d in the...ntbe bee &4vised ot the JMOessitr or expelliji& s.ll Axis agents. tjnited States ottioi&ls kept in olose persod&l oonts.ot with Prealcl.nt Arroyo del Rio, Igns.oio Ds.Ts.los, Jete de la Segurida4, and Jlioardo Ortis troa the Foreign Otrioe. A lht ot undesirable Axil

112 -96- "... utiod&la, in addition to the AXia diplo.ata, waa dran up tor the Preaidat 1 int-tion, f'roa wbiob liat the - ot thom 1lbo WWI to be deported wwe to be taken. The lht inolwled H a.-a, U Itall&IU, and 17 Japa~~ ae or the Oe~ end 10 or tlm Jap&aeM...,.. 4eportecl - the II..-u. Oil the ss Acadia 22<! additiodal Axil utionala -r U,onect. Tlaia croup oonalated or 37 Oerilana, 12 IteHana, end t Japanen diplo.ata, their falll.. \.Deluded therein, 124 GerM.Da end 5 Japa.ae who -r TOluatvi.l7 cleponecl, end S4 Ger.-na and a Italians who were expelled. The llat oai.plled by the udited state ottioiala in Bou4or ldolwled all the ~ daaceroua Axil utiod&la. Oil the 88 "Acadia" aeoodd trip to Jouador, 118 Gil Dl, 1Ml'U41Jac their t&llillea, had eabarked wbid the boat aailed at 11 p... OD the Dlpt or Kq 8, ID0111Cled were 4<! and 0 ob11dren. A 111 thea were 18. ooneidered undelirable. The rinder were all Toluutaril7 deporteea, with the n:oep\ion or otto Z~...-n and BdlrlD Darr, wbo' WII'I taken to the boat UDder pollee pard. llt deport wwe aobeduled to co 011 thh trip, bat Adolfo Ilaere, Jr., an Ecuadorian, wboae father had been idolwlecl in the laat boatload, tailed to appear before the SS "Acadia" 11&1114. The departure ot theae undealred inditiduala haa 'bm1l oarrled out without urr dittioultt, and hal b- ent1re17 tree or uq 1mplluaat 1Doidente whioh might hate oauaed an unfavorable reaction on the part of the Ecuadorian public. A vatityi~~& note 1a the tact that DOt OM J-reneM re.aina in Ecuador to the beat or k:nowled& and the -jorlv. ot the at dangerous Jfali agedte hate beid deported. The onl:y exoeptiod8 are the Gw n agents who are.arried to Bouadorian F en and therefore o&ddot be 4eported. Rowever, in Tiew ot the tact that there are onl7 a taw auoh inditicluala, it will be eaaier to keep track or their.ot~i ad aotititha. It 11 believed that the departure ot 272.&xia utiod&la reo.tl7 OD the "Eto1in" and "Aoadia" detinitel7 brot. up the.&xia l'1itb ool- in Joll&dor, and will toroe the.&xia lntereata to oc.platel7 r..., their interd&l organisation. Although ao- ot the blportant figure wwe 1101: foroecl to 11&11, alnoe they tell UDder the rule ot ".arrlage to an Boaadorlan, or beoauae or other lndltidual reaaona, DeTertheleaa, the leader (aa tlw)- wwe conlidered f'roa Berlin} hate gone. Their place.uat be refilled..ajnong the moat proiiiinent lluil who aailed wwe R111r7 {,oeaob~mr, the ackaolrlecl«ed titth col- head, and Theodore Br&Ohettl, aother utr-17 actin and dangeroua agat. Th two- hate been eorted out~ Berlin tor apeoial MlltiOD, and recent tellgr'... trc:a the Spai& lllainer to Berlin ban dealt aolel:y with thea. LoeHhMr auooeeded II'Wln BWF? '"" oa.onl7 known aa Alfredo Cuhu, who ha4 aohienct pb--sn' t... in the lllcl41_-! aoa, whid he directed the S.-ont Polloe and praotioall7 nn the ooca&tcy. Be waa brouglrt tra. intfi 1Wi4t and toroed to lean on the Aoadla. Tarlou lm&l ohieta were on the boat llat, ~17 Dr~Otto B1lle, ~ ohiet at.lllbatoj Bnr~que Giaael, looal bead at Banoa in a a.r.&n aeotiodj Adolfo nure, proainat lful ad politioim at Saliu.J otto ~oe4er, bportut ui ottiolal 1n bar& or OU)'aqull, adil Matloaecl in recit Berlin tellp'_.1 adillralter Bebelera;y, the ori~nal toiidcler or the Sui J1art7 ia Boudol', atll Hllentl7. eatabliahed Oil a haoieada at a good ftntace poiat enrlook''ic tt.. oaa,aa RiTer wbioh lea4a to G~l. l..

113 \ Jlor are theee all ot the hi&h otthi~l who ~ ~~ l,ett the ooiiiltj7 3ottlleb Birta, ott1o11.1 photoarapher tor Sedta, Pulo Decetall. lta,.al..._. at the tt- ot ita cl1uolu1a. Borat D1nr1oh TOll Bboh t..,..tol.l apert tor the... OOIIPU' wve all aboard lhlp. So ftre Pablo Jloebl, tos 1 r bk4 ot!i'.uooma 1M iru*'-0.lltgelt, cer ot the lelig Ow ' firs ia ~ Cua fagu. ot llaln&. pallej~&er fh - t1pn uoq the approx'wtely 110._all'ahlea n the.twa liate. From tiu to tim the Aaerioi.D.nil Brithh illbaulea haft 4ran up sroup ot d.ngerous Axil D&tionall in Joua4or. Uaul.ll:y the11 ll.ta, althoueh they are oautadtly ohaza&id&o ontain the._, ot aho\lt 125 to 1&0 per101u. A rnl- rnel.le that aho\lt SIO per oat ot the peraoa1 haft either lett the oowltr:y Yolwrtarlly or han been deported. The -jority ot the dl.qeroua Axil D&tioD&ll who r.-1d ln Koua4or tell within the r;eurl.l rule 1!hloh allond Axil D&tionala to Sti it they were aarr114 to lcnwlorii.da. or thia type ot oaae, the two outmndhc n-.1 are BeiDa So!Nlte ud Wl.lter Woehlenwm, both outeti.dcl1q and kdowa a- propar;i.ddlata. Iurt Gro111, a kdowil pa1"4 A%11 ar;at ot lciir calibre, alaled botla boata bf r.aillidg in hiclldg, but will be tabr into ouat~ at I.D early date I.D4 will be rii.cly to lean on I.D ear:l7 boat. Thia - ooddltin appllea to otbera who alaaed both boata 1iith Yaeyiq nouaea that the.goyer...t 414 DOt han tt.e to dlepron in the lhort ts... after they nn allegeds Bellll'loh Blomk 11ho pleaded alolmej otto Carati.Djen, who rnot.cl hie atat t a to a Tol\lllt&r:y cles»artur 11.t the laat -ntj.arturo l.upwtil 1lbo oh'nd. a cmbiou aarriar;e to u loudoriaa. There il DO prnent intent to.tate. a 00111pllte lilt ot 11 ther tm d.ngerou lddirlduala who have r;one or who will rdn. Then will probul.j' be a 'llaohlnl aet up ~t I.D early date whioh will oenter arolmd. D... t1cur and it il hoped that the leaden in thia uwr organlaation will be clet1dl~ uoert'mc! at I.D ear:l7 date. Aa 0t todq, holrner, then 11 DO doubt tilat the tudotsontac ot aai tltth ool- aotirlue in Boudor il at u.w-.17 lciir ebb, ancl that the two reoent boata took with th- the leaclera 1lbo ba4. doldaate4 the entire orci.dlaatiode Variation between Llata.nil Pepartur llite r_,-kabl:y, there nre t.. dltterenoea betweed the 10beclule4 llat and the aotv.l departurea. s-a iallirldlal had betlll p&ri.dteecl bf the Span:llh llidlater, otbw bj the Gwwan CODMll ia ~11. while at.._.. la aotual ntod7. and MD,T were 11D4er DO real fora ot par.nt:y to tuve their appearuoe. ODly GroH aj4 BUlbua tailed to appev tor the aalliac ot the ~tolld" ancl theae two aail will probably leaye oa the uzt boaiio GlorCI SonnenholDer I.D4 hil rite, TOlunteera, felled to appear for tlla NO''d l»o&t, b\lt nre aubnquatly depol'te4. Dcainioo Bruaaou, an Itallu, wu oheobcl ott the llat lhbrt1t before aalliac. Be ba4 wdttlll a letter to the Aurlou """' o-.ranlatld& btaelt on belac plaoed on the bholrlht, and r;enar~ly laavl.ullc the Alllecl latina. Preaiclent Arrgyo, rlewldr; thia letter, orclen4 hie t npulaion, but Bnuaone oowrtered with oertltioatea uowiji& hie birth la 0-:yaqull, louador. Rh early inte~nt j..1 quite probable., sdlate

114 J ,...,. Florian llarltue steyer, a red-h... ded ~ - JOUtl ot lt yeara. appeared with work luggace tor the 1all1JI& ot the "Bto'h".l t.lecr trc:a hla father arrincl at the... tim, recpeltidc tbat the JCN'h DDt be perld.tted to lean. Boudoriaa. Gthoritiea lett the cleoid.ca with ~ ott1oial1, who pra.ptl7 Ita ted that ~ cleoid.od taka ~ 1ibe G...a CIOIIaiW. 1D auoh a tml7..tter (11114 OOIUienWac a Tolute) 1111Nlcl M..._ Gft1u,D ConiRll llr'ueclkuml l1kew11e retued to pte lid U WW 'WbeD. bare pulled aa7 troa the dook, o&r'j'71a& 48 baohelw Bont Weaaoli~ ~ula, ste,.er wa1 atill 1t...s1Jas 111All7 oa the dook, luccac la badd. OD17 the two Sl&Tlero brothera, Alclo Jfal'io, wen apelled trom the ItallaD col~, elthou&h literal ott1o1al1 departed. Probabl7 aneral other Fa1ciat Italiaa r1n 1D the oowsu-,. al.,..,.p._11' orcabatioa 1a DDt bolinecl to be u p.ouzt\ll or u w.u or&uiled u the lad"' tltth col- orpllisatica. 11D1t ot tbe Italiau aro..u +D(IkNpella< 1a Gwtpquil. Where til.,- ban apeat ~ TMI'I 1D d of Prod."at.t.n O)O' a clet1d1te aat&cod1 p'net tbe apallica ot IteJtaa aauomla. it -.. DDt d cl wiao to toroe the laae OD a relathl7 wt"'l l'hlllt po~m-. the Japuw.. bate all lett.... 'fut llfd. 'beod iatwaw4 at Riobulb& tor 1neral --"U add w.ra broupt to G'llllpqUil tor the aa111ji& in a p-cnp. lijrt Jap~Dele eubjeot 1D Ecnl&clor at the preeeat tim 1a auto -tioall7 peracna DOD crata. I..S.p-atiOD reoorcll, ott& poorq bpt,. indioate that there alpt be ou or two Jap~Deao, atiu 1D tho ooaatry ad4 Ta&\Je r'uiiorl hate boa reoe1te4 la41oatla& that Japawae bate 'boft._ la o-at towu t!ut aa111ji& ot the ".lgadia." It ar I1IOll ~ di~red, thq will, ln)odd. dc.lbt, be Jedlat.l7 upello4 or iaterjim.... Iillo Boua4or 1a probabl7 tho cml7 co\llltr)" 1a t!ut worlclwbe there are DD Japa- Dele. Proo~ure ot DlbarkatiOil AI each 1D41Ticlual boarclecl the boat he -. laterd-.cl b)' SeDDr DaTalo add 1neral UDitecl state ottioiala.-.l recarcl-...u ot each iddltid.ual'l elate add place ot 'birth trc:a hla paallpoi'tj hie ~rlnt wa taken, and at the requeet ot Sr. DaTaloa hla Bouacloria icleatutoatioa cloou JMDta were r tecl, 'the thlllbprlata were taken 1D order tbat thq aq later be o!utckecl &ealaat the x..ip-atiod reoorcll to preeat ~.lxia &eat f'rc:a eu'bltit\ltlji& anot!utr 1Ddirtdual 1D hlw place. lach - -. al1gift4 ou pieoo ot JaUAt 1 II"C t to ue daarlac the TOJ&&O, Ulod hi a crtbar bej ODCfnca W.re lemm ca tm *i.p. Jlnl'7 piece of ""CPCe, aa w.ll aa tho la41tiduala tmueltea,._. tlaormplj' oheckecl ~ the ailitar,. pollee. '!'be IO'!!Iclorian aut-a aceat... b'fu\ed all 'be&- cac before the lloat aailed.. 'l'bere tollon aa alpmhtieel. Uat.r por..a. lmyilll the "Btolla ua4 the.uatia, topther witlt their plmo. t..d clam, ot birth, and their.. ' 1 CII'I.aa r ewiu.oo.!he ~.. aro - 001'1"'.. ooulcl po aibq 'be o'bm''" end w.re tat dbodl7 froea tm Mall c: M..S oeclulu ot~ pu1?ftc6f,... Oil the tidal pace 11 a ~rioal browkdnd ~ utioaali t,. add ae.x.

115 SllLIJGS 01 mold, CJV.+uq!!L,.APUL 7, lhi D&W PlMo ot llrth - Bolte, J111e 10-lt-M Dw twaud, Cler. B~1ta, llaaa Wlllltroll\1, CJw, Brookltaft, rfl.eclriob Wllhela Xu-1 ll h-l'r T-a-o2 Bvhann, ~ so.-., Bw'btln P'rftdriob L. Boobe, lir'ut Xu-1 Bill) Boat "!*e Baaa Deoker, lui lu'1 WlW Don J:oeptto1, BeJ..t ~. Pr'ledriob Xu-1 Lacbl1c ~. B.lob4 G1aHl, lllll'lqu Lda (S.plldo) Baller, Pal Banu J:ulliob, Slecfr'W Wllhela Boe4, Bn1a.Jolaaa Wllhela Birta, Oottll"- Birta, Clll'loa I Boolldorfw, J:urt B11lo,Or,otto J:OOIIitaor, Bw Wllll J:'lllta~. r-1 J:uuo, hllu Alllw\ aobwt Lo.., ~ Blrut IIIU'Otlb, Baa JcMioMw.. ~..-. llr1.ob 11Do11i.u. CJuator JbldoU Blrut ~Ooorp = Pnhrr' n,.ta, l'l'llu detu I ~~ :U lll..o? 1-&-01 W-18.. ~,., S !8-18 I 8-()8 lo.h ol w-oe lli-oa i-Oe 1-za-e1 t S z-oo Prl Ger. 1:-..toal, c..-. Bwlla, c..-. Ve'laebmoat, Ow. L1abeok. Cler. n.-,, Gor. ataplpa, J1oar-c Dclllvc, e~er. Xu'la_.,, Ger. CODOepoloe, Cblla ~-.ow. Lubook, (lor. Babwc. Ger. Parla, rr-o Pllrl.a,,... J:oo.la, Cler. SohotaaD, Ger. lra~h,.t Ger. BerUa, a... Leipalc. Ger. Blll.-.14, Ger. H'btll, Clot. Woat PriaUla Borlla, o.. Bwlla. Gal'. Obft' til... Gw. P11111la, aor. Res11 G G G G 0 G G ~ G 0 G 8bato '0 '0 ClltDOa G G G.AMato ' G 0 G I

116 Reutela, Joaet Sohilcler, Prle4doh Per41nu4 SchlUDA!t, Priedrich Sohcmsker, P.ter stuia,.ljltoa Weber, Bd1aardo Prau. Weber, Gottlieb Will, BDrllt Jobcn 11111, Iarl BeiDa 1-2g oo 7-25-oS lo lo ' Eeaen, Gar. Jlal)ur&, Ger. I&l telliioi'dbeia, Ger. Oe4arpart. Gar. ~en. Ger. Berlin, Gar. Dorutetter Rllllburs, Ger. a-marc. Ger. G ucguea jabato G G G G G llakoto "*'-to llorlcuojd loti OUhikc ArJLeab Sbis.tau Blra- Z)'\11 tl IDOU 1Nra)"811& lraaao JIAld.ahiM 02lda sensoro!uada Chuh1!ad.ao Sato Ito Blkaru T rto lloripohl Hlrojl!akahaabi Inoue Bunjl Taup14& Wakao Je.pau o l-15-o9 l l5-o6 I-..bmi, Japan ()ldn_, Japan Tocoha8hl, Japan Toco, Japan Iwaturl, Japan 01-nkl, Japan acora..japan Ton.da,.Japan told.o, Japan "!Jogoll:en, JfPUl Riobaba 1-' 8 SAILIJIGS OW "ACADU,".APRIL 17, UU UJ. Ottlclala who left on "Acadia" U Ilee, Or. Jacen (llidieter) Schula, Willi, ChaDoellor, wite, child. Boeha. Prieclrloh, Seoret&r7 ot Chanoft'T. Lengap, Walter, wite, l5 children U""ner, lrioh, wite, 2 ohlldren Boettsw, Wald..er. wit. 4 children R144er, BedwiC Italian a Barca d1 FontaD& decll AJI&elt, ltlnhter IIDCl wit Baooillett1, aeaato. wite, ohlld. llaraon. Adell. Anaelal, D"'" COilRl G 1 quil. Salnatrolli, Pietro, wite. ohlld ~&, Al" de Canterelll Caralpa1an1, Ceear J! ' t

117 We1Mlt,..U Gle.., lll'a. UAl 2 oh11dr Dhaarelter, 1farla Xerte, JllaaM\ll Roeae1, Jllrla!IM11er 1 Jl_._.., wl.te, ' oh11dr Weaatb, lllrt& JrurMhn--, We 14ur4, ~1 eoanl Seblt....,...,_... CUb-... Beate, Jlel.. Costa& IMlree" Poppe, lll.unll IW&e Dela, Wolttinnu J!MrMr4 Jerp. n... r....,..,.. Jere Peter Jlttaer CJ&ulD, lumlte,..._ Jrlela Jltu.r, Lula Wt.llb 11 tt;ur. Jill... 11"-r, Wlllna Jlttaer, Jrlea. -Mit -Mk..&aMa l&.a...&&a , Bruhntt,,..._. ~--~-11 bma, JIICeala Me. Chlrllto&a Bulla,.&.. U lenlaar t~at~mr >=-..a..u. Ko!Ntaro lac-. Ohare de.attalr l'it--. 2 cbl1drea. J"Uaao waito, aar-nnt. atloula -D&te T ll_.li a-t lJ lS-aT 6-n-aa T-T..OI &.la.ot 1NO 1.1 lml f-zz-ol U l lt..ot f-7-zl Plu ot lnll BueMa.lirea, Arc. or la GeNulir Jwlia, ow. l&lto,....,, aer. Frle4erc. aer. n--...&.utrla lrtllrt, Ger. IMhbelt, fer... te... leal._.e ; G G G IIUik a

118 l)adaker Cla81a, lv't BelDrloh Brut Beabur&o Oer G Deptau Wee otto Paul 6-21-H 111'-bvc. ~. Deptc, Soplale DorothH '-Z..04o PrAIIIII:fllrt, Gel'. Def;ft" a-rc Chdltla )(n1e111a 9-23-ae u.-. Peru Decftua. lllrtid Ber11hard uito, Jlo. DGil So!mer.lr'tbar lo-3 96 a--a.tut, Ger.... m.lc L'".ID'tGDio,Jullo 1 12-IJt IIU"tabd, Bob m.lc. Blaaa llpiddh»-'& Blaaa 1-S-33 Bouador c. Gerta 9-6-:54. ~lidor m.lc. Dollt Wylatried lg-1().38 Bou4er Dmc. Incard lg-8-:58!iim11aa- a.s.,. llrib 1-28-U Boua4or...,/.. Ell Iaorl, o.or, '-14.-IJS Dlelenhof-, BaTaria.., LID bndt, Hal ll-ij-ij9 stekrade, Ger G I!D4 -,Kat!lrlM J'rUIJrepbeua-, Ger. G 1-' Brdelen Lac' -. --'olt 8-1G-99 Rbeillprorilaoe, Ger. 0 1\) Brdelen. lllld. ~.,..._, llilabfth DIII1dort, Gere Puaa' -.ruaa 1941 Bouador PrbUpeua lrazlaidc, '""mr B Pirc. Ger. Gw trloh tap, Caarad Otto Guater 2-22~1J Ste1Ua, Ger. Gertrioh, Pual, Brultiu Mitterdort, Ger. Gel trlob, IariD Barbva 2-'-4.1 ~ Gl... l J)e!el-a, BelDrloh '-1G-H Zwloh, Switaerlad Badoa Gl... l, JIU'la norlllda BallO I ~- Blo81, Iarl Job..., Dobela. Ger. BaptaaD, Brwia (A. 1. CUIIM} MaldOII&do Baa, Dr. Beillrioh AlfCII&I G Bau, llu'cn' G a-. > 19'10 Bou4or (J aa-, ellrlltlm BM!d.& Ia ad (J Ba~ l'oepl, WDrlts ' B~~ler,Aaaa ~..na BUts,..,prlta '-21-GI zeaehn4, lha'nlmd ~ ' t

119 Hoe1dorter Buoh, Walter Hoe1dorrer, L1Da HIMJttur Jo... larl!lll.ttur, Teoclora Vera I -berc. Inu Schnoor BUttman Iellber& IIane I Kedor Dabe'l.OII', Ghela Iehrer Schrag, Wilhelm liederle Or't:Der, Georg lleclerle Ortw, Friedrioh 11aere Vinna, Ado1to Auton Kneer, Charlotte Lube Kneer, Jfarlie Kbba truger, Ingeborg Loe1ohner Drettahl., Henry Loeeohner, Jfargar.ta LoeeohDer, Iagrid LOeeolmer,.nrtte Loreatsm, Walther -...r, Oekar Max Kauer, Raquel Guilhndn Y.auer, lngeborg Karia Criltina Jlayer Leimer, Pres Mayer, Olga M1.7er, Pres Friedrich Jlobl t.jarte, Augurt Hermann 3rnlt Jlobl, llarla.lrj&elioa Garaicoa Tello Jlobl.-, 'Albert Jloblla, ADDa Wiokel.-.- UY J.;n Plteoll, lllria Polha1n,.., Pou.&l, Jlerta R"-' Jfa. Ret.~!', ADa Riohtet Vo11 Ri-dder, AUr;u.t Wilhela, 'Jr. ~ 11-:, ~ a-a l-156 ~ Vlnoee, Eo. B-burg. Ger. Berlin, Ger. Geialingen,i Ger;. Angaburg, Ger. -Allgaburg, Ger Br-n, Ger... ~llbaum, Ger. Bouedo,. Dr.-den, Ger. ~uil " Vienna, Auetria ~ n--...t.\letrla Blber.t~1i, Ger. ' ~ Rn>.-c. Ger.. Beeliwc, Gero ',>Jtlll' G G G G Banos. G AJnbato AJnbato G.G. a Manta Manta Jlaoh&ohi Jlaohaohl.i4aohaoh1 G G G 1-' a I '

120 . ~-- lloebl ~.Paul lloelal, II'U Cw 1& lloelal, 01w a. lloemlao, Fdt:a RoeHler,.qa.a RoeM1er, JlarU.. Roge, l'reid.erioh BOT Ro: rlllla Bed!Wi& Roue. Baa,.J~arc Roue, VI'IU RUtf, Gezti'UIIl.&upRa r,lecla Jlerabe ~.WllNla SaoklGRkl,._ su.u, Bw..U rrau Sobe11. -~ Pee Sebell, Roberto.r..s. ScabMiW, LillT klott:e SOlllleiw. a.orc.ullll"mht Solmeiclwiad tb'od Herbert Paul Tbclliaa Sollroeder ~. Otto Arthur Sollroeder, B1lCS.car4 Lllll Sobuet&, Otto ~.AliDa Sobult:l Po1aohw-, lf.ilhela Sohlllta. Luiaa haa Sobalts, Erut L\1dll1c Sobalta. Otto J,:1ola Sol alba lb Reiaaldo soa.alba, Ina sot alba, Jelp!to}-4 IWJiriA Sol lbe 8 ~&tarim s~ = Belm'iela We Sebe1ef-. w.l&er!eodoro JMO!Wt Sebelet.V,.IMlt.M 11ft& lluaoa SebeletUrF,hMI' ~~-.81~ \ 1-8-ll 10-U.O. 8 1-IT a-a-12 1o ll..U la 12-6-U 1KO 7-3.() l& U-U 15-T o2 I-T-o oa ,.,, oer. lladta, Bo. Liep&i&o oer. Baroeleea, 8p_Ua llolltram, SWit:urlead R1o1a ba, 10. Btllburc, oer, ~eradort, Gar, Gro01 Bartel, Ger. AIUtercJ.a, Bo1lua4 WUrt.-barc, oer. Branooblnic. oer. Wiotorlllarer, Gel', 014_...,, o.r. l J..J ~ Bo1la4or Bouaclor v.. G G G G G G G G G Riobtalba G G G G ~'~~pta Pieda ~apiedla ~Plecla P9ta Piedra '

121 Seecera Sohratter, Carl Geor& Frau ~-.. Matbttde CarollM Elba'betb... tildep-d llisabe'tb.julie s- shmd Pl'iller, Brut J'riedl'ioh & 'a ' ~, SonDsbd Ill& (81o.) Sonnntsnd, lrl.t& 1lau SODDcabo'L~ ~aak, Sophie 8te1lr' 'Eltne4 stei&er, Ins.,c Steicer, ~aia Ste1pr. Mall& Stai&w, Ot~ "". lltel&er,.j 9 nr SteJ... rederioa steicw. ~1 flwa.jejlo, Dart ~ illlct.prcl 'l'ba. a.... VOD Bsiwbeoh Beli.atb. Borst Dietrich VOD ~ AcMl.e ~l&dda WnDk lvaiabek, Jkaw lrulte, llarl&..,.,.,..,,... - w..tbs14er, BoMisl& P..UlDe ftll.ji'au, ~Uikrata.Ul, ~. ~ 1J11hela1De PaullDe W!Mtler, a.aa llbrlob zwt1c~. Bnu aa&o ~.n. IJdqL-..n. 1 w ~ o-t. a-1-a $7 2-1i-oe li-j;o.86 lisp lsis:s 18!6 1m i a-23~ o4 8-7-o7 t :S ll ~ ItJtn., Ueiabenten, Ger. lahhoh, oer. v.ito. Jo. JUberboc, Prussia!Mus s.itaerlllllll lroppik, Ger. a.cer1a Woaenclort, Ger, &.burc. Ger., ~ r r,..,, (A deportee trca Bolirl& 1dlo arrincl at Oup.quil b)- &irflae) r r. G e,~ e G G G G G G -a G G G 0 1-~-88 a.., Itaq ' a.., Itaq T~ qu wq1.:j ff>(js#.. '

122 Eado, llamle1 Kawada Ji:aada, Tenenobu Kawada, Delia K-.da, Genjl Kawada, Takeahi suzuld., Toahi take Su&uld., Shizu SUzuld., Keiko SUsuld., Toabiyuld ll o9 fl-1-ll Tamok111, Japan Fukuoltaken, Japan U.., Peru Liaa, Peru u.a, Peru Taoajata, Japan Shibata, Japan Rio blab& Riobliaba Riobulba R'1obaaba Riobulba "Riobllllba Riobulba Riobllllba Riob~mba '

123 Numerical Tabul,.tion ' of Persona Leaving Bcuaclof' - '?M Shtp Nation.ala Men 11' Cll1ldreD 1'ot.ala SS "Etolin" (left uay~ GermiD )8 April 7, 1942) Japaneae 10 1ilJ 48 SS "Acadia" Officials: German 10 ll Italian l2 Non-Officials: German Japaneae 2 ~ d 9 I'1 ~ (Voluntary) l 124 (Expelled) Italian (Expelled) 3 3 Japanese 2 l ~ lio m Total Axis nationals deported on SS "Acadia": 224. Total Axis nationala deport.ed on SS "Etolin": 48 Total deported on both boata (not including last voyage of SS "Acadia"): 272 The following is a list of individuals wbo departed co tbelf.cadil'a" aecolld voyage trom ~ on Kq a, This brings the total nuaber of Geruna and other A:d.a IJ11IIP&thisers who have left Ecuador to 387 (48 on the SS "Etolin," 224 on the"acadiaa firat trip, and US on her last ~ >

124 SUIJBGS ON SICOND VOUG! OF THE II ACADIA II' ouwun, Mar a, 19Ja Date Place ot Birth ' - Reeidence Aubele, Ludwig 5-2-oo Wittilllingen, Ger. Aubele, Steinle, 'Berta Lauingen, Ger. Aubele, Ra.imund Werner. lo Cacheuta, Arg. * Becklllann,.!rthur Sieganmd Waahington Hanover, Oer. G * moelllken, Heinrich 7-27-<>8 Dortllund-Huckarde, Ger. Ambato moem!cen, llaria Platoen Franco de $ Babahoyo, Ec. " moemken, Johanne J-$-40 Guayaquil, Ec. Bloemlcen, Elizabeth lo Guaya.qull, Ec. " n Braun, Johann 5-24-o4 Delhoven, Ger. G * Contag, Brn.lt Max Victor 8-2$-07 Cuenca, Ec. p * Contag, Karl Heins 7-$-30 uito, Ec. f-1 Contag, Ernest'o Hermann uito, Be Contag, Hehmth Werner lo uito, Ec. I Cootag, lrmgard Cecille Gertrud 5-2o-35 uito, Be. * Darr. Erwin $ Gotha, Thur1nga G * De~, Herazm 6-l-o5 Breaen, Ger. ' Detbn, Alicia Cecilla Suarez de aito, Ec. Detken, Hermann Enrique uito, Ec. Detlam, Agnes Kar1anDe 1-Jo-35 uito, Be. Detten, Carlos Alberto uito, Ec. Detken, Priedrich Adolf Walter uito, Be. Detten, llatilde Alicia uito, Be. * Diener, 1:riedrich H8l'II&Dil l-lo-o5 Dresden, Ger.. Diener, Carmen Celia Sevilla de San Antonio, Ibarra, Ec. D1Amer, lrarth& Carmen uito, Be. D1eDer, Elizabeth !mbato, Be. Diener, Berun Luis uito, Ec. * DU1oo, Rainer $ Langenbielau, Ger. DU.loo, Uraul.a lluskalla, Ratitor, Ger. Dreacber, lltred lo-11-o4 Berlin, Ger. Chone Dreache:r, Laura ChoM, Ec. " Drescher, Hertha Guayaquil, Ec. II

125 Drescher, Ernest OWqaqull, Be. ChoDe Drescher, Ban Barnacou, Col. Drescher, Vic tori& tu.aco, Col. Bartnig, Ida Dar& BobeDld.rcben, Oer. Hersog, Bau Dietrich ross Fl.ottbeclc, Ger. Bersog, lauper, Gertrud de ll-3-08 lltooa Bersog, Mw 6-JJ-33 uito, Be. Hersog, Belwrt uito, Be. Bersog, R11deprd 8-1<>-41 aito, Be. Iaer, WllbelJI Easeg, Ger. * JurU, larl Oberleuten-!or!, Ger. Jur1a, F«f l 1e Wien, Ger. Juris, larl OaDtber uito, Be. Jungniclatl., Margarete And ll pbato, Be. J1mgrliclcel 1 Paula $ Baburg 1 Ger Jungnickel, uito, Be. "' Ilein, Artbar Dueben, Ger. I Klier, Frana Schftderbach, Ger. Klier, ear.el1na Bautiata, )-8-oB. candonbulario, J!io. nier, Frana 1932 Cranero, Cb1le nier, 1f1ll7../ 1934 uito, Ec. n.ier, Louie Schftl'derbach, Ger.. Kohlhauaer, Robert 5-7-o4 if&ltendort, Ger. * Lingen, Brut Glldhaoh, Oer. Rio bub& Me bringer 1 lar lfebendort, Ger. Mei tsnar, Dr. Ku Potedla, Ger. G Meitsner, llar1& Aurora Febrea Co.rdero de 1-2-o2 Machala, Be. G Me1 tsner, JD1 ta ll OWqaqull, Be. G Meitsner, Matb1lde 7-1-)0 Otaa;r1lql1ll, Be. G Meitaner, Uar1a 12-lo-34 ~,Ec. G lf1lcatta, lhw'olt Oerbard Beb1e de Caraques, lc. JWcetta, llar1a Jl.cira ( ~ister) lo Bahia de Caraques, r.c. lliketta, llar1a Lourdes (sister) '&IM de Caraques, Be. M1 t.taan, Kana Berlin, Ger. Loja JH.ttam &mde, Ern& Richter Sande ln. Sto~, Oer. Loja JH.tt.n,!mat Albert Karl Richter l-9-20 Raburg, Ger. Loja.

126 Moeller, Fdgar Friedrich WUhelll $ Guayaquil, Ee. 0 Muenchh&uaen, Ludol! Von 6-21-<>2 Riatell&, Ger. Yaruqui lluenchhauaen, Amada Duran de vtm Yaruqui, Ee. Yu:uqui Neumann, Rudolf Eisenbach, Ger. * Peters, Albert Gladbach, Ger. Peters, tuelotte Braunschnig, Ger. * P1nkernell, Harus J-:28-98 Braunachnig 1 Ger. Platzer, Ferdinand $ St. Konrad, Ger. Platser, Ore gorin& Dora Lueo de Al~g, Ee. Platzer, 'lrj1p uito, Ee. Platzer, Wilma 1938 Cuenca, Ee. Platzer,!fax 1940 Cuenca, Ee. Ponto, Ida Kathe 5-lo-21 Bahia de Caraquez, Ec. Schmidt, Friedrich Boehmt, Ger. Selm.dt 1 Roaario. l-2o-l$ Oua;vaquil, Ec. Schmdt, HeZ'IIID 'Iilli 2-13-<>2 runber, SUesia Sctsidt, Dora Steike de Oruenberg, Sohlea. ~ Schmidt, nui Werner uito, Ec. I. * Schneider, Owlt&T!dolt 7-22-o) lfestfalsn, Ger. * Schoenberger, Georg 8-2$-08 Nuengonia, Ger. Schoenberger Roeero Aguirre, Dora 7-1-1$ Ouayaquil' Ee. Schoenberger, Ara1n Oerunico 5-: Riobllmba, Ee. Schoenberger 1 Siegfried Jose Tobiaa Oua;yaqull, Ee. Scboetter, Richard Albert ifal.ter Berlin, Ger. * Schroeder, W&l ter S Halatenbeck, Ger. 0 Schroeder' ~the l R8llinteD, 0111'. 0 Schroeder, a.na Joacb1a Schroeder' Heidi x-a * Scotoni Ouckalsburger, J4ar1a HUda Zurich I Ger. * Sonnenholuner, Oeq 8-4-o6 Arnenndl Ger. 0 Swoboda, otto B ~eld, Ger. Swuboda, l'adn;t ~to, Ee. SM~cuta, 811de lla&dalen& B-25-3S ~to, lc. SliVb oda, hzmt Yolanda ld.to, lc. Satboda, I.1111en Fabiola a1 to' lllo! Sscbada, Sam 7-154&1. aito, Eo.

127 * Tnpr lo-2$-13 lrich Boohta, er. u.nta trenka, Bcuard l-l4-o8 'ften, Ger. 'lrerllta. Lila OuaquU. Ec. - TreDka, AgDea llar1a..., Oua)'&qUil, Ee. Vi..ann, Hans ' \ Bortorf Ger. Vieunn Brand, Rosa lllmioh, Ger. V011, Peter Rwiolt de 5w2..9 nuaaendort, Ger. * Weber, Carl Anton J-1-79 Lei tiler Ger. Weiha, Rudolf Pemasena, Ger. Winsierl Bonveret, Dorothea Wiesbunden, Ger. * ZU..nun, otto 2-28-ll Epp1ngeri, Ger. 4 i

128 \ - ll2- Ccnmter-e8pionap forces 1D Bcuadar 1 aic:lecl by the!cuadorie Gonriilll8nt 1 have succeeded ill destroying the eepiooap llftd propacmda apd ~ies of the Ax1a powers as tb87 irxiated be~ore tbe «Jt.rrmcit of the' Utdted States into the 1181'. Undoubted:q 1 ne..lx18 organisatioaa will ariae under the lead.rship of 1x:is nati~ left in Ecuador and.bis ~ilers of nrioue nationalities. Howetel'l the preeenee or aperienoed allled oo.mw.. ea.oa:aee forces 1D Bcuador 1a expected to keep t.be acti'rltiea of!xu agente at a 111n1sua, if tbe Bc:lladorim O'ezwt contimlea to gin the present dttgree of cooperation. '. ll'itb tb:is in.t.nd 1 the internal welfare of lcuador aa~a added illlportance. President Arroyo del Rio faces a TerT critical perlod in h1a idministration 1 due to the accumulative effect of tbe foucnring faetoret (1) the border dj.spute with Peru, (2) attempted rnolutiona againat the GoT6rDMnt 1 {3) f'riotion within the Radical-Liberal Part)', ~ (4) dissatisfaction of ou~ provinces with the central got81'111181lt. - The!c\lador-Peru border dispute, lnippos~ eettled in the Rio de Janeiro Conference of Jaauar;r is in reality a long wq f:roid. eettlaent. The general public of Ecuador feels that the country has been made the goat of the Rio Conference, and considers the.loss of territory to Peru a bum11i ating and unfair.sattlaent of the dispute. The leaders ~f the present ldminiatration furnish a natural target for the displeasure of tbe ]Jilbllc. - Fl'OIIl the nn}7-fol"'l8d border of Ecuador contidually triclcle reports-of Pera'rlm intlltration into EcuadoriiD territoey, and interference with t.he ac:ti'rlties of Ecuadorian cit.ia,n.s. These reports are pt'oiiinentj.7 dillluqed by the Ecua.-. dorian press, ~d sern to keep the dispute ever in the mind or the public. Ertdence of opposition to the President is vi'rldly illu.atrated by two attempted re-rolutions within a fn weeks of each other. 'lbe latest re~o- lution occurred on Kay 28, 1942, as a result of an article written by Captain Leonidas Plaza, 'Which appeared in "El Debate of K- 27. Th1a article eetted only to fan the smoldering resentae~t caaaed by the A""'n1 stration's bancd1nc of the border dispute. An attaclc on the Presidential Palace occurred on the evening of May 28 at the conclusion of a ralq held a_t the 1JaiT61's~cfa4 Central by Plua and his followers. Their plids were t.h1rarted by the presence of a detachment of twenty CarabiDeros at the Palace. Several shots were tired, which resulted 1n the k1111ng of three Carabineros and the injurizl& of two others. Captain Pl&sa hu been CMd~ed to sixteen years ill pn..ga, adcl other conspirators are aubject to )'UDiab'lent. G&l.o Plua, brother of captain Plua 1 and ex-11inister of DeteDH, was also arrested bat was nbeequentj.7 released. It 1a reliabl)- reported that G&l.ci Pl.asa was rel... ed 'pod tb' '1 md of hi&h 1l'I' officials, which ~ illolu.ded his tri~, the. Cc '?""Win-Cb~et of the!cuadorian Arlled Forces, Coloaelllicardo Aatudillo. It u 'a well-known faot tb&t relationa between tbe Preai~Wlt an4 1r1J;r oft1cial8 are none too good, and this incident serns to further widen the braaob. Tbe President's lack ot power is "thus dei.onatrated to the uasea, ~e ~anoe, low standards of lirirlg, racill pre)ldicea, du1re for political rn.:~p, add hatred o~ the premnt Adal n1atrat1cm uke ~ willinc tools of 11nerna1 dieorder. The popularity ot Oalo Plua 1D tile IIOW1tain provi.dcea, &lid of Ric&l'do Aatud1llo 1D tbe ooutal prcrrinoea ljr&mdta a aeriou obataole to-au;r 1Dcreaae

129 -ll)- ~ PIMl b7 the President, '1'llen IZ'-' ~ llbo, will.,eq tb&t the ability of ~e Adminietration to defeat the attempted revolution indicates a grea~ strengthened polition 1 'bllt i-t aeaa that the definite al1gt HOt Of &Lo_na.a and the ArftsT A81'1Mt ~ Preeideot ia of far &re&tar a1gn1f1cano. th.n th. Oftl'tllroltof a spcntaoerua and poor~ exacut.d HYOl.ut.ion... ~ third factor contributillg to the loaa of ponr by; Arran dal R1.o is a r-.cent break 1n the Liberal.-Bdi cal Party 1 wtd.ch placed h1a 1n powu, Julio L ~. President of the Senate and leader~ of the Li'beral-bdioal. i?&l't7,~ recen~ rniped 1na his poai.tion as b"'r of the Partf 1n ob.fect.ion to a 110ve b7 Ari OJO del Rio to prevent Moreno.trua acting as President o.t the nation ' during Arroyo del Rio's absence, should he accept President RooMftlts i.jrdtaticd to nut the Ollited States. 'lb1a rift 1a of epeahl ~oe at the present tide, since the elections 1n the fall of 1942 aq c:liaplace JWV' of the Preaidclt 1 a supporters 1n Congreas. The.t1nal fac~ a.tfeotillg the President's unpopularity is the diasatisfaction of outl.yins prorlnces with the central. goftl'diii8dt. b affairs of the IIOl'e iaol&ted provinces have long been neglected b7 the Go'ftl'DIM!lt at ~to, and ncen~ the reaentmnt of th1a treat.nt wu upreued b7 a threat of aec.aaiod b7 the province of Loja, unless 110n attention was paid to i.ta. welfare. Arro-,o del Rio has been able to weather snare oriaea before, and unless untonaeen COIIPli~ticm. en tar, he will pro~ be able to o"iu'coae the ~tift effect ot the factorll aentioned above, but' 1n tbe op1n1an o! obhrters.fam1har with the polities of Ecuador, he 1a now entering one of the moat critical periods of b1a atfm1ni atration. It is true, on the other hand, that a number of factors tend to have a atead;rini effect upon the populati.on of Eou&dor at the present tim. The &rant.ia&.of military- bases to the United States at SaHnae and on the Gal pqoe!eland has been.u receited b-, the maases, who nlcc.e the hip wqn pa1c1 b-, Allarioan contractors and consider the pre11ence of United Statea troop8 1 planes, and ships a bulwark against feared Japanese or Peruvian agreaaion.. The ~ence of United States troops tend&j also to haft a qu1et1n& effect upon plana to CJYert.hr<nr the present go'venlllent b-, 8Z'III8d foroe, since t.be II&Ssu aeauae that the United States forces 110Uld aid the PresiMI1t. In the.antime, the United States Ezport-IIIport Bank 1n lraahiditon has eranted Ecuador a tive tlhon dollar loan for the atamhu.t.ion of tbe value of the auen..&aple loam an prqent'11' beidi ~~egot1ated for inereaaed road construction, irrigation, and iliipl'oftd.water IITSt.l.a for~ auij ~to. A natioll41de program of agricultural expansion baa been initiated,.. baeecl on the reports of AMriean a:perte llho haft atudied evtry section of the count1'7. Arpntina baa Hcen~ att.pted to inc:re... he o rc1al. innueoce 1n lcuador b7 proposing to exchnp 'Al'pnt1Ae goocw tar lcuadot1all ~ 1 cacao, tq\\& 1 eves, and rica. Ecuador aq thus ban an opportc&a1v to oornct be' eomca1 c Uls to a certain extent, unless the curtailmnt 9f trade with tbe United Statea reaches di.eaat.roua proportions. The present Adm1n1etration 1D Ecuad'or is daftn1~tor coll&~a::/ tion with tbe ~W States 1D connection with He~ defeue, u ita

130 ... - ll)a- - activitiee throughout the put -rear reflect. Whether thie epirit of cooperation ill induced b7 belie! in de!jiocr&tio principles or b7 economc neceuit.j' is not detinitlll7 decid.ed. The tact rema1na, howeva, that the lack of a strong and capabl.e io'iiijimnt, the prehdoe of IW'OU and powerful.lx1.s II1JIIP&tbiaers 1 and a III&SII of ignorant, mieerable peopl.e, auziou8 to follow an;r leader llho proiid.ees deliverance!rom the intolerable condi Ucne UDder which tbe;r live, conetitutll a detinitt threat to the continued tranqn1111v ot Ecuador. - ~.....

131 .I '.... Chart ' '!c''w Pie A Area Coaaparison 2 B Pb,r8ical Featuns 3. c Distribution of Popl&l.&\ion 8 D.t.r.cl Str.nctb ls E Plane and Ship Streucth 16,.Acrleultural Resourc G Mi.neral Resources 22 A H Transportation 24 I History of Peru-lcuaclor Border Dispute 27 J Defense J.reu and Distribution of Axis Population.)8 j 1 Hui OrJanisation u of lfaroh L Possible Dancer Points so II Axis-Controlled Radi.o Stations Sl

132 Name - Acosta Velasco, Alberto Adriano Hidal.go 1 Carlos Aguilar Vaaques, Aurelio Aguirre Breton, Hicbol.aa Alban Borja, J.uguatin Albornoz, Huaberto Altgelt, Emesto A1tgelt 1 Gerhard Amano, I. Andrade C&rrillo, Victor Anibal llaldomdo; Ceear Anselmi, AneelJDo Antonelli, Jose Antonio Auli, llarco Aranha' OnaJ.do Arosemena ac.es, Carlos Arosemena ac.es 1 Luis Arroyo Delgado, El:lrique Arrl:1yo Del Rio 1 Carlos Alberto Amilcar Agu1.rre, Eduardo Astudillo, Ricardo Aviles Tabares, Etra1.a ATiles Tabares, Jorge Babina)', Walter Baccinet", Bezato Baldus, otto Ouillel'IIO Baquerizo, CJ.emente Butidee, F. Beate, Rio Benigno Jlal.o' Leon Bercot, Paul E. Bemouille, Hana. Bl.oemken (Bl.CIIIken), Heinrich Bocbe, Ernst Boettger, ljalder Bohle, E. w. Boissier, Andre Boni ( Bonstein), Boris Adolphe Borja, Filemon Borja Larrea, Pablo Borja, Rafael Boseano, Lu.1a Bossareclt,.Anton Brachetti, Teodor Brandt, CecUia.. "1 - - ~ l3 " 8o l5 J6 Sll ~9S-98 ll ~ S ~7 44-l&.S 4S-53-S5 1a S S ~-

133 Brauer, Leopoldo lllartin Bravo, Alberto Bdll, Al-fredo Brill, Charles Brill, ll'ax Brueckmann 1 Ludwig Bruzzone, Dqm'n1co Burbano, Alberto Barbano Rueda, Ouillermo Burgos Carstanjen, otto Castella Kuntal, Jaime Cer!&int&ine, Juan Chavez Gonzalez 1 Rodrigo Chavez, Leopoldo N. Chiriboga Ordonez, Leonardo Cibello 1 Captain Contag, Arturo Contag, Augusto otto Arthur Cordovez, Luis. Costello Crespo Ordonez, Ricardo C1Mp'fu, Fem&ndez Cvo8Vas 1 Valentin F. Cuhne 1 AJ.tredo E. \ Dankbardt Darr, Edwin. Davalos 1 Federico.Dsvalos, Ignacio Degetau 1 Pablo Del Caatano Jose Delmonte 1 Renzo De Lucas Caaea, Augustin De Konlezan, Andre Denis, Pierre De Orellana, Francisco Descals1 1 Giulletta l)e Seri1J7 1 Robert Benguey Detken U., Hel'IDII.IUl Diaz Delgado,- Gustavo D1 Beltiori, Matioll Diebler, ~ - Diener, Wal. ter D1 Fontana degli Angell Scaduto Mendola, Baron Dingendortf 1 ' Hans Dobler 1 Jean Dom, Arturo Drexel, Chrlatian ~.... :;:.;; ~~,.,~ S-J.9-98 '; , 5M ]J l.,3.:..a2. 47 ~ ' ) :.. ' ~ ' !65-66 '4~3 6o ; '

134 - U7- Epa llodge, Fduardo m, George lblo, lfan1lel. Eecudel'o lloecoao, Oonulo Eepinosa, Beinal.do Estrada Coello, Jose War1& Faupel Felipe Borja, Luis Felipe Castillo, lliguel Ferre, BerDaD Ferre, R8ubeD Ferri, Brlmo Florea 7 Cerro, Al.tredo Fort.ich Pauret, Carlos Fossati, Luigi Francisco And&, Juan FraDeo, Fraociaco Fgira Fukumato Jlorigucbi, llakoto Fuyita 71& S6 n ' Oa.briel Hanrro, Jose Gallegos c., Cesar R. (lendara 1 a1llel'll0 Garcia Blcca, David Garcia, Fuentes Garcia Jloreao, Oa.briel Garcia Banrro, Tc.aa Gebel, Goris Gerardo Clal.legos 1 IA11;a Germans who lefi on SS Acadi a 0el'IIIIU18 who left on SS "Acadia Gel'II&NI llbo left on SS 11 Etol1n" Gertich, Conrad Giese, Walter Gilbert, otto Gil Gilbert, EDriq118 Giaael, fhrique Goldberg Gales Oault, Jose Gonzales Artigaa, Oecar Ocmz&les Artip.a, Blaon Grob, ErDut Orosse, Kurt Oroeake\ Grullner, Juatia Oubits, S.iDa Budolf 0aeZTU"0 1 I'NDcUco OUnther, Jolm Ouahiken Aruake, Iold. April 17, &7 8, 1942 April u lo ~ s S9-70JJ7 S S 4 n, '

135 \ Habl.baua, Bans Baller, Paul. Baller, Paul. (llrs.) Bal.uaa, Arno Haoooun, Georges Baro, Vicente Bartaoh, Karl Hauptmann, Brw1n Haua, He~h Haushofer Heraing, Toaaa Gregor Hille, Otto Hiraaawa, Shigetane Hirtz, Gottlieb Hitler Huebner, J<*:hia Hughes-Ballet, Charles Leslle Huraa, Paul ) so ~ S 81 _43 Illingnorth, Vicente Inoue llurayua" Zyui ti Italians who lett on. SS "Aoadja" April 17, 1942 Iza, Francisco $ 78 Jaen Jloreno, Antonio Japanese who left on SS "Acadia" Japanese wbo lett on SS "ltolln" Jarq, Gabriel Loui5 Jarrin, Anibal Jijon C-amano, Jacinto Jillenez A.rnau, Ricardo Jose Flores, Juan Juris. K.arl April April 7, ll 63 ltakabadze, Inm Jt.a-.da Jt.a-.da, Tane.nobu Kada (Sra.) Kehrer, lril.ul:a Keiderle, George Kemmerer, B. W., Professor Kietel, Gottlieb KJAere, Adoli'o, Jr. D.aere, Adoli'o, Sr. D.aeachen, Carlos nee, Eagen ltolb, aer.zm,, SO.S S h~ 6o La Fargue, Pierre La Fontain, llan L&DcPap, Wa:lter I..1aoener, ~que L:1naner, Er:l.ch...

136 Li.Dgan, ErDat L1ns, Altl'edo Lins, Juan Liskei:l,!Junther Loeschner~ Heinrich Longo, UU.ae Lopez Val.I:U.Tieso, Jorge Lorenz, wu.ar Luna Yepes, Jorge lf&chuca, H. Kiguel lola4ri.d 1 Fernandes Mald.shilla <Dda, Masao ---- ~hand, Carlos Marcos, Juan X. Jfarkua S~r, Plorian llartines Delgado, W1s Massari pand1n1 1 Arturo Kateju, Eopn1a Maya,.&lrique JfeDa, Jullo c. lfeueses, Angel Mercado, Angelita lfereado, Carlos Jloreno, Jacobo ~do, Leopoldo Jler:lguet, Be7IIODd M1ll.er 1 Pedro V. 1foebiu 1 Rudolf Jloeller, Jose Carlos Jloller 1 He~ Ernst otto Kontalvo, A.belardo Jlontalvo, Jlanue~ E. Jlontero 1 J. Jloreno, Jullo E. Mosquera 11'&11:1s 1.rhriqu 11Dll.er 1.U namer Jfl1ll.er, George Schonberger liagumo 1 KoJrutaro Hakamura 1 Tad.eo Ha'.l'l'O, Leal Hebot 1 JaiM lieuaen, Alfredo Mickelsen,.Ubert Ortiz, Rl&I'do Pablik 1 JOH Pus, Federico ~ios, Oot&vio Palacios Saens, Carlos - ll9- ~ ,...,..., ~ 6l 62 ~ 92 ~-.??-ST* 66 l.lt l :.1s S2 T Sl. 71 t ~ 9~ ' l S 69-,78 7$-78 7S l (Ji., ) ~s '

137 Panae, Fr11tdrich Panae, He~ Partmuas, Ftlderico Pablo Penlce' Anton Penke, Werner Peres Velasco, Sergio B. Pfeitter, Pablo Grat Pietrantonio, Ugo P1Do Roc&, Ratael Pinto 1 Carlos A. Pizarro, Gcmzalo PlAsa, Gal.o ' ,,.,Y :;, Pl.asa, Leoaidas Ponce Borja, Alejandro Pratti, Ricardo Proano, Carlos Proano, Ludgardo Proclaimed Li3t ot Certain mocked Nationals uevedo, Antonio uintanilla, Victor Reichenbe1m, J. o. Revelli, Vietor Ribbentrop Ricardo aa.z, Jose Roehl, Pablo Romero, Alberto c. Roosevelt, President Rosales, Carlos u. Rosales, HUIIIberto Rossetti, Juan B. Ruef't, Max Ruiz Cluinazu, E. Ruperti, Arturo Saad, Pedro S&am, Bel'IIIUID Saeklonld, Wilhelm Sal.asar Cleats, Eduardo Salgado, Hector Saltsbel'ier, N. Salvestroni, Pietro Sanchez Cobo, Vietor Sato Ito, Tadeo SaUD&, Antonio Sawatari,_ M1. titalc& SehlliJidt, Friedrich. Schneider 1 Wilhelm Schotel, ~rle Schroeder, Otto, J..,. l ---..,_,., ,..,... _. ~ ' ~ ' lv s-63 4~ _ o l$ ~ 36 16,1.7 4S G SB-96 ', ;

138 r ' ". Schulte, Heins Schultz, W'Ubelm Schulz, WU11 Schwalbe, Re1naldo Scbwark, Carl Schwartz, Augusto otto Schllart.s, otto Sebel.etalcy', lral.ter Simon, Francisco Siraaaka, 'lorald:ti Sitlowaki, sa.ne1 Slartero, Al.do Slartero, Mario Solt 7 Jmro, All'redo Sonnenholzner, Goerg Sp1 uman, Frans Stadler, Walter ll. Suarez Veint1m1Jla, Kariano Suner, Ramon Serrano Suzuki, Xeiko (Sra.) Suzuki, Toahita.ke Suzuki, Shizu (Sra.) 'J'akada Chase, Sengoro T"b""hi Inoue, Hil'oji Tettke, Edgar Them, Kurt Tiba!l, Jose Tobar Donoso, Jullo Tobar Zaldumhide, Carlos Toledo, Cristobal Torres, auatavo A. Tous, Lorenzo, Sr. Tous, Lorenzo, Jr. Treger, Erich Uranp, Jaguel Urrutia, Fr&Dciaco Vase ones Cevallos, Victor Velasco Ibarra Velasco Ibarra, Pedro V1rgillo Guerrero, s..von Ballllbacb1 ~ Do Von BllclDiald, Federico G. Von Castell, Grat Von Storer Von 1fallteld, larl Wallaclleck Weber, Ludwig w. Weiaann, otto ~.. '"~ "'..., ~,.. """"'-,... oi!o+... "' ~,11 "'.63 ~ s~ :..47 o:-98' ' ~~7;, J S 74' ; ) : ,..

139 ll'einelt,!1w111o Welles, S er Witte, Mnie1111an lfoehl.ermazm, Wa.lter Wosadtlca, Jlarta, ~----- rtj; 's.t.r ;>? nr!!lwr. ' j!..1! ~a.'l,.,.r -~~ J&J, / Yamamoto loriguchi, H1karu Yanaguida Nakao, Blmji Yanai, Biaao Yanusalll, Dooato Yepez, LeoDidaa A. Zaldumbide, Oonzalo Zapata Troncoso, Jlanuel Zillllerman 1 otto t Tl 7ft 70-l S ' { \ I.'.. '.,. $ f. ' ) j ' I,,