Opposites attract Likes Repel.
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1 Energy
2 Atomic Structure Matter is anything that has mass and takes up space. Atoms are the smallest particle that has the properties of an element. Atoms are in constant motion.
3 Nucleus is the central core of an atom. Contains protons and neutrons. Protons: Positive Neutrons: Neutral Electrons: Negative. Move in the space around the nucleus. Atoms are neutral. Protons and electrons balance each other out. Atomic Structure
4 Most of the atom s mass is in the nucleus. Most of an atom s volume is in the space in which electrons move. Matter is basically empty space with large distances between the nuclei of neighboring atoms. Atoms are held together by electrical forces of attraction between Protons and electrons. Opposites attract. Atoms kept apart by the repulsion between electrons of nearby atoms. Likes Repel. Atomic Structure
5 Kinetic Energy Energy that an object has because its in motion. Depends on mass and speed. Kinetic Energy = Mass x Velocity/2 SI Unit: 1 Joule Depends on velocity more than mass. Small increase in velocity = a large increase in energy.
6 Potential Energy Stored energy or energy held in readiness. Elastic: NRG stored in any type of stretched or compressed material. Gravitational: stored NRG that depends on height and mass. Effected more by height. P.E. = Mass x 9.8m/s 2 x height SI Unit = Joule Energy is the ability to do work or cause change.
7 Not all atoms move at the same velocity. Internal NRG: the sum (total) of all the atom s K.E. in a substance. Increase in the internal energy by causing atoms to move more. More mass = more internal energy because there are more atoms therefore more energies. Internal Energy
8 A measure of the average K.E. of all the particles in a substance. If the K.E. increases than temp. increases. 1. Fahrenheit: 32 freezing 212 Boiling 2. Celsius: 0 freezing 100 boiling 3. Kelvin: 273 freezing 373 boiling Absolute Zero: -273 Celsius Where no more NRG can be removed from matter. Coldest temp K.E. at a minimum. Cannot be reached. Temperature
9 Temperature and Internal energy are related. A substance can be the same temp, but have different internal energy. More Mass = More particles = more internal energy Temperature
10 Solids Atoms vibrate back and forth because of attraction and repulsion forces Definite volume and shape Packed close together Increase motion increase in temp decrease in forces of attraction
11 Liquids Particles close, but not as attracted as a solid Take shape of container No defined shape Weaker forces than a solid More Kinetic Energy Adding energy weaken forces.
12 Expand to fill available space Particles move quickly No attraction between particles Have the greatest amount of energy compared to liquids and solids. Gases
13 Thermal Expansion An increase in the internal energy of a substance. Will weaken the forces of attraction = an increase in distance between atoms. Higher temp: Increase distances object expands Lower temp: Decrease distances object contracts Gases expand the most! As internal energy of a substance increases, particles spread out and the substance expands.
14 Thermal Expansion Particles move faster b/c they gain K.E. as they get warmer causing particles to expand. Examples: 1. Thermometers 2. Fingers 3. Teeth 4. Thermostats 5. Wood 6. Concrete
15 Thermal Expansion Heat (thermal energy) is the transfer of internal NRG form a hot object to a cold object. Only travels from a higher temp to a lower temp. Atoms in a hotter object will decrease in motion as they transfer to cooler object. Motion will speed up in a colder object.
16 Thermal Equilibrium No longer any net flow of energy between 2 substances. When internal energy is transferred form a warm to cold object, the amount of energy lost by the warmer is gained by the colder. Energy Lost = Energy Gained Law of conservation of energy: NRG cannot be created or destroyed.
17 Newton s Law of Cooling The rate at which a substance loses/gains energy depends on the difference between its temp and the temp of its environment. Greater difference in temp = greater rate of change in temp.
18 Heat Transfer 3 methods of heat transfer: 1. Conduction 2. Convection 3. Radiation Conductors: substances that transfer energy easily. Insulators: substances that do not transfer energy easily.
19 Conduction Transfer of energy as heat between particles as they collide in a substance or between 2 objects in contact. Transfer of energy by direct contact. Example: pan on stove
20 The transfer of NRG by electromagnetic waves Does not involve the movement of matter Waves are infrared and cannot be seen. Black: absorbs more radiation than light/shiny objects. Darker colors release more energy too. Shiny objects tend to reflect energy. Radiation
21 Convection Transfer of energy by the movement of fluids with different temps. Convection Current: 1. Bottom of fluid is heated 2. Particles move faster and spread apart 3. Become less dense 4. Particles rise and cooler more dense particles sink
22 Heat Transfer - Thermos Vacuum: prevents conduction Cover/lid: slows convection b/c no air entering or leaving Shiny outer layer: allows radiation to be reflected back into thermos.
23 The amount of energy required to raise the temp of 1 kg of a substance by 1 kelvin. SI unit = J/kg*K Quantity to measure the relationship between heat and temp change Materials with a high specific heat can absorb a great deal of energy w/o a great change in temp. Example = water NRG flow = mass*specific heat*temp change Specific Heat
24 Phase Change Melting: Solid Liquid Particles move faster = decrease forces = particles spread apart Freezing: Liquid Solid Particles slow down = stronger forces = particles get closer together.
25 Phase Change Evaporation: liquid Gas Particles move faster = weaken forces = gain enough energy to form a gas. Occurs at the surface of a liquid A cooling process Condensation: Gas liquid Gas loses energy decrease in motion increase in attraction forces liquid A warming process. Object gains energy as it gets warmer.
26 Fridge Cycle Refrigerant: substance that transfers large amounts of NRG as it changes state, NRG is transferred from air to refrigerant. Evaporation: Absorbs energy as heat from surroundings Condensation: Releases the energy.
27 6 Different forms of Energy 1. Mechanical: Motion/Position of an object 2. Thermal: NRG of the particles in a substance 3. Chemical: P.E. stored in chemical bonds. Examples: fossil fuels, food 4. Electrical: Moving electrical charges produce electricity and carry NRG 5. Electromagnetic: Travels in waves 6. Nuclear: P.E. stored in the nucleus of an atom. Released during nuclear reactions. Example: Fusion in sun
28 Energy Conversions/Transformations A change from 1 form of energy to another. 1. Eating: Chemical mechanical chemical mechanical chemical thermal/mechanical 2. Pendulum 3. Fossil fuels: NRG from sun is absorbed by plants and stored. Electromagnetic Chemical
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