Basic Structure of a Cell
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1 Basic Structure of a Cell 1
2 Introduction to Cells Cells are the basic units of organisms Cells can only be observed under microscope Basic types of cells: Animal Cell Plant Cell Bacterial Cell 2
3 Number of Cells Organisms may be: Unicellular composed of one cell Multicellularcomposed of many cells that may organize 3
4 Cells May be Prokaryotic or Eukaryotic Prokaryotes include bacteria & lack a nucleus or membrane-bound structures called organelles Eukaryotes include most other cells & have a nucleus and membranebound organelles (plants, fungi, & animals) 4
5 Prokaryotes Nucleoid region contains the DNA Cell membrane & cell wall Contain ribosomes (no membrane) to make proteins in their cytoplasm 5
6 Eukaryotic Cell Contain 3 basic cell structures: Nucleus Cell Membrane Cytoplasm with organelles 6
7 Two Main Types of Eukaryotic Cells Plant Cell Animal Cell 7
8 Organelles Very small size Can only be observed under a microscope Have specific functions Found throughout cytoplasm 8
9 Organelles Found in Cells Examples of Organelles include: Endoplasmic reticulum (rough & smooth) canals for movement Golgi Bodies wrap & export proteins Nucleolus makes ribosomes Lysosomes digests & gets rid of wastes Ribosomes makes proteins 9
10 Golgi Bodies Stacks of flattened sacs Have a shipping side & a receiving side Receive & modify proteins made by ER Transport vesicles with modified proteins pinch off the ends Transport vesicle 10
11 Contain digestive enzymes Break down food and worn out cell parts for cells Programmed for cell death (lyse & release enzymes to break down & recycle cell parts) Lysosome 11
12 Nucleolus Cell may have 1 to 3 nucleoli Inside nucleus Disappears when cell divides Makes ribosomes that make proteins 12
13 Smooth & Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Smooth ER lacks ribosomes & makes proteins USED In the cell Rough ER has ribosomes on its surface & makes proteins to EXPORT 13
14 Cell Powerhouse Mitochondrion ( mitochondria ) Rod shape Site of Cellular respiration 14
15 In Animal Cells: Mitochondria Active cells like muscles have more mitochondria Burn sugars to produce energy ATP 15
16 Surrounding the Cell Cell membrane Lies immediately against the cell wall in plant cells Made of protein and phospholipids Selectively permeable 16
17 Cell or Plasma Membrane Cell membrane Living layer Controls the movement of materials into and out of the cell Selectively permeable 17
18 Cytoplasm of a Cell Cytoplasm Jelly-like substance enclosed by cell membrane Provides a medium for chemical reactions to take place 18
19 More on Cytoplasm Cytoplasm Contains organelles to carry out specific jobs Examples: chloroplast & mitochondrion 19
20 Control Organelle Nucleus Controls the normal activities of the cell Bounded by a nuclear membrane Contains chromosomes 20
21 More on the Nucleus Nucleus Each cell has fixed number of chromosomes that carry genes Genes control cell characteristics 21
22 Chloroplast Plant Cell Organelles Contain the green pigment chlorophyll Traps sunlight to make sugars (food) Process called photosynthesis 22
23 Plant Cell Cell wall Dead layer Large empty spaces present between cellulose fibers Freely permeable 23
24 Plant Cell Cell wall Made of cellulose which forms very thin fibers Strong and rigid Found in plant cells 24
25 Plant Cell Cell wall Protect and support the enclosed substances (protoplasm) Resist entry of excess water into the cell Give shape to the cell 25
26 Plant Cell Organelles Vacuole Have a large central vacuole Surrounded by tonoplast Contains cell sap Sugars, proteins, minerals, wastes, & pigments 26
27 Different kinds of plant cells Onion Epidermal Cells root hair Guard Cells Root Hair Cell 27
28 vacuole cytoplasm Animal cell mitochondrion nucleus No cell wall or chloroplast Stores glycogen in the cytoplasm for food energy glycogen granule cell membrane 28
29 Animal Cell Organelles Near the nucleus Paired structures Help cell divide 29
30 Different kinds of animal cells white blood cell red blood cell Amoeba cheek cells sperm nerve cell muscle cell Paramecium 30
31 Similarities between plant cells and animal cells Both have a cell membrane surrounding the cytoplasm Both have a nucleus Both contain mitochondria 31
32 Differences between plant cells and animal cells Animal cells Relatively smaller in size Irregular shape No cell wall Plant cells Relatively larger in size Regular shape Cell wall present 32
33 Differences between Plant Cells and Animal Cells Animal cells Vacuole small or absent Glycogen as food storage Nucleus at the center Plant cells Large central vacuole Starch as food storage Nucleus near cell wall 33
34 The cell is the Basic Unit of Life Cell is the smallest unit of living organisms Unicellular organisms are made of one cell only The cells of multicellular organisms are specialized to perform different functions e.g. mesophyll cells for photosynthesis and root hair cells for water absorption 34
35 The Cell Theory Has 3 Parts 1. All living things are made up of one or more cells 2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function in organisms 3. All cells arise from existing cells 35
36 Timeline to the Discovery of the Cell Theory Hans & Zacharias Janssen - Developed the first compound microscope Robert Hooke - observed a slice of cork, first to use the term cell for small compartments. 36
37 AF8F9553.jpg&imgrefurl= cellular-structure-of-cork-and&usg= QHeLMEA5BZmyFs9ALr660Y- 5qPw=&h=450&w=339&sz=44&hl=en&start=11&tbnid=8NZeLWw7jw9MzM:&tbnh=127&tbnw=96&prev=/images%3Fq%3DRobert%2BHo oke%26gbv%3d2%26hl%3den 37
38 Timeline to the Discovery of the Cell Theory 1668 Fransesco Redi - performed experiment with jars of meat (one covered, one uncovered), believed that living things came only from living things, did not believe in SPONTANEOUS GENERATION Anton van Leewenhoek- was the first to observe the living cell. 38
39 39
40 Timeline cont d 1755 Lazzaro Spallanzani - performed an experiment with broth in a flask (one flask with a cork, one flask without a cork), the one with no cork became cloudy because of bacteria entering it, believed that living things came only from living things, did not believe in SPONTANEOUS GENERATION. 40
41 1838 Mathias Schleiden - said all plants are composed of cells. Timeline cont d 1839 Theodore Schwann - said all animals are composed of cells. ky_o_ogbu4yitsexoala1-- 6xb0=&h=180&w=209&sz=9&hl=en&start=11&tbnid=yktQbNtcCERIPM:&tbnh=91&tbnw=106&prev=/images%3Fq%3D Mathias%2BSchleiden%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den 41
42 Timeline Cont d 1850 Louis Pasteur - followed up on Spallanzani s broth experiment but improved it by using curved neck flasks so microorganisms couldn t make it into the broth, helped to disprove SPONTANEOUS GENERATION and was a driving force in BIOGENESIS Robert Virchow - determined that all cells came from other cells. 42
43 ZgxEAO- _ICl845eQHDiOH9LsbeM=&h=358&w=255&sz=56&hl=en&start=17&tbnid=PhvBpzUj95U8CM:&tbnh=121&tbnw=86&prev=/images%3Fq% 3DLouis%2BPasteur%26gbv%3D2%26hl%3Den 43
44 Warm up List one scientist discussed in the cell unit and describe his contribution to the cell theory. 44
45 Spontaneous Generation = the theory that living things came forth from nonliving things (now known to be false). Biogenesis = life comes from life 45
46 STRUCTURE & FUNCTION OF CELL MEMBRANE (pp ) 46
47 Structure & function of cell membranes Lipids = form foundation of membranes Separates inside of cell from outside Selectively permeable how phospholipids interact with H2O 47
48 CELL MEMBRANE AS BARRIER Phospholipids = Phosphate group + 2 fatty acids Polar head phosphate group attracted to water (hydrophilic) 2 Non-polar tails fatty acids repelled by water interior of membrane (hydrophobic) 48
49 Lipid bilayer = double layer Non-polar tails interior repels ions, polar molecules (sugars, proteins) 49
50 PROTEINS EMBEDDED IN LIPID BILAYER What keeps proteins within lipid bilayer? Some amino acids (remember, amino acids make up proteins) are polar / non polar Non polar part = attracted to the interior of lipid bilayer, but repelled by H2O on either side Polar part = attracted to H2O on either side of lipid bilayer **DUAL ATTRACTION holds protein in lipid bilayer* 50
51 51
52 Cell Membranes Contain Different Types of Proteins 1. MARKER proteins attached to carbohydrate on cell s surface (help other cells recognize their cell type (heart, liver) 2. RECEPTOR proteins recognize and bind to specific substances 3. ENZYMES involved in important biochemical reactions 4. TRANSPORT proteins aid in the movement of substances into and out of the cell 52
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