Anatomy I, Student Notes, Chapter 4, Tissues/Histology
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1 Anatomy I, Student Notes, Chapter 4, Tissues/Histology 2 Specialization have all the structures or organelles to carry out all of the necessary to maintain. The cells of complex, organisms can t do this. Instead, different, called work to carry out the functions. All these different tissues together, carry out all of the necessary functions in a more manner 3 : Group of cells similar in and carry out similar or related Four basic types of tissues 1. : forms between different a. b. GI tract and other c. 2. : supports, protects, binds other tissue together a. Bones, tendons, fat other padding 4 3. : A. Brain, spinal cord & nerves 1
2 4. : to cause a. Attaches to b. c. (smooth, involuntary) 5 Figure 4.1 page: human tissues for A. Fixed B. Sectioned in very slices 1. So can pass 2. C. Stained different parts 7 tissue (epithelium, epithelia) body or lines body Glandular epithelium I. Body coverings & cavity linings A. Forms between different B. Substances or by the body must pass epithelial tissue C. Functions
3 1. All epithelia have an or free surface exposed to the or to the of a cavity 2. The lower, secretes an, called the, that always attaches to an underlying tissue. The basal lamina what substances can up from the connective tissue. 9 E. Some epithelial apical surfaces have finger-like that increase to enhance. F. Epithelial tissue is no direct blood supply/vessels nutrients, oxygen & wastes in and out to the highly vascularized tissue under the basal lamina G. Epithelial tissue rapidly it has to, it s on the and gets rubbed. 10 H. Epithelial cells must be held if they are to act as a. So, they have Start out by categorizing epithelial tissue into 2 groups A. : single layer B. : 2 or more layers I. All epithelial cells are basically shaped. A. flat B. cube shape C. elongated or column shaped 11 Figure 4.2 a & b; page 116 3
4 of Epithelia Simple squamous, simple cuboidal, simple columnar, psuedostratified columnar, stratified squamous, stratified cuboidal, stratified columnar and transitional I. : flat, little cytoplasm, resemble a fried egg A. like a tiled floor B. one layer not very C. Used in Figure 4.3; page Epithelium: tall as they are wide a. main functions: b. Found in walls of 16 Figure: 4.3b; page Epithelium: layer of tall closely packed cells a. Lines most of tract, stomach-rectum. b. absorption and secretion - or producing 18 Figure: 4.3 c; page: 118 4
5 19 4. Columnar Epithelial: cells rest on but only reach apical surface. at different level so it has a (psuedo) stratified appearance A. version, w/ cells in 20 Figure: 4.3 d. ; page Stratified Epithelial: along basal membrane new cells older toward surface, eventually older apical cells More than simple epithelial protection is often a function I. Epithelium A. Wide spread, so suited for protection- ie: outer layer of outer apical layers are dead with hard. 22 Figure: 4.3 e; page II. Stratified & Stratified A., ducts of some glands, usually two layers B. No diagrams III. Epithelium A. Found in and tubes of system B. Basal cells are cuboidal or columnar but apical cells elongate as the IV. If different epithelial tissues are in it is according to the most tissue 5
6 24 Epithelial Tissue : One or more cells that and (export) a particular substance (secretion) Secretions are based usually containing but some times substances Glands are of two types or 1. : Produce, but are and secrete them directly into the where they eventually to their destination a. Hormone: 25 Blank Glands: Secrete their products unto a or an organ a. exocrine glands secrete from the cell mucous/goblet cells both produce b. exocrine glands their product by the way of a 27 Tissue I. different classes A. Connective tissue B. C. tissue D. Tissue 6
7 II. Major functions A. B. C. D. 28 III. Three main elements of Connective Tissue A. : Non fibrous protein- substances and w/ varying degrees of 1. Serves mainly as a to attach the other connective tissue elements 2. serves as a medium for substances to, by, through the ground substance fluid 29 B. Cells: cells and cells 1. Wandering cells can through the ground substance, from to. It includes cells and. a. cells function in the response and production of an b. are cells that kill and dead cell debris c. Important functions for the of all tissues : cells (sprout, bud/forming) blast, blast, blast & blast a. Blast cells the materials that make substances, (fibers, cartilage material, bone material) that w/ the to produce the of connective tissues 7
8 b. The components of connective tissue are v in a medium. c. Jello- fruit salad? 31 C. Fibers: Fibroblast turn into fibrocytes that produce fibers found in some types of connective tissues 1. fibers: a. Strong,very abundant. b. w/ one another forming strong collagen. c. High strength initially some e stronger than steel d. some times called Fibers: a. protein called - stretch and b. c. some times called - 3. fibers: (reticul = ) a. Short, -like fibers b. form loose membrane 33 Connective Tissue : Divided into Connective Tissue & Connective Tissue Loose Connective Tissue: I. Areolar: ( l.) A. Functions: Holding body (ground substance) 8
9 II. 3. Fighting : 4. tissues together material 34 Figure: 4.7; page: Figure: 4.8; page: II. (fat) tissue: A. Fat cell (adipocyte) : fat filled - of cell volume 1. w/o fat only live days 2. Average: Morbidly Obese : 3. Signet cell, 4. storage Figure: 4.8b; page: , 39 & 40 Highly insensitive, politically incorrect 41 Connective tissue proper, connective tissue III. Tissue A. Resembles Areolar but only fibers which are fibers B. Forms a delicate to support internal structures- C. 42 Figure: 4.8c: page: Connective tissue proper Dense connective 9
10 A. Closely packed bundles of fibers all running the direction parallel to the direction of in this direction 1. cords to connect to bone 2. of tendon-like material 3. to, more fibers 44 Figure: 4.8d; page: Connective tissue proper. Dense connective Dense connective A. Same fibers as regular except fiber bundles are and run in directions so tissue has in B. Found were is exerted from directions 1. Dermis of (leather) 2. fibrous around 3. capsules 46 Figure 4.8e; page: Connective tissue proper.. Dense connective.. Connective Tissue Not dense connective regular or dense connective irregular High amount of fibers Allows elastic after tubes in lungs 10
11 48 Figure: 4.8 f; page Connective Tissue. A. Withstands and B. but C. No fibers, gets nutrients/o2 by from blood of surrounding tissues D. : Ground substances, w/ a lot of (80% water) E. live in little cavities in the matrix called 50 Cartilage I. Cartilage: Most cartilage A. B. Lots of fibers but microscopic slides show up C. Location. 1. cartilage - ends of at joints. 2. plates plates. 3. Part of & newborn. 4. End of 51 Figure: 4.8g; page: II. Cartilage A. Similar to hyaline cartilage except a lot more fibers very B. Found in external & (flap covering trachea to keep food out) 11
12 53 Figure: 4.8 h; page: III. : between cartilage and regular connective tissue A. Rows of alternate with rows of thick fibers B. It s and resist 1. between of spine and (pads) between Tibia & Femur at the knee 55 Figure: 4.8f; page: BONE Figure: 4.8j; pg Table: 4.1; page: Table: 4.1; page: Tissues Epithelial. Simple Squamous. Simple Cuboidal. Simple Columnar. Psuedostratified columnar. Stratified squamous. Stratified cuboidal*. Stratified columnar*. Transitional Glandular 12
13 60 Connective Connective Tissue Proper. Loose. Areolar. Adipose. Reticular. Dense. Dense Regular. Dense Irregular. Elastic Connective. Cartilage. Hyaline. Elastic. Fibrocartilage 61 I. Epithelial Tissue II. Connective tissue A. Bone Tissue B. Blood III. Muscle Tissue IV. Nervous Tissue 62 Chapter 1 Ventral cavity membranes Find page 5/6 of Chapter 1 notes 2/8/11 Page 5 Body cavities & Membranes 13
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