Peripheral Nervous System
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1 Peripheral Nervous System Peripheral Nervous System Afferent division Special senses Pain, chemical, vision, hearing, etc. Efferent division Autonomic nervous system Sympathetic & Parasympathetic Somatic nervous system Skeletal muscle Autonomic Nervous System Involuntary branch of the PNS Cardiac & smooth muscle, glands (most exocrine and some endocrine) ANS releases only 2 neurotransmitters on the structures it controls: 1. Acetylcholine 2. Norepinephrine Each autonomic nerve pathway from CNS has 2 neurons: 1. Preic s 2. s 1
2 Autonomic Nerve Pathway Preic Central nervous system Figure 7.1 Page 238 Autonomic Nerve Pathway Preic synapses with Preic neurotransmitter Preic Autonomic Autonomic Nerve Pathway Varicosities neurotransmitter Effector organ 2
3 Autonomic Nerve Pathway Preic neurotransmitter neurotransmitter Varicosity Preic Central nervous system Autonomic Effector organ Figure 7.1 Page 238 ANS Subdivisions 1. Sympathetic nervous system Nerves originate in thoracic and lumbar regions of spinal cord Length of pre- and postic s vary depending on effector organ Generally Preic s are short (synapse in sympathetic trunk) s terminate on effector organs ANS Subdivisions 2. Parasympathetic nervous system Nerves originate in brain & sacral areas of CNS Fibers are long in comparison to sympathetic preic s Do not end until they reach effector organs Very short postic s in or near effector organs 3
4 Preic s from both systems release same neurotransmitter Acetylcholine () s (on effector organs) release different neurotransmitter Parasympathetic: acetylcholine () Called cholinergic s Sympathetic: noradrenaline (norepinephrine) Called adrenergic s Both and Norepinephrine used elsewhere in body! Effector organs Terminal NE Cardiac muscle = Sympathetic system = Parasympathetic system = Preic = Craniosacral parasympathetic nerves Thoracolumbar sympathetic nerves Sympathetic chain Smooth muscle = Acetylcholine = Norepinephrine = Epinephrine = Cell body Adrenal medulla = Cell body = Axon Collateral Most exocrine glands and some endocrine glands Terminal It is possible to exhibit control of ANS! Requires conscious input from afferent information and conscious control of efferent feedback BIOFEEDBACK Both sympathetic & parasympathetic innervate most organs Generally exhibit opposite effects Usually both systems are partially active Sympathetic or parasympathetic tone or tonic activity 4
5 Sympathetic preic Sympathetic postic Parasympathetic preic Parasympathetic postic Times of sympathetic dominance Fight-or-flight response Times of parasympathetic dominance Calming or relaxing situations Dual innervation advantages: Precise control over organs activity Exceptions to dual innervation: Innervated blood vessels Sympathetic increasing or decreasing firing rate Most sweat glands Sympathetic Salivary glands Innervated by both but not antagonistic 5
6 Unique endocrine component of sympathetic system: Adrenal glands (top of both kidneys) Endocrine glands consisting of outer (adrenal cortex) and inner portion (adrenal medulla) Adrenal medulla considered a modified sympathetic (no postic ) Instead, secretes hormones upon stimulation from CNS Hormones released: Norepinephrine (~80%) Epineprhine or adrenaline (~20%) Receptors on Effector Organs Responses depend on specialization of tissue Vary due to stimulation or inhibition potential of systems Tissues possess one or more of several plasma membrane proteins 1. Cholinergic receptors () Nicotinic receptors (symp. & para.): opens cation channels of both Na + & K + Muscarinic receptors (para.): G proteins & second messengers Receptors on Effector Organs 2. Adrenergic receptors (norepinephrine & epinephrine) Alpha (α 1 and α 2 ): Beta (β 1 & β 2 ): Coupled to G proteins 6
7 Spinal cord = Acetylcholine Sympathetic preic = Norepinephrine = Epinephrine Adrenal medulla Sympathetic postic Blood Target organs Somatic Nervous System Neuromuscular Junction Axon of motor neuron Axon terminal Action potential propagation in motor neuron Vesicle of acetylcholine Acetylcholine receptor site Acetycholinesterase Voltage-gated calcium channel Action potential propagation in muscle Voltage-gated Na + channel Chemically gated cation channel Motor end plate 7
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