Bipolar static R/W memory, 184 advantages of, 185 disadvantages of, 185 Bit and byte organized memory,

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1 Index A/D converter accuracy of, 327 advantages, 316 analog to digital conversion types, conversion time, 327 counter type ADC, disadvantages, 315 dual slope A/D Converter, format of, 327 input impedance, 327 input voltage range, 327 parallel/simultaneous type, specification of, stability/temperature sensitivity, 328 types, 313 Addend bit, 69 Analog electronics, 2 Analog signal, 2 Analog to digital converter, acquisition time, 312 aperture time, 312 drop rate, 312 sample and hold circuit, 310 sampling pulse, AND gate, 17 electrical analogue, 17 from NAND gate, 38 from NOR gates, 40 truth table, 17 AND-OR logic gate, Arithmetic and logic unit (74181), Astable multivibrators, 206 Augend bit, 69 Augend register, Automatic parking control system, Average supply current, Backup memory, floppy disks, magnetic tapes, 181 Bi CMOS series, Bidirectional shift register, Binary code, 44 Binary counter (BC), , 153, 163, 164. See also Counters Binary division algorithm, Binary encoder. See Encoder Binary multiplication algorithm, Binary number system, 12 Binary priority encoder. See Priority encoder Binary to gray code conversion, 45

2 356 Index Bipolar static R/W memory, 184 advantages of, 185 disadvantages of, 185 Bit and byte organized memory, n Bit binary numbers, n Bit parallel full adder, Bits, 11 Block parity error detection and correction code (BPED and CC), Boolean algebra, axioms or postulates of, Boolean expressions simplification, definition of, 29 Boole, George, 28 Booth s multiplication algorithm, Cache memory, 181 Carry bit, 69 Carry look ahead adder (CLA adder), CCD. See Charge coupled device CD-R (CD-recordable), 181 CDROM. See Compact disc-read only memory CD-RW (erasable-cd), 181 Charge coupled device (CCD), Checksum scheme, Chips, memory. See Memory chips CMOS, gates of, Combinational circuits, 1, 2, See also Digital circuits; Encoder; Multiplexer definition of, 3 input output relationship, vs. sequential circuit, 120 Compact disc-read only memory (CDROM), 181, advantages of, 195 disadvantages of, 195 Complementary MOS logic (CMOS), Completely specified logical functions, Computer memory, 175 Constant linear velocity (CLV), 195 Counters, applications of, automatic parking control system, binary counter (BC), cascading of, comparison of, 160 decoding error in, design of, lock out condition, modulus of, nonbinary counter, 143 square wave generation, ZCD, 329 synchronous counter, truth table for, 161 types, 142 velocity of, Count sequence, Cyclic redundancy code (CRC), 240 D/A converter accuracy, linearity of, 325 resolution, 324 settling time, 326 specifications of, temperature sensitivity, 326 D/A counter IC DAC 0808/DAC 1408, Decimal number system, 12 Decoder for active high output,

3 Index 357 for active low output, 106 applications of, block diagram of, 96, 97 cascading of, definition, truth table, 97, 98, 101 Decoder driver IC, Decoding circuit, 154 Demorgan s theorem dual form, pictorial form of, 31 product into sum, sum into product, 30 Demultiplexers application of, 95 block diagram of, internal circuit of, 95 truth table of, 94 D-flip-flop, See also Flipflop, memory element Digital arithmetic half adder, Digital circuits, 2 characteristics of, 3 7 classification, 77, 120 fan-in and fan-out, 7 flip-flop, Digital electronics, 2 Digital ICs, Digital signal, 2 Digital system advantages of, 3 block diagram of, 4 Digital to analog converter, advantages, 300 disadvantages of, 295 R-2R ladder type, Diode resistor logic, Diode transistor logic (DTL), minimum forward current ratio (h femin ), modified, noise voltage, propagation delay, Display devices, 240 laser (light wave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation), 242 light emitting diode (LED), liquid crystal display (LCD), Dual slope A/D Converter, Dynamic MOS RAM (DRAM), 184, 186 advantages of, 186 disadvantages of, 187 Electrical analogue AND gate, 17 NAND gate, 19 NOR gate, 18 NOT gate, 18 OR Gate, 16 X-OR gate (exclusive OR gate), 22 Electrically Alterable PROM (EAPROM). See Electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM) Electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM), , Emitter coupled logic (ECL), advantages of, 271 characteristics of, 271 disadvantages of, 271 gates of, truth table for, 270 wired-or connection of,

4 358 Index Enable input operation, 26 Encoder, See also Combinational circuits block diagram of, 109, 111, 113 logic circuit for, 111 realization, 112 truth table for, 111 Erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM), 176, 192 advantages of, 192 disadvantages of, 192 Fan-in, definition of, 250 Fan-out, definition of, 250, 283 Ferrite core memories, 194 Five bit parity checker circuit, 23 Flip-flop, memory element, D-flip-flop, as divider circuit, flip-flop conversion, Jack Kibby (J K) flip-flop, S R flip-flop, synchronous vs. asynchronous, 124 T flip-flop, Full adder, block diagram of, 69 logic circuit of, 71 realization of, 72 truth table of, 70 Full subtractor, block diagram of, 72 realization of, 74 truth table of, 73 Gray code, 44 Half subtractor, Hamming codes, Hard disk, secondary storage device, Hexadecimal number system, 12 High level DC noise margin, 281 High threshold logic (HTL), 258 IC7490, operation of, IC, universal shift register, Ideal digital circuit characteristics, 7 8 IIL, gates of, 286 Incompletely specified logical functions, Integrated injection logic (IIL), Inverter circuit, 28 Jack Kibby (J K) flip-flop, , 135, 136. See also Flip-flop, memory element clocked, master slave J K flip-flop, racing problem in, truth table of, 127 J K master slave flip-flop, operation of, positive edge triggered, input circuit of, 140 Johnson counter, See also Registers Karnaugh map, 45, 62 64, 234 five variable, limitation, logical expression, plotting zeros (max term representation), 53 six variable, K map. See Karnaugh map

5 Index 359 Large scale integration (LSI) devices, 79 Laser (Light wave amplification by stimulated emission of radiation), 242 LCD. See Liquid crystal display Least significant digit (LSD), 11 LED. See Light emitting diode Light emitting diode (LED), advantages of, 241 disadvantages of, 242 Liquid crystal display (LCD), advantages of, 245 disadvantages of, 245 dynamic scattering type, 243 field effect type, Logical convention, 9 negative logical system, 10 positive logic system, 9 10 Logical expression, max term representation, min term representation, 34, 36 standard product of sum (SPOS) form, standard sum of products (SSOP) form, Logical functions, 4 completely specified, incompletely specified, Logic circuits, 8, 20 25, 38, 39, 40, 41, 66 Logic gates, 3, 16 definition of, 8 AND gate, 17 NAND gate, 19 NOR gate, NOT gate, OR gate, 16, XNOR gate (equality detector), X-OR gate (exclusive OR gate), Logic levels, schematic of, 5 Logic parameters, average supply current, fan-in and fan-out, 250 noise margin, power dissipation (Pd), 249 propagation delay, speed power product (SPP), 250 Magnetic based memories, 177 Main/primary memory classification of, 178 definition of, 177 random access memory (RAM), read only memory (ROM), 179 Medium scale integration (MSI) devices, 79 Memory bit and byte organized, classifications of, compact disc-read only memory (CDROM), computer memory, 175 definition of, 175 ferrite core memories, 194 interfacing, decoded addressing, memory chips, organization, RAM and PROM chip, RAM testing, ROM, , semiconductor memories, system and standard memory devices, Memory chips, Memory devices, 182

6 360 Index Memory interfacing, Memory organization, Metal oxide semiconductor FET (MOSFET), 272 Microprocessor compatible A/D converter 0809, Mod 87 counter, designing, Mod 5 counter output sequence, 162 Modified totem pole circuit, Mod 3 nonbinary counter, 144 Mod 4 up down counter, designing of, Monostable multivibrators, 207, MOS logic, characteristics of, 275 Most significant digit (MSD), 11 Multiple digit decimal display, Multiplexer, advantage, application of, AND gate realization, 92 general block diagram, logic circuit of, 82 NOT gate realization, 92 OR gate realization, 93 PISO register, truth table of, 80 as universal logic gate, Multivibrators, application, 207 astable, 206 monostable, 207 NAND gate, 19, 37 42, 67, 249 electrical analogue, 19 AND gate from, 38 half adder with, 66 NOR gate from, 39 NOT gate from, OR gate from, 38 truth table, 19 as universal gates, XNOR gate from, 40 XOR gate from, 39 NMOS, gates of, NMOS inverter, NMOS NAND gate, NMOS NOR gate, Nonbinary counter, 143 Noninverting characteristics, 6 7 NOR gate, electrical analogue, 18 AND gate from, 40 from NAND gate, 39 NAND gate from, 41 NOT gate from, 40 OR gate from, 41 truth table, 18 as universal gates, XOR gate from, NOT gate, electrical analogue, 18 from NOR gates, 40 truth table, 18 Number system definition of, 10 generalized approach of, integer conversion, positional, radix conversion, 13 Octal encoder. See Encoder Octal number system, 12 Octal priority encoder. See Priority encoder Open collector output, Optical medium based memories, 177 Optical Windows, OR gate, 16, 26 27

7 Index 361 electrical analogue, 16 from NAND gate, 38 from NOR gates, 41 truth table, 16 Output vs. transfer characteristics, 5 Parallel in parallel out shift register (PIPO), Parallel in serial out shift register (PISO), Parity, Parity check error detection scheme, 235 Positional number system, Power dissipation (Pd), 249 Priority encoder, block diagram of, 117 truth table for, 117 Programmable logic array (PLA), architecture of, truth table of, 341 Programmable read only memory (PROM), 176, PROM chip, read operation, 198 write operation, 198 Propagation delay, , QUAD D-type F/F with tristated output (74LS373), Quaternary number system, 12 Racing problem, J-K flip-flop, RAM, Random access memory (RAM), , Read only memory (ROM), 179, , applications of, 193 circuit diagram of, using decoder and gates, electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM), , erasable programmable read only memory (EPROM), 176, 192 programmable read only memory (PROM), 176, 192 types of, 191 Registers, , application of, bidirectional shift register, parallel in parallel out shift register (PIPO), parallel in serial out shift register (PISO), rotate left shift register, 220, 225 rotate right shift register, 220, 225 serial in parallel out shift register (SIPO), 222 serial in serial out shift register (SISO), types of, 220 Resistor transistor logic (RTL), Ring counter, See also Registers advantages of, 228 disadvantages of, 228 Rotate left shift register, 220, 225 Rotate right shift register, 220, 225 Schmitt trigger circuit applications, 332 characteristics, characteristics of, OP-AMP,

8 362 Index transistorized, truth table of, 333 Secondary/auxiliary memory, definition of, 179 Secondary storage devices, Semiconductor memories, , Sequence generator design, Sequential circuit, 78 79, See also Digital circuits vs. combinational circuit, 120 input-output relationship, Serial addition/adder, 74 advantages of, 76 disadvantages of, 76 Serial in parallel out shift register (SIPO), 222 Serial in serial out shift register (SISO), Seven segment LED display, common anode display circuit, common cathode display, Small scale integration (SSI) devices, 79 Speed power product (SPP), 250 S-R flip-flop, advantages of, 126 characteristics table of, 124 synchronous or clocked, 126 truth table of, 126 unclocked/asynchronous, Standard memory devices, See also Main/ primary memory advantages of, 183 disadvantages of, 183 Static MOS RAM, 184, 185 Synchronous counter, , , 166. See also Counters System memory device, See also Main/primary memory advantages of, 183 disadvantages of, 183 T flip-flop, Timer IC, See also Timing circuit astable mode operation, block diagram of, 208 internal circuit diagram of, 208 monostable mode operation, symmetrical waveform generation, J K flip-flop, 213 Timing circuit, 205 display devices, error detection and correction codes, monostable multivibrator, logic gate, multiplexer, multivibrators, registers, , ring and Johnson Counter, sequence generator design, Timer IC, timing waveform, OP-AMP, Timing waveform, OP-AMP, asymmetric, symmetric,

9 Index 363 Totem pole (TTL), , gates of, 284 open collector output, output of, 283 wire and logic for, 263 Transistor transistor logic (TTL), Trinary (ternary) number system, 12 Tristate buffer, 323 Tristate inverter, Truth table, 68 of augend register, 75 definition of, 8 9 of D flip-flop, 131 of full adder, 70 AND gate, 17 NAND gate, 19 for NMOS inverter, 273 NOR gate, 18 NOT gate, 18 OR gate, 16 of T flip-flop, 132 of tristate buffer, 324 X-OR gate (exclusive OR gate), 21 Universal gates, 37 NAND as, NOR as, Universal synchronism asynchronous receiver transmitters (USART), 231 Very large scale integration (VLSI) technology, 2, 79 Virtual memory, Wired-OR MOS logic family, XNOR gate (equality detector), 24 25, 40 X-OR gate (exclusive OR gate), electrical analogue, 22 from NAND gate, 39 from NOR gates, truth table, 21

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