Electromobility in Tropical Megacities Harry E. Hoster TUM CREATE Singapore

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1 Electromobility in Tropical Megacities Harry E. Hoster TUM CREATE Singapore Technische Universität München

2 Technische Universität München (TUM) Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH), Zürich Technion Israel Institute of Technology Hebrew University of Jerusalem Ben-Gurion University University of California Berkeley Peking University Shanghai Jiao Tong University Campus for Research Excellence And Technological Enterprise TUM CREATE

3 CREATE Campus Funded by Singapore 100 scientists, 5 years 3000 m² Labs & Offices Equipment for few million $ Technische Universität München TUM CREATE

4 Overview of TUM CREATE project Technische Universität München

5 Overview of TUM CREATE project TUM Munich Project MUTE

6 Overview of TUM CREATE project TUM Munich Project MUTE

7 Overview of TUM CREATE project MUTE presented at IAA 2011

8 An academic research programme addressing all key issues related to electric vehicle based transport in tropical megacities. Overview of TUM CREATE project 5 years 100 researchers

9 Overview of TUM CREATE project TUM CREATE research projects

10 TUM CREATE

11 Singapore s transport strategy promote public transport (59% to 70% during peak hours by 2020) Overview of TUM CREATE project

12 Public transport modes MRT : 130 km, 84 stations Bus : 344 routes, 4035 buses Taxi : 25,185 LRT : 29 km, 33 stations Overview of TUM CREATE project

13 Key challenges 1. Increasing travel demand 2. Limited land space 11 mil 14.3 mil Today % 73% 12% Land Use Roads Housing Others Overview of TUM CREATE project

14 Total km Driven 700,000 Billions , , , , , , , ,834 3,475 26, , , Vehicle Population (all vehicles) Total km / Year Overview of TUM CREATE project

15 Comparison Billions Cars Buses Omnibuses Taxis Goods & Other Total km / Year Vehicles 2.00 Motorcycles Total: 24,147,615,260 km 603,690 x around the Earth 81 x Earth to Sun and back 0.93 Light-Hours Overview of TUM CREATE project

16 Taxi emissions: internal combustion engine vs. electric 300 g CO 2 / km Tank-to-Wheel Well-to-Tank Diesel CNG Electric Overview of TUM CREATE project

17 etaxis: CO 2 -Savings per Year 700,000 Savings Tons CO 2 / Year 600, , , , , , % etaxis 25% etaxis 50% etaxis 100% etaxis Overview of TUM CREATE project

18 High leverage effect Taxis = 3 % of all vehicles but: 18 % of mileage and 14 % of fuel consumption TUM CREATE

19 Challenge for Engineers & Scientists: 260 km per shift TUM CREATE

20 Energy Storage Systems for e-taxis: Major Options Option 1: Large Battery Option 2: Battery Swapping 260 km 130 km 130 km Option 3: Battery Fast Recharging Option 4: Fuel Cell 130 km 130 km 260 km Overview of TUM CREATE project

21 Energy Storage Systems for e-taxis: Feasibility Option 1: Large Battery Option 2: Small Battery Swapping Full shift without break Short break High mass (1.1 tons) High costs Not feasible for two shifts taxi Very high infrastructure costs Option 3: Small Battery Fast Recharging - Lowest development risk Reduction of battery life Option 4: Fuel Cell Best user acceptability (full shift without break) Poor well-to-wheel consumption and emission High initial and running cost Overview of TUM CREATE project

22 ESS Selection Process: Step 5 - Results ESS Option: Battery: Mileage: Fast recharging Potentially wireless recharging 53 kwh (installed) 28 kwh (usable EOL) 130 km (half shift per charge) TCO in 1000 SGD Costs Diesel Battery Vehicle Mass: 1500 kg (without passenger) 50 0 Yr 1 Yr 2 Yr 3 Yr 4 Yr 5 Yr 6 Yr 7 W2W Consumption in kwh/100km W2W CO 2 Emission in g/km Make all Taxis in Singapore electric save 0.7 Million Tons CO 2 / year (9% of total transport CO 2 emissions in Singapore) Diesel Electric Diesel Electric Overview of TUM CREATE project Sources: own calculations & simulations, data from LTA, NEA & various publications

23 TUM CREATE Public Electric Car for Singapore

24 TUM CREATE Demonstrator Vehicle

25 Battery Fast Recharging 130 km 130 km TUM CREATE

26 Taxi = Iconic for many visitors: Taxi = first impression of the city TUM CREATE

27 Public Electric Car for Singapore Challenge for Engineers & Scientists: 260 km per shift High leverage effect Taxis = 3 % of all vehicles but: 18 % of mileage and 14 % of fuel consumption Taxi = Iconic for many visitors: Taxi = first impression of the city Singapore s transport strategy promote public transport (59% to 70% during peak hours by 2020) Overview of TUM CREATE project