Electric vehicles in a future energy system context
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1 Ulrich Höfpner 43rd LCA Discussion Forum LIFE CYCLE ASSESSMENT OF ELECTROMOBILITY ANSWERS AND CHALLENGES Electric vehicles in a future energy system context April 6, 2011, Zürich, ETH Central Building, Semper Aula Dipl.-Phys. Udo Lambrecht ifeu Institut für Energie- und Umweltforschung Heidelberg GmbH - 1 -
2 ifeu Institute for Energy and Environmental Research IFEU-Institute: Founded in 1978 by scientists from the University of Heidelberg Currently has a staff of about 50 persons with 40 scientists Main Topics: Environmental impacts of transport, energy supply, LCAs, Air pollution control, Environmental impact assessment, etc
3 Expectations (from Gouverment/Politic) in Germany Electric mobility is to contribute to (August 2009) climate protection targets Consumption of renewable energy for electric vehicle should support overall introduction of renewable energy Electric grid should become more efficient by use of modern information technology and integration of electric vehicles Energiekonzept BMWi/BMU Additional energy consumption from electric vehicles should be based on Renewable Energy. Primary using Renew. by Demand Side Management What can be the real contribution of electric vehicles? - 3 -
4 Current IFEU projects on electric mobility (Selection) Life cycle assessments accompanying various fleet tests: Volkswagen Flottentest ( Fleet Test Electric Mobility ): Developing and testing of PHEV Accompanying research: Scenarios on development of car fleet Scenarios on development of power generation system Life cycle assessment of conventional and electric cars Research accompanying electric mobility projects as part of the German Konjunkturprogramm 2 : Collection of data and information relevant for LCAs Life cycle assessment of various forms of electric mobility Development of an LCA online tool - 4 -
5 What is considered in the life cycle balance? - 5 -
6 Differentiated consideration of power plant system - 6 -
7 Assumptions Vehicle Fleet + Scenarios Assumptions Scenario Vehicle Fleet in 2030 in Germany: 12 million electric vehicles (ambitious scenario) Electricity demand in 2030: 18 TWh Considered scenarios: Plug and play : Vehicles are charged directly after their last daily trip Demand Side Management : Incentives based on energy exchange prices; this considers wind power and grid load => Charging is homogenized. DSM+RES : Additional renewable energy production capacity to meet demand of electric vehicles - 7 -
8 Electricity supply: Overview of models Availability of renewable energy Long term development of European power system Grid restricitions? Other background data: - Commodity prices (World energy outlook 2008) - Renewable targets - CO 2 cap Market penetration of electric vehicles and related electricity demand Electric vehicle charging mix Short term modelling of electricity market (merit order) Life cycle assessment model elcar
9 Total Load, Feed-in of Renewable Energy, Tariff Total system load Tariff Thermal Rest Load Renewable Generation - 9 -
10 Thermal Rest Load (schematic) TypC TypB TypA Type of Power plant: e.g.: Nuclear, Lignite, Natural Gas Source: ISI
11 Thermal Rest Load Model Results
12 Thermal Rest Load Model Results More than 600 GWh of electricity from wind turbines can be used additionally
13 Thermal Rest Load Model Results More than 600 GWh of electricity from wind turbines can be used additionally The peak load can be reduced by more than 5 GW via load balancing
14 Electricity mix for elelectric cars
15 LCA electromobility - example Compact car (VW Golf type) Life-time mileage of km 30% urban, 40% extra urban and 30% highway driving Real world cycles including auxiliary consumers Geographical reference: Germany Represented timeframe: current (2010) and future (2030) Electric vehicle: Electric engine 25kWh Li-Ion Battery (1.5 batteries (2010) and 1 battery (2030) in life-time) Electricity generation: - average - marginal Combustion vehicle: Combustion engine Euro-6 emission standard
16 Modeling of vehicle energy consumption Fuel (diesel, gasoline,..), electricity.. Energy consumption Auxiliary consumers, e.g. air conditioning Efficiencies: - Engine - Battery, etc. Quelle: Volkswagen Driving behavior, road profile, vehicle characteristics Real world cycles
17 GHG emission - life time mileage km Tail pipe emissions Electricity Generation Well to tank emissions Vehicle production (incl. Batterie)
18 GHG emission - life time mileage km Electricity German Average: GWP: BEV comp. with Diesel/Petrol car
19 GHG emission - life time mileage km Clear GHG reduction by using additional ren. energy
20 GHG emission - life time mileage km GHG reduction by better efficiency and more renew. energy
21 GHG emission - life time mileage km plug and play : Residual (Thermal Rest Load) higher emissions as average
22 GHG emission - life time mileage km DSM could lead to higher emissions
23 GHG emission - life time mileage km Clear GHG reduction with additional Renew
24 GHG emission - life time mileage km Not conventional oil (oil sand ) German Situation: DSM helps to integrate fluctuating renewable energy..and to stabilize the grid...but can lead to higher GHG emission Only additional renewable energy leads and DSM 2010 to clear GHG advantages for electric vehicles! 2030
25 some thoughts..battery
26 How many kilometres a electric vehicle has to drive.. Battery Life time mileage Life time mileage exemplary Illustration exemplary Illustration
27 GHG per km only considering battery production GHG per km considering only battery production Lesehilfe für Beispiel : Bei einer Reichweite der Batterie von 100 km (bestimmt durch die Kapazität der Batterie und den Verbrauch des Fahrzeuges) liegen die zugeordneten CO 2 -Emissionen (Abschreibung der Herstellungsemissionen auf den Fahrzeug-km) bei einer Gesamtfahrleistung pro Batterie von km bei etwa 17 g CO 2 -Äqui./km. Mit Größe der Batterie (x-achse) und Anzahl benötigter Batterien steigen die dem Fzg.-km zugeordneten CO 2 - Emissionen an. 2 batteries per life time( km) 1,5 batteries per life time( km) 1 batteries per life time( km) Electric range per charge (km) exemplary Illustration definiert die Batteriegröße 10 kwh defined by battery size 50 kwh Beispielhafte Berechnung
28 GHG per km only considering battery production GHG per km considering only battery production (1 battery per vehicle lifetime) Lesehilfe für Beispiel : Bei einer Reichweite der Batterie von 100 km (bestimmt durch die Kapazität der Batterie und den Verbrauch des Fahrzeuges) liegen die zugeordneten CO 2 -Emissionen (Abschreibung der Herstellungsemissionen auf den Fahrzeug-km) bei einer Gesamtfahrleistung pro Batterie km bei etwa 17 g CO 2 -Äqui./km. Life time mileage: km Bei geringerer Lebensfahrleistung (andere Geraden) und mit der Batteriegröße (x-achse) steigen die dem Fzg.-km zugeordneten CO 2 -Emissionen an. Life time mileage: km Life time mileage: km Electric range per charge (km) exemplary Illustration definiert die Batteriegröße 10 kwh defined by battery size 50 kwh Beispielhafte Berechnung
29 Factors influencing impact of battery in LCA 1. Battery size - Start-Stopp to pure electric vehicle - Electric Range 2. Further development of battery - very dynamic: Material composition (anode, cathode, electrolyth) Energy density Life time / cycles 3. Production - mass production - alternative materials - energy mix in mining and production 4. Recycling - Why (econ. [Cobalt] vs. autonomy) - technique/procedure
30 Factors influencing impact of battery in LCA 1. Battery size - Start-Stopp to pure electric vehicle - Electric Range 2. Further development of battery Assumptions/Informations - very dynamic: Material neccessary: composition (anode, cathode, electrolyth) Energy density - materials Life time / cycles - Life time (calendar cycles) - Environmental profiles ( 2030 ) 3. Production - Recycling - mass - production - alternative materials - energy => DATA mix have in mining to be generated! and production 4. Recycling - Why (econ. [Cobalt] vs. autonomy - technique/procedure
31 Thank you for your attention and thanks BMU and others for support Further information:
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